D Y Ww TELEVISING Ry €. L. RAGSDALE Wiehita, Kancaz Any experimenter can do his own home tel: ing by following the easy instructions and build- ing the units described by the author herein. Pee as high definition etec- tronie television cameras a% not Svailable to most amstoure bo- cause of the cost, an effort has been made to design a camera which would have enough cetail to be intevestiug; be not too difieult to construct; and above all be as inexpensive as possible ‘At nist a 45 line fying-spot camera was built, using # pinhole dise with a {L000 wat projection lamp and a bani of photovelectrie cells. ‘This camera ‘would only Piel up scones about one Toot square. (close to the camera), Such a8 faces cf persons end drawings ater, @ camera was Dut using & 49 hale lens dise with an automobile head light bulb and a banlk of p. e. calls. ‘These cameras worked. but their range of plektuy was Timited, the detail twas not too good, and they had to be operated in a dark room. So Ht was eeided to huilé a 60 tine direct pickup ‘camera whieh would talge scenes elther Indoors or ouidoors, “It was thought by some that such camera Using. & sail. scanning ise was. impossible However, several experiments proved Ateould be done. ‘Tho difference in dow tail between a 45 line and a 60 line picture is mere noticeable than be> {tween a 60 line and a 100 line picture. In fact, the detail of a ood 60 line pletuze’ is great enough that when Showing a ear going by on the street Such detalls as the windows, fenders, land spare tiie can be seen, “This eamere when used with ether f scanning dise or ¢. f- tube receiver offers tho technician an opportunity to rofl by his experience in television ft once by giving demonstrations at Stores, theatres, and fairs. Tt would also be good advertising for a service shop. Admission may be charged oF the store may pay the technician for his time as operator and the use of the equipment. “As examples of this are the demostrations given ‘at the Chicago Worle’s Fair and the Dallas ‘Centennial. Following isa description fof the camera and method of eonstruc- ‘lon "The camera box is made of plywood covered with sheet aluminum. "The fedges of the aluminum ate bent over the edges of the plywood to hold them together. "A100 wert, 110 v. spot light Is mounted on top the camera to provide "light for" indoor or "studio ones. ‘This spotlight is in an alumie num box which canbe tilted up oF down. When the camera ig tumed to hilt from_one scene to another the Spotngne wall folow une vans. Fur outdoor shots in daylight the spotlight Is not used. 5 lens mounted im the lamphouse fs used to focus the light on the sub- fect, The inside back wall of the Tainphouse is left unpainted tw act as 4a reflector behind the ligat. ‘Projection spotlight bulbs of the tye‘used have a concentrated filament snd rust he well ventilated to have 0 nor rma life, Spotlight bulbs with the fla ment in a half circle evidently have = longer life than the regular projection lamps. Large holes. in the top and Dottom of the lamphouse provide sutl- lent civeulation of ai ‘Four small 45 v. “B” batterios and five No. 6 ty cells In the battom of the camera box supply power for the twa pleamplifier stages and. the pe ell, al of Ywhieh aro mounted 1m the ‘The pee. cell and preamplifier tubes ‘re in a tin haw which Is "Tight tight” except for tho window in front of the pe eell. A nicer nf serena wite mist be soldered over this window to shield the pe. cell ‘The preamplifler box (or head am- plifier) floas on an inch of sponge rub- ter, and has a narrow stp of spon’ rubber around the p.c. cell window, which is pressed ‘against the wall at the back of the dise, to keep out stray light. Due to the high sensitivity of tho amplifiers any sharp vibrations of the preamplifier bex coming from the motor sll eatse hum in the amplifier (One source of hum was located a coming from vibration of the top of te amplifier bax. A thin aluminum cover with a heavy coat of paint "= moved the hum. All of the ‘tubes in the amplifier are mounted horizon- tally by means of motal brackets on the ‘tube sockets, ‘The cainera