Signal Analysis-Lab (15 ES 2002L) Lab 7: Frequency Analysis: The Continuous Time Fourier Series (CTFS) Lab Report

Signal Analysis Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.
Student Id No:150050085
Name: k.Ganasathwik Branch:ECM Lab Section:15

Id No:150050085
Project Group:9
Pre-lab Session In-Lab Session Post Lab session Viva Total Marks
work (15M) work (15M) work (10M) (10M) 50M
Remarks:
Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded
Signal Analysis-Lab (15 ES 2002L)

Lab 7: Frequency Analysis: The Continuous Time Fourier
Series (CTFS)
Lab Report
Introduction: A Fourier series is an infinite sum of harmonic functions (sines and

cosines) with every term in the series having a frequency which is an integral multiple of
some “principal” frequency and an amplitude that varies inversely with its frequency. The
usefulness of such series is that any periodic function x(t ) with period T can be written
as a Fourier series as illustrated below.
Basic theory: The basic formulations for Fourier series is illustrated below.
1. Trigonometrical Fourier Series Representation:
The trigonometrical Fourier series is represented by
x(t )  a 0  a1 cos  0t  a 2 cos 2 0t  a 3 cos 3 0t  . . . . .
 b1 sin  0t  b2 sin 2 0t  b3 sin 3 0t  . . . . .

 a 0    a n cos n 0t  bn sin n 0t 
n 1
where the term a 0 is called constant or dc or average value
cos  0 and sin  0t are fundamental frequency components.
cos 2 0t and sin 2 0t are 2nd harmonic components
cos n 0t and sin n 0t are nth harmonic components, and
1
Signal Analysis Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India. Student Id No:150050085
a n and bn are Fourier Series coefficients.

Formulas for evaluation of Fourier Series coefficients:
1 T 2 T 2 T
an  
T 0
x(t ) dt , an  
T 0
x (t ) cos n  0t dt and bn 
T 0 x(t )sin n  0t dt
Fourier Spectrum:
The magnitude spectrum An  a n2  bn2 , and
 b 
Phase spectrum  n  tan 1  a 
n
 n 
2. Exponential Fourier Series:
The exponential Fourier series is represented by

x(t )   c n e jn  0t
n 
The exponential Fourier series coefficients c n can be represented in terms of magnitude
and phase as c n  | c n | e j n and c n  | c n | e  j n  c n* , where * indicate complex
conjugate.
| c n |  1 a n2  bn2  1 A n , and  n  tan 1  abn 

2 2  n 
Examples:
Ex7.1: Demo: Trigonometrical Fourier Series representation of a square wave.
clear all; close all; clc;
% Generation of original square wave signal

tr = [-3 -2 -2 -1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 2 3];
yr = [-1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1];
figure(1);
plot(tr,zeros(size(tr)),'k','LineWidth',1); hold on;
plot(zeros(size(tr)),tr,'k','LineWidth',1); hold on;
plot(tr,yr,':b','LineWidth',3);
xlabel('time (seconds)');
ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Original square wave signal');
axis([-1 3 -1.2 1.2]);
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parameters
N = 11; % summation limit (use N odd)
2
wo = pi; % fundamental frequency (rad/s)

c0 = 0; % dc bias
t = -3:0.01:3; % declare time values
% Compute x, the Fourier Series in trigonometric form

N = 1;
x = c0*ones(size(t)); % initialize yt to c0
for n = 1:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

cn = 2/(j*n*wo); % Fourier Series Coefficient
x = x + 2*abs(cn)*cos(n*wo*t+angle(cn)); % Fourier Series computation
end
figure(2);
subplot(2,2,1)
plot(tr,yr,':','LineWidth',2);hold on; % plot truncated trigonometric FS
plot(t,x,'k','LineWidth',2);
xlabel('t (seconds)'); ylabel('y(t)');
ttle = ['Trig. Fourier Series with N = ',num2str(N)];
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
N = 5;

end
subplot(2,2,2)
plot(t,x,'b','LineWidth',2);
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
N = 11;

end
subplot(2,2,3)
3

plot(t,x,'r','LineWidth',2);
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
N = 21;

end
subplot(2,2,4)
plot(t,x,'m','LineWidth',2);
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
Original square wave signal
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

time (seconds)
4
Trig. Fourier Series with N = 1 Trig. Fourier Series with N = 5

1 1
0.5 0.5
y(t)
y(t)
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-2 0 2 -2 0 2
t (seconds) t (seconds)
Trig. Fourier Series with N = 11 Trig. Fourier Series with N = 21
1 1
0.5 0.5
y(t)
y(t)
0 0
-0.5 -0.5
-1 -1
-2 0 2 -2 0 2
t (seconds) t (seconds)
Ex7.2: Demo: Complex Exponential Fourier Series representation of a sawtooth wave.

