ORIGIN

AND
STRUCTURE
OF THE
EARTH
CONTENT
 Different hypotheses explaining the
origin of the Solar System

 Current advancements/information
on the solar system
  Different hypotheses
explaining the origin of the Solar
System
 Nebular Hypothesis
- most widely accepted model
in the field of Cosmology
- this theory was developed by
Immanuel Kant and published
in his Universal Natural History
and Theory of the Heaven.
- the Sun and all the planets of
our Solar System began as a
giant cloud of molecular gas
and dust.
 Encounter Theory
- Proposed by James
Jeans (1917) explains that
the solar system formed
as a result of a near
collision between a
passing star and the Sun.
 Protoplanet Theory

- Modified version of the

nebular hypothesis

- Formed from the origin of

Planetesimals
  Current
Advancements/Information on
the Solar System
Solar System
Its spiral arms rotate around a globular cluster or bulge of
many, many stars, at the center of which lies a supermassive
blackhole;
Age of Solar System is at 4.6 billion years old based on
radioactive dating of meteorites
The solar system is located in the Milky Way galaxya huge
disc- and spiral-shaped aggregation of about at least 100
billion stars and other bodies
THE 9 PLANETS OF THE SOLAR SYSTEM
•Mercury
•Venus  •Jupiter
•Earth •Saturn
•Mars •Uranus
•Neptune
•Pluto
Mercury
Mercury is the smallest planet in the
solar system, approximately 3000 miles
(4850 km) in diameter, hardly larger
than the moon. Despite being the
smallest, it’s extremely dense. In fact, it’s
the second densest planet after Earth. It’s
also the closest planet to the sun, making
it dangerous to explore. Mercury is 48
million miles from the earth.
Venus
Venus is the second planet from the
sun, and close to the earth, which is
why it’s often referred to as our
sister planet. It’s similar size to the
Earth, about 7300 miles (12,000
kilometers). It’s nicknamed ‘’the
morning star,” and thought to be
the most inhabitable planet.
Earth
Earth is a unique plant in the entire
solar system because it teems with
life, including millions of aquatic and
terrestrial animal and plant species. It
has active plate movement and
humans also live on this planet.
Earth’s core is almost entirely
composed of iron. The inner core is
solid, while the outer core is liquid.
Mars
It often called the red planet and
nicknamed Roman god of
war. Mars is a little bigger than the
earth (about 6,790 kilometers in
diameter). It has almost similar
characteristics to earth such as
mountain ranges, rolling plains,
gigantic canyons, and volcanoes.
Jupiter
Jupiter is the largest of all
the planets in the solar
systems (142,980 kilometers
in diameter) and more than
11 times wider than Planet
Earth. Jupiter rotates around
the sun once each 12 years.
Saturn
Saturn is the 6th planet away
from the sun. It’s one of the
largest and brightest planets,
nine times the size of the
earth (120,536 kilometers),
and orbited by numerous
objects. Saturn is recognizable
by its system of three rings.
Uranus
Uranus is the 7th planet from the sun.
It’s the third-largest planet in the solar
system, 4.4 times the size of planet
earth (51,118 kilometers). Uranus
orbits the sun relatively slowly. It takes
84 years to complete a single orbit,
rotating on its axis much faster than
the earth (17 hours).
Neptune
Neptune is a little smaller than
Uranus, and 17 times bigger than
earth. It has a measurement of 49,
500 kilometers in diameter.
Neptune is the 8th and furthest
planet from the sun. It orbits the
sun once each 165 years.
NASA
-Stands for National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
 -it is a government agency that was created by Congress in
1958.
-NASA's mission is to explore space and aeronautics, or flight
research.
 -NASA is also responsible for making sure that the United
States space program is conducted for peaceful purposes that
can help mankind.
DWARF PLANET FACTS

There are 5 officially recognised dwarf

planets in our solar system, they are Ceres,
Pluto, Haumea, Makemake and Eris.
What Is Dwarf Planet?
Dwarf planets share many of the same characteristics as
planets though there is one significant difference. The
International Astronomical Union’s definition of a dwarf
planet is:
A “dwarf planet” is a celestial body that (a) is in orbit
around the Sun, (b) has sufficient mass for its self-gravity to
overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic
equilibrium (nearly round) shape, (c) has not cleared the
neighbourhood around its orbit, and (d) is not a satellite.
The key difference is that a planet has
cleared other objects in the area of its orbit
while a dwarf planet has not.
The largest dwarf planet in the
solar system are:
•Pluto
•Eris
•Makemake
•Haume
•Ceres
The order of the dwarf planets from
closest to Sun outwards is;
•Ceres
•Pluto
•Haumea
•Makemake
•Eris
INNER SOLAR SYSTEM
The Inner Planets
-Mercury
-Venus
-Earth
 -Mars
-are made up mostly of iron and rock.

Earth has one natural satellite -- the moon. And Mars has two
moons -- Deimos and Phobos.
OUTER SOLAR SYSTEM
The Outer Planets
 -Jupiter
 -Saturn
-Uranus
-Neptune
-are giant worlds with thick outer layers of gas.

