PLEASE DO NOT REDISTRIBUTE WITHOUT ASKING FOR MY PERMISSION/CONSENT. THANK YOU! ^_^ - PROF.

NICOLE ANN CAGUINGIN

September 13-18, 2021 - consists of many parts that are under

Health Information System in Medical Laboratory
Science (ICTM111)
1st Semester of Academic Year 2021-2022
Prepared by: Caguingin, Nicole Ann R., RMT
for: OLFU-QC CMLS A.Y ’21-’22 MT1-YA (-1,-10,-11,-12)
OVERVIEW
A. Healthcare System
1. Goals of a Health System
a. Improving the Health of Populations
b. Improving the Responsiveness of the
Health System to the Population It
Serves
c. Fairness in Financial Contribution
2. Functions of a Health System
a. Health Service Provision
b. Health Service Inputs
c. Stewardship
d. Health Financing
- Revenue Collection
- Risk Pooling
- Strategic Purchasing
B. Health System Framework
C. Philippine Health System
1. Historical Background
2. Leadership & Governance
a. Centralized & Decentralized
b. Law-mandated Duties of the DOH
3. Directions (Philippine Health Sector)
D. References
A. HEALTHCARE SYSTEM
What is a Healthcare System?
Governance, Health Service Provision,
Financing and Managing resources:
- community
- department/ministries of health
- healthcare providers
- health service organizations
- pharmaceutical companies
- health financing bodies
- other organizations related to the health
sector
As defined by World Health Organization (WHO)
in 2000
Health System - “all the organizations,
institutions, resources, and people whose
primary purpose is to improve health.”
- “A well-performing health system provides direct
health-improving activities whether in personal
health care, public health services, or
intersectoral initiatives, to achieve high health
equity.”
1. GOALS OF A HEALTH SYSTEM
a. IMPROVING THE HEALTH OF
POPULATIONS
Improving population health is the overarching goal.
Health systems should strive for EQUITY IN HEALTH.
Inequitable disparities in health are to be minimized:
income, ethnicity, occupation, gender, geographic
location and sexual orientation.

As defined by a registered medical technologist

The system in which healthcare is provided

to people, especially to patients, along with
multiple aspects and factors affecting its
delivery, such as how it is being delivered, and
who are delivering it.

As defined in the book “Health Information

System for Medical Laboratory Science”

Health System or Healthcare System

- “the combination of resources, organization,
financing, and management that culminate in the
The Difference Between Equality & Equity
delivery of health services to the population”
(Roemer, 1991)
1
PLEASE DO NOT REDISTRIBUTE WITHOUT ASKING FOR MY PERMISSION/CONSENT. THANK YOU! ^_^ - PROF. NICOLE ANN CAGUINGIN
b. IMPROVING THE RESPONSIVENESS OF
THE HEALTH SYSTEM TO THE
POPULATION IT SERVES
Responsiveness represents the concept that the health
system provides services in the manner that people want
or desire and engages people as active partners.
It embodies values of respectfulness, non-discrimination,
humaneness and confidentiality.
c. FAIRNESS IN FINANCIAL CONTRIBUTION
WHO definition of a fairly financed health system is
one that does not deter individuals from receiving
needed care due to payments required at the time of
service and one in which each individual pays
approximately the same percentage of their income
for needed services.
A health financing system that deters people from
seeking needed services or impoverishes individuals
and families will worsen health outcomes.
2. FUNCTIONS OF A HEALTH SYSTEM
a. HEALTH SERVICE PROVISION
"Delivering health services is thus an essential part
of what the system does but it is not what the system
is." (WHO 2000).
BISMARCK MODEL
The best systems also promote health and try to avert
illness through education and preventive measures.
b. HEALTH SERVICE INPUTS
These include human resources, medications, and
medical equipment.
This function is generally outside the immediate control
of health system policy makers who have to respond to
short-term population needs with whatever resources
are available.
BEVERIDGE MODEL
c. STEWARDSHIP
The overall system oversight sets the context and policy
framework for the overall health system.
This is usually a governmental responsibility.
CORE OF STEWARDSHIP FUNCTION:
- Policymaking
- Identifying the health priorities
- Resource generation
d. HEALTH FINANCING
Revenue Collection
- Collection of money to pay for health care
services
- Revenue collection mechanisms are general
taxation, donor financing, mandatory payroll
contributions, mandatory or voluntary risk-rated
contributions, direct household out-of-pocket
expenditures, and other forms of personal
savings
Risk Pooling
- Refers to the collection and management of
financial resources in a way that spreads
financial risks from an individual to all pool
members
- Financial risk pooling is the core function of
health insurance mechanisms.
- Essential to avoid payment at the moment of
utilizing the services, which can deter people,
especially the poor, from seeking health care
when sick or injured
- Most high-income countries follow one of the
TWO MAIN MODELS:
1. Bismarck Model
2. Beveridge Model
- Named for the Prussian Chancellor Otto von
Bismarck
- It uses an insurance system - the insurers are
called "sickness funds" - usually financed jointly
by employers and employees through payroll
deduction.
- Bismarck-type health insurance plans have to
cover everybody, and they don't make a profit.
- The Bismarck model is found in Germany,
France, Belgium, Netherlands, Japan,
Switzerland, and, to a degree, in Latin America.
- Named after William Beveridge, the social
reformer who designed Britain’s National Health
Service.
- In this system, health care is provided and
financed by the government through tax
payments
- These systems tend to have low costs per
capita, because the government, as the sole
payer, controls what doctors can do and what
they can charge.
2
PLEASE DO NOT REDISTRIBUTE WITHOUT ASKING FOR MY PERMISSION/CONSENT. THANK YOU! ^_^ - PROF. NICOLE ANN CAGUINGIN