Refer Matlab Script : SA7_CTFS2.m
% Generation of original sawtooth signal

tr = [-1 0 0 1 1 2 2];
xr = [0 1 0 1 0 1 0];
figure();
plot(tr,xr,':','LineWidth',3);
xlabel('time (seconds)');ylabel('Amplitude');
title('Original sawtooth signal');
axis([-1 2 -0.1 1.2]);
% Plot Truncated Fourier Series Approximation (N = 1)
N = 1; % define number of terms to use (n = -N..N)

c0 = 0.5; % define dc bias coefficient
t = -1:0.001:2; % define time values for y(t)
y = c0 * ones(size(t)); % let initial y = c0 (dc bias) for all times
for n = -N:-1, % compute y for negative n

cn = exp(j*pi/2)/(2*pi*n);
y = y + real(cn * exp(j*n*2*pi*t));
end;
% compute y for positive n and add to y
for n = 1:N, % found using negative n
5
end;
figure();
subplot(2,2,1); % plot approximation
plot(t,y,'r','LineWidth',2); hold on;
ylabel('y(t) approximation');
title('Truncated FS, N = 1');
axis([-1 2 -0.1 1.2]);


end;
end;

plot(t,y,'m','LineWidth',2);hold on;
axis([-1 2 -0.1 1.2]);


6
end;
end;

plot(t,y,'k','LineWidth',2);hold on;
title(' Truncated FS, N = 3');
axis([-1 2 -0.1 1.2]);


end;
end;

plot(t,y,'--r','LineWidth',2);hold on;
axis([-1 2 -0.1 1.2]);
7
Original sawtooth signal
0.8
Amplitude
0.6
0.4
0.2
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

time (seconds)
Truncated FS, N = 1 Truncated FS, N = 2
1 1
y(t) approximation
y(t) approximation
0.5 0.5
0 0
-1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2
time (seconds) time (seconds)
Truncated FS, N = 3 Truncated FS, N = 10
1 1
y(t) approximation
y(t) approximation
0.5 0.5
0 0
-1 0 1 2 -1 0 1 2
time (seconds) time (seconds)
Ex7.3: Demo: Complex Exponential Fourier Series representation of a square wave as

well as amplitude and phase spectrum.
Refer Matlab Script : SA7_CTFS3.m

tr = [-3 -2 -2 -1 -1 0 0 1 1 2 2 3];
yr = [-1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1];
figure(1);
plot(tr,yr,':r','LineWidth',3);
8

axis([-1 3 -1.2 1.2]);
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parameters
c0 = 0; % dc bias
figure(1) % put first two plots on figure 1
% Compute yce, the Fourier Series in complex exponential form
yce = c0*ones(size(t)); % initialize yce to c0
for n = -N:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

yce = yce + real(cn*exp(j*n*wo*t)); % Fourier Series computation
end
figure(2);
% subplot(2,1,1)
plot(tr,yr,':','LineWidth',1);hold on;
plot(t,yce,'m','LineWidth',2); % plot truncated exponential FS

ttle=['Truncated Exponential Fourier Series with N = ',num2str(N)];
title(ttle); axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
% Draw the amplitude spectrum from exponential Fourier Series
figure(3) % put next plots on figure 3
subplot(2,1,1)
stem(0,c0,'r','fill','LineWidth',2); hold on; % plot c0 at nwo = 0
for n = -N:2:N, % loop over series index n

