Date: 10-10-2021 Name: Niranjan G

Expt. No.: 8 Reg. No: 19BEE1003

EXPERIMENT 8 NETWORK MATRICES

1. Aim:
To understand the formation of network matrices, the bus admittance matrix Y and the bus
impedance matrix Z of a power network, to effect certain required changes on these matrices and
to obtain network solution using these matrices.

2.Objectives:
i To write a computer program to form bus admittance matrix Y, given the
impedances of the elements of a power network and their connectivity (mutual coupling
between elements neglected)

ii.To modify the matrix Y to effect specified changes in the configuration of the
network.

3. Network Description of a Multinode Power System

The bus admittance matrix Y and bus impedance matrix Z are the two important network
descriptions of interconnected power system. The injected bus currents and bus voltages of a
power system under steady state condition can be related through these matrices as

Y V= I (1)
Z I =V (2)

These matrices are important building blocks of power system modelling and analysis. The Z is mainly
used in fault analysis while Y is mainly used in power flow and stability analysis

4. Formation of Bus Admittance matrix

4.1 Two-Rule Method (Based on Node - Voltage Analysis)
Consider a three-bus power system shown in Fig.1 .The equivalent power network for the system is
shown in Fig .2 in which the generator is replaced by i t s Norton equivalent, the loads by their
equivalent admittances and transmission lines by the  equivalent circuits.
Fig. .1 A Sample Power System Fig..2 Equivalent Power Network

In Fig.2, the admittances of the generator, loads and transmission lines are given in per unit to
system MVA base. The ground is taken as reference node.
Applying Kirchhoff’s current law (KCL) to nodes 1,2 and 3.

(3)

(4)

(5)
 (6)

The matrix equation (5) can be extended to an ‘n’ node system. The steps involved in assembling bus
admittance matrix may be extracted from equations (5) and (6) and are given below.
Two-Rule Method for Assembling Y matrix:
1. The diagonal element Yii of the matrix is equal to the sum of the admittances of all
th
elements connected to the i node.

2. The off-diagonal element Yij of the matrix is equal to the negative of the sum of the admittances
of all elements connected between the nodes i and j.

4.3 Equivalent Circuit of a Transformer With Off-Nominal Tap for the Purpose of Formation
of Bus Admittance Matrix

A two – winding transformer with off- nominal turns ratio, connected between nodes k and m is shown
in Fig 3. In this representation, the turns ratio is normalized as a:1 and the non–unity side is called the
tap side which is taken as the sending end side. The series admittance of the transformer is connected to
the unity side.

Fig.3 Transformer with off-nominal tap

Fig4 Equivalent Circuit for Transformer With Off – Nominal tap.

 By applying the two-rule method to buses t and m in Fig.3 we get

(7)

By elementary matrix operation equation (7) can be reduced to

(8)

It can be checked by applying two rule method to buses k and m in fig 4.

That the bus admittance matrix for the circuit in Fig 4 and equation (8) are same.
Hence the  equivalent circuit of the transformer with off nominal tap is that in Fig.4
and the contribution of this transformer to bus admittance matrix Y of the power system
of the Power System to which it is connected is Equation (8).

(9)
Algorithm for the Formation of Bus Admittance Matrix:
The algorithm initializes the matrix Y with all the elements set to zero. Then read one element of the
Network at a time and update the matrix Y by adding the contribution of that element. The contribution
of a transformer connected between nodes k and m is given in equation (9).
 (10)

(11)
Where y is the admittance in p.u of the shunt element.
Algorithm:
Step 1: Initialize Y with all elements set to zero.
Step 2: Read the line list, one line at a time and update Y by adding the respective contribution equation
(10).
Step 3: Read the transformer list, and update the respective contribution by adding the respective
contribution Equ (9).
Step 4: Read the Shunt Element Contribution and update Y by adding the respective contribution by
equation (11).
MATLAB :
clc
format short;
%LOAD FLOW STUDIES
basema = 100; accuracy = 0.1; maxiter = 10;
%===============================================================
% bus bus R X 1/2 B =1 for lines
% nl nr p.u p.u p.u >1 or <1 tr. tap
%===============================================================
linedata=[ 1 6 0.123 0.518 0 1
1 4 0.080 0.370 0 1
4 6 0.087 0.407 0 1
5 2 0.282 0.640 0 1
2 3 0.723 1.050 0 1
6 5 0.0 0.300 0 1 %or 0.8
4 3 0.0 0.133 0 1 %or 0.8
];
%=============================================================
% bus bus vol angle --load-- ---Generator--- Injected
% no code mag degree Mw Mvar Mw Mvar Qmin Qmax Mvar
%==============================================================
busdata=[ 1 1 1.02 0 0 0 inf 0 0 0 0
2 0 1.02 0 0 0 50 0 0 0 0
3 2 1.0 0 55.0 13.0 0 0 0 0 0
4 2 1.0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
5 2 1.0 0 30.0 18.0 0 0 0 0 0
6 2 1.0 0 50.0 5.0 0 0 0 0 0
];
%This program obtains th Bus Admittance Matrix for power flow
solution
j=sqrt(-1); i=sqrt(-1);
nl=linedata(:,1); nr=linedata(:,2); R=linedata(:,3);
X=linedata(:,4);
Bc=linedata(:,5);
a=linedata(:,6); %Tap ratio of offnominal transformer
nbr=length(linedata(:,1)); nbus=max(max(nl),max(nr));
Z=R+j*X;
y=ones(nbr,1)./Z; %branch adittances of all the 4 lines
for n=1:nbr
if a(n)<=0
a(n)=1;
else end
Ybus=zeros(nbus,nbus); %initialize Ybus to zero
%formation of the off diagonal elements
for k=1:nbr
 Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k))-y(k)/a(k);
Ybus(nr(k),nl(k))=Ybus(nl(k),nr(k));
end
end
%formation of the diagonal elements
for n=1:nbus
for k=1:nbr
if nl(k)==n
Ybus(n,n)=Ybus(n,n)+y(k)/(a(k)^2)+Bc(k);
elseif nr(k)==n
Ybus (n,n)=Ybus(n,n)+y(k)+Bc(k);
else, end
end
end
Ybus

OUTPUT:
For transformation ratio 1

For transformation ratio 0.8