is 0 mounted on the tripod that ft ean be ‘llted oF (usned in any direetion, Atter trying several types of p.c. eclls, seme of which were not sensi: tive onough to work at all, the Cetran type C. E. 7 was found to be the most eticiont. “This isa gas-filled cell (man- lufsctured by the Continental Electric Company of Geneva, Tilnois) which hhas a crop in sensitivity of about 2 AB, at 10000 eyeles. With the aided ip mang i enw in ‘The Tans ic mousned over apenure capacity of the eireuits and tubes the output of the amplifiers. at 30,000 fyeles wand be very low, € ordinary resistance-capacity coupled ampliiers ‘were used, restilting in serious loss Of detail in the pictur. However witn Compensated amplifiers a Teasonably fat frequency resprase can be abe tained: For ordinary demonstration pur- poses with the 60 line camera, the simplest way of sending the picture is by shielded eable to tie receiver. "The cable is a low-capacity type single Shielded wire, with the shield grounded to the head ampliier and the eamors box, ‘Tt may be up t050 feet in length ‘The ons system of the camera] composed of two. small” magaitying flasses 1% inches in diameter mounted together. These lenses may be ob= tained ai variety stores for about 25 cenis eaeh, When mounted together tthe Tenses should have a focal length Df about 2 oF 25 inches, ‘This is exsily ound by focusing a spot from the sun fon a piece of paper. The distance from the lens to the paper Is the focal length “The Tens bartel wns made of two pieces of brass threaded together, aa turned out on a lathe. Strips of paver and water-proof cement were used £0 fix the lenses In the barrel, ‘The lenses must be sot straight in the barrel to Drevent blurring of the picture. ‘The Jens barrel and! motor are ‘mounted on the front wall or side of the camera. A strip of aluminum rar: hing all the way around the camera holds the font side to the wail behind the dise. “Two togele switehes arv mounted on the sides of the camera for the A’ and "B" batteries. "The motor (manufactured by A. H, Pohl, 2123 Hubbant, Detroit, Mich- gan) Is a special combination syne and brush type with two switches. The lower switch turns the motor on and cconnwets Ube armature winding In se- thee with the two fieldwindings. When the motor is at the approximate ran- ning speed the upper switch Is turned, whioh shorts the brushes to cut out the armature winding, and also pushes the brushes away fram the commits: tor, ‘The motor will then be running ae a truly syne moter. AS any syne motor approaches correct speed it will “hum or grunt rapily” the “grant. ing’ slowing down and finally stopping unis, a slow grunting will be heard Tn this camera, a 1d inch dise (made by A. HL Pont, Detroit) with square holes’ is) used. Until reeentiy" the amount of light coming tkeough ine Small holes in this size disc was not sulfelent to work the pe. cell. But with late types of cells the earnera Is Sensitive enough ta lake any size scene in daylight. The only limiting factor boing’ the comparative less of detail hon too large a scene ie being tale, ‘The spotlight on the camera gives enough light for studio work with ob- jects about one foot square. With this, Close-ups of faces, cartoon wore and a ee a cs Above, the scanning dae exposed for eamiiation, Below, ‘developed "by we ites pe te autorThis Gest telocsiver war need by the “author for iivect wire ‘isk pictures taken from magazines ean be taken. Retouched pictures from mage vines provide excelient program ma- feral, “The retouching should be dene with & dull black crayon or black ine tig inks, not with penetl ‘A potentiometer on the back of the camera controls the Voltaye on the pee fell and thus the gain. Another gain fcontsol i used on the Input of the main amplifier chaseis. Lf tho latter Control i full on, nolse coming from the flsst tube of the hend-ampliter and the pe. cell will show up in the ple ture as tiny black specks. The lirait of usable amplification is reached ‘when this noise begins to appear in the picture. ‘The electron emission of a tube is not entirely "smooth and_ constant, Father the electrons