stem(n*wo,abs(cn),'m','fill','LineWidth',2) % plot |cn| vs nwo
end
for n = -N+1:2:N-1, % loop over even series index n
cn = 0; % Fourier Series Coefficient
stem(n*wo,abs(cn),'b','fill','LineWidth',2); % plot |cn| vs nwo
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
9
ylabel('|cn|')
ttle = ['Amplitude Spectrum with N = ',num2str(N)];
title(ttle); grid on
% Draw the phase spectrum from exponential Fourier Series
subplot(2,1,2)
stem(0,angle(c0)*180/pi,'k','fill','LineWidth',2); % plot angle of c0 at nwo = 0
hold on ;
for n = -N:2:N, % loop over odd series index n

stem(n*wo,angle(cn)*180/pi,'b','fill','LineWidth',2); % plot |cn| vs nwo
end
stem(n*wo,angle(cn)*180/pi,'r','fill','LineWidth',2); % plot |cn| vs nwo
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('angle(cn) (degrees)')
ttle = ['Phase Spectrum with N = ',num2str(N)];
title(ttle);
grid;
10
Truncated Exponential Fourier Series with N = 11
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
y(t)
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t (seconds)
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

time (seconds)
11
Amplitude Spectrum with N = 11

0.8
0.6
|cn|
0.4
0.2
0
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
w (rad/s)
Phase Spectrum with N = 11
100
angle(cn) (degrees)
50
-50
-100
-40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40
w (rad/s)
Pre lab work:
(a)Study and understand the basic theory required for this lab.
(b) Run the Matlab scripts given for examples and study the results.
(c)Perform the analytical solutions for the given laboratory exercises.
(d) Prepare the Matlab codes for the given laboratory exercises well before the
commencement of lab scheduled time. Discuss with your lab instructors.
Lab Exercise-7
Exercise 7.1: Consider a periodic square wave (odd signal) shown below.
Justify that the trigonometrical and exponential Fourier series are represented as below.
Trigonometrical Fourier Series Coefficients: The mathematical equations for given
signal can be written as
 A, 0t  T
 2
x(t )  
T
 A, 2
t T
The given signal is odd signal and have rotational symmetry. That is x(t )   x(t ) and
x(t  T2 )   x(t ) . Therefore the Fourier series coefficients consists only odd harmonics.
12
a 0  0, a n  0, bn  4 A , n  odd
n
Then the Trigonometrical Fourier Series is represented by
4A  1 1 1 
x(t )   sin  0t  sin 3 0t  sin 5 0t  sin 7 0t  . . . .
  3 5 7 
Similarly, the exponential Fourier coefficients are represented by
0, n  even
cn   j2 A
  n , n  odd
Then the Fourier synthesis is represented by
j2 A j2A j2A j2A
x(t )      5 e  j 5ω0t  3 e  j 3ω0t   e  jω0t   e jω0t
j2 A j2A
 3 e j 3ω0t  5 e j 5ω0t    
Let A  1 , T  1 . Develop Matlab code to determine and plot the magnitude and phase
spectrum for the number of coefficients N  1, N  5, N  13 , both in trigonometrical and

exponential Fourier series.

tr = [-1.5 -1.5 -1 -1 -0.5 -0.5 0 0 0.5 0.5 1 1 1.5 1.5 2 2];
yr = [ 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1 1 -1 -1 1];
figure(1);
axis([-1 2 -1.5 1.5]);
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parameters
c0 = 0; % dc bias

N = 1;

cn = 4/(n*wo); % Fourier Series Coefficient
x = 2*abs(cn)*sin(n*wo*t+angle(cn)); % Fourier Series computation
end
13
figure(2);
subplot(3,1,1)
title(ttle);axis([-1.5 1.5 -2.5 2.5]);
N = 5;

end
subplot(3,1,2)
title(ttle);axis([-1.5 1.5 -1 1]);
N = 13;

end
subplot(3,1,3)
plot(t,x,'r','LineWidth',2);
title(ttle);axis([-1.5 1.5 -1 1]);
% Draw the amplitude spectrum from exponential Fourier Series for n=1
subplot(2,1,1)
N=1;

cn = 0 ; % Fourier Series Coefficient
end
14

end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('|cn|')
subplot(2,1,2)
hold on ;

end
cn =4/(n*wo); % Fourier Series Coefficient
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
title(ttle);
grid;
subplot(2,1,1)
N=5;

end
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('|cn|')
15
subplot(2,1,2)
hold on ;

end
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
title(ttle);
grid;
subplot(2,1,1)
N=13;

end
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('|cn|')
subplot(2,1,2)
hold on ;

end
16

end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
title(ttle);
grid;

