SOLUTION

A solution is a homogeneous mixture of two or more substances, the

relative proportions of which may vary continuously within certain limits
and evenly distributed in each other.

I. Composition and Types of Solutions

II. Classification of Solutions
III. Properties of Solutions
IV. Solubility
 Composition of a Solution
• Solute - the substance which is uniformly dispersed in a solvent.
• Solvent - the substance on which another substance dissolves.
 Types of Solutions
Solution Solute Solvent Examples
Gas Gas Gas Air, natural gas
Liquid Gas Liquid Seltzer water (CO2 gas in H2O)
Liquid Liquid Liquid Alcoholic beverage (ethanol in
H2O), gasoline
Liquid Solid Liquid Tea, salt water
Solid Gas Solid H2 in Pd (H2 storage)
Solid Solid Liquid Hg in Ag or Au (amalgam often
used in dentistry)
Solid Solid Solid Alloys and other “solid
solutions”
 Different Classifications of Solution
Solutions are classified according to the following:

A. Relative Amount of Solute Present

B. Degree of Saturation
C. Miscibility
D. Heat in Formation
E. Concentration in Relation to a Standard
 Relative Amount of Solute Present
• Dilute solution is a solution which contains a relatively small amount of
solute.
• Concentrated solution is a solution which contains a relatively large
amount of solute.
 Degree of Saturation
• Saturated solution is a solution containing a maximum amount of
solute that a solvent can dissolve at a given temperature.
• Unsaturated solution is a solution containing less than the maximum
amount of solute.
• Supersaturated solution is a solution containing more than the
maximum amount of solute that a solvent can dissolve at a given
temperature.
 Miscibility
• Miscible if two liquids dissolve in each other in any proportion.
• Immiscible when two components are insoluble in each other like
water and mercury.
 Heat in Formation
• Exothermic solution when there is release of heat during its formation.
• Endothermic solution when there is absorption of heat during its
formation.
Heat in Formation
 Concentration in Relation to a Standard
• Isotonic solution is a solution with the same concentration as the
Normal Saline Solution (NSS).
• Hypotonic solution is a solution whose concentration is lower than the
standard.
• Hypertonic solution is a solution whose concentration is greater than
the standard.
Concentration in Relation to a Standard
 Properties of Solutions
1. Do not settle upon long standing
2. Homogenous
3. Pass through filters
4. Are diffusible
5. Clear even when colored
6. Can undergo osmosis
7. Variable composition
 Factors that affect the rate and formation of solution

•Temperature
•Rate Stirring
•Particle Size
 Temperature
• Increasing the temperature will
always cause a solute, to
dissolve more rapidly.
• The increase kinetic energy of
the solute causes the particles
to break away from the crystals
more readily.
• The increased kinetic energy of
the solvent causes the
molecules to move rapidly and
comes in contact with the
solute particles very rapidly.
 Rate Stirring
• The rate at which a solute dissolved
can also be increased by stirring the
mixture.
• Stirring causes more of the solute
particles to come in contact with
solvent molecules in a shorter
period of time.
 Particle Size
• Due to the greater that is exposed to the solvent, small particles will
dissolve more rapidly than larger ones.
 Solubility
• Solubility is a property of a substance which allows it to form uniform
mixtures with other substance or the weight of a substance dissolved
by a given weight of volume of solvent at a given temperature.

Factors Affecting Solubility

• Nature of Solid and Liquid
• Temperature
• Pressure
 Nature of Solid and Liquid
• Polar solids dissolve in polar liquids;
• Non – polar solids readily dissolve on non – polar liquids.
 Temperature
• In general, the solubility of
most solids is increased in
increasing temperature.
• The solubility of a gas in a liquid
decreases as the temperature
increases.
 Pressure
• Pressure has little effect on the solubility of a gas in a liquid and in a
solid to a liquid.
 RECAP
• Solution
• Composition and types of solutions
• Solute
• Solvent
• Classification of Solutions
• Relative Amount of Solute Present
• Degree of Saturation
• Miscibility
• Heat in Formation
• Concentration in Relation to a Standard
 RECAP
• Properties of Solutions
• Factors affecting the rate of formation of a solution
• Temperature
• Rate stirring
• Particle size
• Solubility
• Factors affecting solubility
• Nature of Solids and Liquids
• Temperature
• Pressure