leave the cathode in small bunches. (especially with Tange plate eurrent), wiving rise to the shot efiect. This together with ther= ‘mal @gitation inthe wiring produces the undesized sige level of sensitive ideo amplifiers. ‘Late researches indicate that the ofan lowed of 9 galled D2. coll Ie Inuch higher than that of vacuum ell, possibly due to thermal agitation ff tho gas. This noise level is higher than that of the Wiring and even the internal noise of the first tube. ‘A sensitive vacuum cell Was ted and proved to be Just as sensitive for this application, Slight adjustments in the amplifers were necessary to lower the high frequency response DETAIL ithoue MASK OVER: “APERTURE IS WIDE jn Tamera ronaraction deta Stty Line Cai, Tabe Receiver ‘As yet only a fow sections of the country are shle to receive. the 441 line stations which ae all on the ultea short wavelengths. This zveeiver can bbe used to pick up WING, Lafayette, Thdiana, on 2060 IC. whieh ean be received In all parts of the country under favorable conditions, or it can he used with the 6). line camera. WOXG brgadeasts from motion picture film on Tuesdey nights ai, 1:80 and ‘Thursday nights at 8:00 o'clock, for about 40 minutes. ‘Thase who have Seen thelr pictures axe always sur prised st the ammount of detail and the Steadiness of the image due to the aus tomatic synchronizing. impulses" sent with the pieture When making the 60 line receiver, tour decks are used In the recciver cabinet. ‘The chassis for the ex tube How the holes i te ise are made a and swoop tubes is on the top deck, ‘The nest deck holds the chassis for the rf. and dat. stages with their pow Supply. ‘The second deck ‘holds the video amplifiers, Two power supplies fand the spealcer aro mounted on the Tbattom deck. "The top chassis has fotir volume con- trol potentiometers on the front ond four on the back. ‘Two on the front Control the frequency” of the sweep frreurts (numer or hes ana Fares: fone contvols the intensity of the spot by varying the grid bias on the ex. ‘tbe; and. the other one the focus Chest anode voltage) of the spot. Best Aetall & obtained when tho lines are focused as small as possible, so. that thin black line appears between each two. belaht Lines, ‘When using a comparatively low (Tetevise further on page 84) Diagrant of i aloneYOU WOULDN'T USE A FIRE HOSE TO WATER THE PLANT Not dacs it make sense to replace. a small resistor with a LARGE ane. Ta act, most resistors ia radio sets 3c tually carry less than % watt load Tt iS changes oslkigg’ fram high chasis temperature and humidity that actually cause breakdown . . . not overload. Replacements of the sume material, but in larger sizes are m0 sure seniedy, OLD MAN CENTRALAS $275: vont) Ginags Sr Sentralab AXIAL LEAD RESISTORS + MILVAUKEE, WIS. Hie MGs gi werrenresereery nena : er ce Br ei liad 1669 CORERGH AVE. ANGOLA, IND. TRI-STATE COLLEGE PHOTO ENLARG! can'5: “4 ern pce SEI ees ce RADIO NEWS, leap ext operating of 18 years ago, a¢ well sta fad FISRUYSe pierre tlond se nating an ra signal tthe Won ‘Weg, oy ald trend, Bem, McGiothan, sugges alan ete oe ‘Masham on 2 meter shone. When Reve on, he ener sake soa 4 Urea Sor to ea HY et ese 8 tie Pate Booch Pal Te Radio Ub Th ae See hie masa rie fs ling aon wt as a ae bee Sahai ge sap go Seniee AW se ping for Anes wel Pee las inlle 10 meer sob on lrg, from Toy 4 Yo Taly 36,” Wea wil be tie gaeht Contondon enforte fron “rene (re, Isgnd to" Honstig ta he Honctate Vocus. “ae ng the oruing ite of BR good jo SCH of the He United Air Bo Your Televising (Continued from page 8) ‘ond anode voltewe, focusing as Ene as this may not te posible. In this ease the focusing control is adjusted tant the edges of the picture are shara fand mot rounded, and also by watching he detail improve with correct ad: justnent. By usng a high voltage land low beam cursent, ordinary ose Tescope tubes wilt focus down quite well for a 6) (0 100 ine picture. Other Small tubes ane available with extra fBne fwcusing for 241 tne images ‘One of the controls on the rear of the ex. tube chassis is for adjusting the synchronizing voltage, and one for the