1.5
0.5
Amplitude
-0.5
-1
-1.5
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (seconds)
Trig. Fourier Series with N = 1

2
y(t)
-2
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
t (seconds)
1
y(t)
-1
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
t (seconds)
1
y(t)
-1
-1.5 -1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5
t (seconds)
17

1
0.5
|cn| 0
-0.5
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w (rad/s)
1
angle(cn) (degrees)
0.5
-0.5
-1
-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4
w (rad/s)

0.8
0.6
|cn|
0.4
0.2
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
w (rad/s)
200
angle(cn) (degrees)
150
100
50
0
-20 -15 -10 -5 0 5 10 15 20
w (rad/s)
18

0.8
0.6
|cn| 0.4
0.2
0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
w (rad/s)
200
angle(cn) (degrees)
150
100
50
0
-50 -40 -30 -20 -10 0 10 20 30 40 50
w (rad/s)
Exercise 7.2: Develop Matlab code to determine and plot the magnitude and phase
spectrum for the various number of coefficients, both in trigonometrical and exponential
Fourier series for the following continuous time periodic signals. Assume A  1 , T  1
(a)tr =[-3 -2, -1, 0, 1, 2, 3, 4 5];

yr = [-1 1, -1, 1,-1, 1,-1, 1,-1];
figure(1);
axis([-1 3 -1.2 1.2]);
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parameters
19
c0 = 0; % dc bias

N = 1; % initialize yt to c0
x = 2*abs(cn)*cos(n*wo*t+angle(cn)); % Fourier Series computation
end
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1)
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
N = 5;

end
subplot(2,1,2)
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
end
figure(3)
subplot(2,1,1)
title(ttle);axis([-2 2 -1 1]);
20
end
subplot(2,1,1)
%-------------------------------------------exponential ft

end;
end;
figure(3);
plot(tr,yr,':','LineWidth',1);
axis([-1 2 -1 1]);

end;
21

end;

axis([-1 2 -0.1 1.2]);
%----------plot magnitude
subplot(2,1,1)

end
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('|cn|')
subplot(2,1,2)
hold on ;

end
22

end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
title(ttle);
grid on;
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

time (seconds)
0.5
y(t)
-0.5
-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t (seconds)
0.5
y(t)
-0.5
-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t (seconds)
23
Truncated FS, N = 1
1
y(t) approximation
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (seconds)
Truncated FS, N = 2
1
y(t) approximation
0.5
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (seconds)

0.8
0.6
|cn|
0.4
0.2
0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
w (rad/s)
100
angle(cn) (degrees)
50
-50
-100
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
w (rad/s)
(b)
tr = [-3,-2.5,-2,-1.5,-1,-0.5,0, 0.5,1, 1.5,2, 2.5,3];
yr = [ 0,-1, 0, 1, 0,-1, 0, 1, 0, -1, 0, 1, 0];
figure(1);
axis([-1 3 -1.2 1.2]);
24
%-----------------------------------------------------------------------
% Parameters
c0 = 0; % dc bias

end
figure(2);
subplot(2,1,1)
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
N = 5;

end
subplot(2,1,2)
title(ttle);axis([-3 3 -1.2 1.2]);
end
figure(3)
subplot(2,1,1)
25
end
subplot(2,1,1)
%-------------------------------------------exponential ft

end;
end;
figure(3);
axis([-1 2 -1 1]);
26

end;
end;

axis([-1 2 -0.1 1.2]);
%----------plot magnitude
subplot(2,1,1)

end
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
ylabel('|cn|')
subplot(2,1,2)
hold on ;
27

end
end
xlabel('w (rad/s)')
title(ttle);
grid on;
0.8
0.6
0.4
0.2
Amplitude
-0.2
-0.4
-0.6
-0.8
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

time (seconds)
0.5
y(t)
-0.5
-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t (seconds)
1
0.5
y(t)
-0.5
-1
-3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3
t (seconds)
28
Truncated FS, N = 1
1
y(t) approximation
0.5
-0.5
-1
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (seconds)
Truncated FS, N = 2
1
y(t) approximation
0.5
0
-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2
time (seconds)