- Countries using the Beveridge plan or variations

on it include Great Britain, Spain, most of C. PHILIPPINE HEALTH SYSTEM
Scandinavia and New Zealand, Hongkong and
Cuba.
1. HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Strategic Purchasing 1979 Adoption of Primary Health Care:

promoted participatory management of
Most risk-pooling organizations or purchasers use the local health care system.
collected and pooled financial resources to finance or 1982 Reorganization of DOH: integrated
buy health care services for their members. public health and hospital services.
1988 The Generics Act: prescriptions are
written using the generic name of the
drug.
B. HEALTH SYSTEM FRAMEWORK 1991 RA 7160 "Local Government Code”:
transfer of responsibility of health
WHO HEALTH SYSTEM FRAMEWORK service provisions to the local
government units.
1995 National Health Act: aims to provide
all citizens a mechanism for financial
protection with priority given to the
poor.
1996 Health Sector Reform Agenda: major
organizational restructuring of the DOH
to improve the way health care is
delivered, regulated and financed.
2005 FOURmula One (F1) for Health:
adoption of operational framework to
undertake reforms with speed,
precision, and effective coordination.
2008 RA 9502 "Access to Cheaper and
Quality Medicines Act”: promote and
ensure access to affordable quality
drugs and medicines for all.
2010 AO 2010-0036 "Kalusugang
Pangkalahatan" : Universal health
coverage and access to quality health
SIX BUILDING BLOCKS OF A HEALTH SYSTEM care for all Filipinos.
Service Delivery – timely delivery of quality and cost-
effective personal and non-personal health services.
Workforce – individuals working towards the 2. LEADERSHIP & GOVERNANCE
achievement of the best health outcomes by being
responsive, fair, and efficient. Number-wise, they must
be sufficient and fairly distributed to ensure competency, The Department of Health is mandated to provide
responsiveness and productivity. national policy direction and develop national plans,
Information (HIS) – which analyzes, disseminates and technical standards and guidelines of health.
uses reliable and relevant information on health status, It also provides technical assistance, capacity
determinants, and systems performance. building and advisory services for disease
Products – made accessible through uninterrupted prevention and control and supplies medicines and
supply, well-managed pharmaceutical services, and vaccines.
education on proper use of medication.
Financing – funding for services and products and Under the Local Government Code (1991), LGUs
implementation of systems (to make health service were granted autonomy and responsibility for their
available even to those who cannot afford it) own health services.
Leadership – to ensure effective stewardship of the
entire health system. It also covers the monitoring of the National health programs are coordinated by the
accountability of private and public health agencies, DOH through the LGUs.
proper system design, and appropriate regulation of
health systems.
3
PLEASE DO NOT REDISTRIBUTE WITHOUT ASKING FOR MY PERMISSION/CONSENT. THANK YOU! ^_^ - PROF. NICOLE ANN CAGUINGIN

The Philippines is divided into:

- 78 provinces headed by governors
- 138 cities and 1496 municipalities headed by
mayors
- 42 025 barangays or villages headed by
barangay chairpersons

**No need to memorize this flowchart for quizzes &

exams. This is just to help you visualize.

3. DIRECTIONS (PHILIPPINE HEALTH SECTOR)

The Philippine Health Agenda (DOH Administrative

Order 2016-0038):
a. CENTRALIZED & DECENTRALIZED "ALL FOR HEALTH TOWARDS HEALTH FOR ALL“

CENTRALIZED: The Philippine Developmental Plan 2017-2022: This

Before devolution, the national health system
consisted of a three-tiered system under the direct
control of the DOH: tertiary hospitals at the national
and regional levels; provincial and district hospitals
and city and municipal health centers; and barangay
(village) health centers.
DECENTRALIZED:
Under the decentralized or devolved structure, the
state is represented by national offices and the
LGUs, with provincial, city, municipal, and barangay
or village offices. The DOH, LGUs and the private
sector participate, cooperate and collaborate in the
care of the population.
is the FOUR KEY MEDIUM-TERM PLANS to
translate the vision of aspirations for the Filipinos
and the country.
NEDA AmBisyon Natin 2040: This is a
COLLECTIVE LONG-TERM PLAN which envisions
a better life for the Filipinos and the country in the
next 25 years.
Sustainable Developmental Goals 2030: This is a
compilation of 17 DEVELOPMENTAL GOALS that
targets to end poverty, fight inequality and injustice
and confront issues involving climate change and its
effects.

b. LAW-MANDATED DUTIES OF THE DOH

The DOH as mandated is tasked with the duty of: D. REFERENCES

- Developing health policies and programs;
- Enhancing partner' s capacity through technical
assistance; Nuevo, J.M. et. al (2019). Health Information System for
- Leveraging performance for priority health Medical Laboratory Science. C&E Publishing, Inc.
programs among these partners;
- Developing and enforcing regulatory policies OLFU Prepared Canvas Module 01: Week 1
and standards;
- Providing specific programs that affect large
segments of the population;
- Providing specialized and tertiary level care