voltage on the sweep tubes. (slze ff picture), The other two are Tor entering the picture on the screen. ‘A five inch lens placed in front of the 3 inch er. tube makes the picture appear atote A inches squsre. “A ter minal strip (which should be shislded because of the danger of the high volt age) is mounted on the side of the chases, Wires leading trom this down to the power supply are covered with spaghettt tubing and taped together ‘The hack half of the cr. tube Is cov ered by a shield which also supports the socket, The socket should also be shielded. Power transformers must be placed ‘as far as possible from the ex. tube fo prevent hum inthe Image." ven the magnetic mola of the eartn nas. Slight effect on the electron beam. Ic the cx, tube and power supply are all fn one chassis, the field of the trans= formers may extend all through the chassis, causing num. The rectifier utes usually warm” up before Ge sweep tubes whion allows the spot to Stand still on the serven for a time Avany time the spot is standing still ‘he intensity control should be tured down to avoid burning the screen, "In the sweep citeult lube C125A"s or ‘885's) the grid Is biased to or beyond, plate eUrrent cut-olt.. When the con” Genser bullds up sufeiently to ds | charge through the tube (thus ionizx June, 1939 fing the gas) the grid loses control while the disenarge is taking, place. After the discharge the grid regains control. A synchronizing voltage of a fow volts applied to the gvid holds the oscillator in stop with the transmitter. ‘The maximum average plate current for an 88 should not be more That S'milliamperes. This doce not usually ‘ive enough output to sweep the spot All the way ‘across the sereen, when the high voltage of the er. tube ox: ceeds 500 volts. Tneftsion of an In Guctance in the plate circuit of the sweep tube gives twice Ure voltage out Bul, So that 1,200 to 1,300 volts may be used on a $ inch ex, tube without exceeting the rating of the sweep tube, fand stl give a ful sweep. A higher Second anode voltage on the cr. Tune requires more sweep voltage, but gives 2 finer focus. Higher veltages on the ex. tube help to climate hum. At 20 feames Der second, hum on the grid of the er tubo causes three darke and. thice bright horizontal bangs in the picture Hum in the line frequency swoop cir cuit causes the aldes of the picture to bbe wavy. Hur in the frame Frequency sweep circuit equses the distance be: tween lines to vary, some of the lines being’ close together and some far apart, giving an effect of six horizon- {al “hands” Several of these effects may be caused by hum in the high voltage supply. Hum on the seid of the e-. tobe may come from the high voltage supply or from the video am- liners. ‘The gril coupling condenser for the ex. tube must be 2 high voltage mics type, because the cathode of the tube, although negative, is at a high volta point, the chassis being positive. If ‘the picture is upside doin oF words read backward, this may’ be cor ected by either reversing the connec tion to the tive "free" deflecting plates for ty tumning the tube, of both. ‘Lines far apart at the top of the picture and close together of overlapping at the ottem indicate a nen-linenr frame frequency sweep. If the picture Is crowded on one side and spread out fon the other, the line frequency sweep {Snot Iinear. Phase shitt i observed when the lop of the picture Jeans t0 fone side, catlzed hy’ the low video fre- quencies arsiving later than the highs, that is) when the picture has large Sack of bright areas Ze good way 10 oheske the froauency responce of the ampliters in the eam- fora ane receiver ie to hold a plese of black tape ons white background This background may be @ cwo foot square piece of cardboard placed on a musie stand, While watehing the received pleture, hold the tape vert! tally and slowly turn it to a horizontal position. If it fades out of the picture when it is tuned horizontally, the low frequencies are not coming’ throwsh and the picture will bo hard to syn hronize. If the tape fades out in @ vertical position the high frequencies are not coming through, =F