0.8
0.6
|cn|
0.4
0.2
0
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
w (rad/s)
100
angle(cn) (degrees)
50
-50
-100
-8 -6 -4 -2 0 2 4 6 8
w (rad/s)
In lab Session Lab:

(a) Execute the Matlab codes prepared for the exercises and observe the results.
(b) Compute all the tasks given in the exercises.
(c) Note the results and store the necessary figures and data for the lab report.
Post Session Lab:

(a) Complete the lab work in all aspects in the given specified lab time.
(b) Answer for the given questions.
(c) Submit the lab report to the lab in-structure and get the signature in time.
(d) Type the complete description of commands used in the lab.
29

Signal Analysis-Lab (15 ES 2002L) Lab 7: Frequency Analysis: The Continuous Time Fourier Series (CTFS) Lab Report

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Signal Analysis-Lab (15 ES 2002L) Lab 7: Frequency Analysis: The Continuous Time Fourier Series (CTFS) Lab Report

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Signal Analysis Lab, Dept. of ECE, KL University, A.P., India.

Name: k.Ganasathwik Branch:ECM Lab Section:15

Date: Signature of the Instructor Marks awarded

Signal Analysis-Lab (15 ES 2002L)

Introduction: A Fourier series is an infinite sum of harmonic functions (sines and

where the term a 0 is called constant or dc or average value

cos  0 and sin  0t are fundamental frequency components.

cos 2 0t and sin 2 0t are 2nd harmonic components

cos n 0t and sin n 0t are nth harmonic components, and

a n and bn are Fourier Series coefficients.

The magnitude spectrum An  a n2  bn2 , and

and phase as c n  | c n | e j n and c n  | c n | e  j n  c n* , where * indicate complex

| c n |  1 a n2  bn2  1 A n , and  n  tan 1  abn 

clear all; close all; clc;

% Generation of original square wave signal

wo = pi; % fundamental frequency (rad/s)

% Compute x, the Fourier Series in trigonometric form

for n = 1:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

for n = 1:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

for n = 1:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

plot(tr,yr,':','LineWidth',2);hold on; % plot truncated trigonometric FS

for n = 1:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Trig. Fourier Series with N = 1 Trig. Fourier Series with N = 5

Ex7.2: Demo: Complex Exponential Fourier Series representation of a sawtooth wave.

% Generation of original sawtooth signal

% Plot Truncated Fourier Series Approximation (N = 1)

N = 1; % define number of terms to use (n = -N..N)

for n = -N:-1, % compute y for negative n

% Plot Truncated Fourier Series Approximation (N = 2)

N = 2; % define number of terms to use (n = -N..N)

for n = -N:-1, % compute y for negative n

subplot(2,2,2); % plot approximation

% Plot Truncated Fourier Series Approximation (N = 3)

N = 3; % define number of terms to use (n = -N..N)

for n = -N:-1, % compute y for negative n

subplot(2,2,3); % plot approximation

% Plot Truncated Fourier Series Approximation (N = 10)

N = 10; % define number of terms to use (n = -N..N)

for n = -N:-1, % compute y for negative n

subplot(2,2,4); % plot approximation

Original sawtooth signal

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2

Truncated FS, N = 1 Truncated FS, N = 2

Ex7.3: Demo: Complex Exponential Fourier Series representation of a square wave as

% Generation of original square wave signal

title('Original square wave signal');

figure(1) % put first two plots on figure 1

% Compute yce, the Fourier Series in complex exponential form

yce = c0*ones(size(t)); % initialize yce to c0

for n = -N:2:N, % loop over series index n (odd)

xlabel('t (seconds)'); ylabel('y(t)');

% Draw the amplitude spectrum from exponential Fourier Series

figure(3) % put next plots on figure 3

stem(0,c0,'r','fill','LineWidth',2); hold on; % plot c0 at nwo = 0

for n = -N:2:N, % loop over series index n

% Draw the phase spectrum from exponential Fourier Series

for n = -N:2:N, % loop over odd series index n

Truncated Exponential Fourier Series with N = 11

Original square wave signal

-1 -0.5 0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3

Amplitude Spectrum with N = 11

Pre lab work:

stem(nwo,angle(cn)180/pi,'r','fill','LineWidth',2); % plot |cn| vs nwo

cn = 2/(jnwo); % Fourier Series Coefficient