Between these planets they have dozens of moons with a variety of

compositions, ranging from rocky to icy to even volcanic.
Jupiter and Saturn have each been visited by several
spacecraft, and were also host to long-term missions
including Juno and Galileo at Jupiter, and Cassini at Saturn.
However, Uranus and Neptune havr only been seen during
one spacecraft flyby -- that of Voyager 2 in the 1980s.
Some scientists are working on creating a Uranus and
Neptune orbiter to fly there in the 2030s or so. Scientist do
observations from the ground as well, to truck the long
term changes in weather and cloud formations in the gas
giants.
Quaor is probably massive enough to be
considered a dwarf planet, but it has not
been classified as susch yet. Sedna, which is
about three-fourths the size of Pluto, is the
first dwarf planet discovered in the Oort
Cloud.
EARTH
AND
EARTH
SYSTEMS
CONTENT
 Properties of the Earth that
support life

 Subsystems of the Earth

 Properties of the Earth
that support life
Presence of Water
Life as far as has been observed
always requires free water.
Without water organic life
cannot exist. The earth is the
only planet in the solar system
that is known to have free
liquid water. Water allows
many reactions and also works
as a universal solvent.
Ozone in the Atmosphere
Ozone absorbs cosmic
radiation that is harmful to
living things. Without the
ozone layer the incidents of
harmful mutations due to the
cosmic radiation reaches levels
that could cause the extinction
of living things. ( perhaps life
could not spontaneously arise
without the Ozone layer).
The presence of an atmosphere
makes Earth livable. If Earth
had no atmosphere, it would
not have maintained the
temperature and gases
necessary for our survival and
sustenance. Earth has the right
density to keep its atmosphere;
if it was lighter, the atmosphere
would have escaped
Appropriate Levels of Oxygen

Living thing need

Oxygen but too much
Oxygen is harmful to
life.
Energy
Second, life needs energy. Without
energy, virtually nothing would happen.
The most obvious source of energy is a
planet or moon's host star, as is the case
on Earth, where sunlight drives
photosynthesis in plants. The nutrients
created by photosynthesis in turn are
what the bulk of life on Earth directly or
indirectly relies on for fuel.
Molten Core

Earth's core allows the

recycling of material and
generates a magnetic
field that protects us
from radiation.
 Subsystems of the Earth
What is a System?

a combination of
interrelated,
interdependent or
interacting parts
forming a collective
whole or entity.
Example of a System
ECOSYSTEM
-includes all of the living things
(plants, animals and organisms)
in a given area, interacting with
each other, and also with their
non-living environments
(weather, earth, sun, soil,
climate, atmosphere).
Why is Earth considered a closed
system?
Earth system is essentially a closed system.
CLOSED SYSTEM – is a system in which there is only
an exchange of heat or energy and no exchange of
matter.
It obtains lots of energy from the Sun but the
exchange of matter with the outside is almost zero.
SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH
ATMOSPHERE
-The atmosphere is the thin
gaseous layer that envelopes the
lithosphere.
-One of the most important
processes by which the heat on
the Earth's surface is redistributed
is through atmospheric
circulation.
SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH

LITHOSPHERE
- The lithosphere includes
the rocks of the crust and
mantle, the metallic
liquid outer core, and the
solid metallic inner core.
SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH
BIOSPHERE
-The biosphere is the set of all
life forms on Earth.
-It covers all ecosystems—from
the soil to the rainforest, from
mangroves to coral reefs, and
from the plankton-rich ocean
surface to the deep sea.
SUBSYSTEMS OF THE EARTH
HYDROSPHERE
-About 70% of the Earth is covered
with liquid water (hydrosphere) and
much of it is in the form of ocean
water .

- Only 3% of Earth's water is fresh:

two-thirds are in the form of ice, and
the remaining one-third is present in
streams, lakes, and groundwater.
One of the first scientist to push for a
more integrated or holistic approach in the
understanding of the universe (and by
extension the Earth) was Friedrich Wilhelm
Heinrich Alexander von Humboldt. He
considered the universe as one interacting
entity.
The term "biosphere" was
popularized by Vladimir Vernadsky
(1863-1945), a Russian - Ukranian
scientist who hypothesized that life
is a geological force that shapes the
Earth.
In the 1970s, the Gaia Hypothesis was
jointly developed by James Lovelock, an
English scientist/naturalist, and Lynn
Margulis, an American microbiologist.
According to the Gaia Hypothesis. the
biosphere is a self-regulating system that is
capable of controlling its physical and
chemical environment.
In 1983, NASA advisory council established the
Earth Systems Science Committee. The
committee, chaired by Moustafa Chahine,
published a ground breaking report Earth
System Science: A Program For Global Change
in 1988. For the first time, scientist were able to
demonstrate how the many systems interact.
RESOURCES
https://socratic.org
https://www.livescience.com/
https://www.enotes.com
https://www.slideshare.net/maleigh/grade-
11-earth-life-science-earth-systems-
subsystems
QUIZ :

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