2017 2nd International Conference on Telecommunication and Networks (TEL-NET 2017)
Visual Cryptography and Image Processing Based
Approach for Secure Transactions in Banking Sector
Aaditya Jain
Department of Computer Science & Engg., R. N. Modi
Engineering College, Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota, Rajasthan, India
Email: aadityajain58@gmail.com
Abstract—The use of computers and internet has become so
pervasive so it influences all the banking sectors. Security has
become the most important aspect in today’s banking transaction
system because banks are committed to provide secure core
banking services to their customers. To achieve this goal
authenticity of the users is required i.e. only the authorized users
can take part in the transaction. Regarding this purpose banks
uses Biometrics based authentication systems but due to
unavoidable malicious activities database of the banking system
is no longer secure. Smart hackers can fetch biometric details of
customers from the bank’s database and later can use it for fake
transactions. To avoid all this catastrophic things Visual
cryptographic technique is used. Visual Cryptography is an
efficient encryption scheme in which information hide inside the
images and decrypted only by human visual system. In this paper
we propose a secure XOR operation based visual cryptography
and image processing technique to secure banking transaction.
Here we consider the case of joint account operation.
Keywords—Visual Cryptography, Image Processing, Secret
Sharing Scheme, XOR.
I. INTRODUCTION
Generally, in banking sector Biometrics based
authentication is used. Biometrics based authentication system
operates by obtaining raw biometric data (e.g., Face image,
Fingerprints etc) from the subject, extracting feature set from
the raw data and comparing the feature set against the
blueprint stored in the database in order to authenticate the
subject or to verify claimed identity. Security of any
institute/organization depends on underlying design
technology middle-ware and most of on the design of the
database. Every transaction spatial or temporal has impact on
the database. Therefore hackers always try to hack the
database. The banking system while offering web enable core
services major issue is authentication of the user. Many
techniques are used for this purpose i.e. Password based
authentication, Smart card based authentication, Biometric
based authentication system. All these techniques are required
to maintain database hence vulnerable for hacking. Database
contains private information therefore there is possibility of
privacy loss.1
Visual Cryptography [1][2][3][12][13][14] is a secret
sharing scheme that takes secret image as input(i.e. Printed,
Sourabh Soni
Department of Computer Science & Engg., R. N. Modi
Engineering College, Rajasthan Technical University,
Kota, Rajasthan, India
Email: sonisourabh219@gmail.com
Handwritten) encrypts the input image into a set of other
images called shares in such a way, if shares are printed on
transparencies and superimposed or staked over one another
original secret is revealed. Simplest form of visual
cryptography or visual secret sharing scheme considers binary
image as input and deals with each and every pixel
independently. To encode a pixel of the secret image, we split
the secret pixel into n versions in such a way that if all n
versions are printed on transparencies and superimposed the
original secret pixel is revealed. This process has to be applied
for entire secret image. Consequently n shares of original
secret image are ready, to reveal the secret print the shares on
transparencies and superimpose them. Proposed authentication
method uses XOR operation based Visual Cryptography and
image processing techniques to ensure authentication as well
as security of the information stored in the bank database.
This paper is organized in the sections as, Section II
describes summary of the related work for Visual
Cryptography and its uses for authentication in banking
system. Section III describes the proposed work. Section IV
and V present experimental description and conclusion based
on proposed work and experimental results.
II. RELATED WORK
This section presents a brief summary of the Visual
Cryptography and its uses in Banking System. For
safeguarding the cryptographic systems keys G. Blakely[4]
and A. Shamir[1] in 1979 independently developed (t, n)-
secret sharing scheme, it mean that if at least t out of n shares
are combined in a particular manner the secret can be
revealed. If less than t shares are available, then secret cannot
be revealed. G. Blakely secret sharing scheme is based on
vector space and A. Shamir secret sharing scheme is based on
polynomial interpolation.
The Visual Cryptography[1][2][3][12][13][14] used for
sharing visual secrets developed and pioneered by Moni Noar
and Adi Shamir in 1994. Fig. 1 and Fig. 2 represent the basic
concepts of the Visual Cryptography schemes (VCS). Fig.1. is
for OR operation based two out of two threshold VCS. For
example suppose that white pixel of the secret image is to be
shared between two participants. We can divide white pixel
into two shares S1 and S2 as shown in Fig. 1. Share S1 is
represented by two combination of black and white blocks as
 2017 2nd International Conference on Telecommunication and Networks (TEL-NET 2017)
row 1 and row 2 of Fig.1. Black block represents 1 and white
block represents 0. Therefore S1 in row 1 is represented by
binary string 10 and in row 2 by 01. In the same way S2 in
row 1 and row 2 is represented by binary string 10 and 01.
Here white pixel 0 is divided into two binary strings
corresponding to S1 and S2. When OR Operation is performed
between S1 and S2 white pixel is revealed with 50 percent
accuracy. But reconstructed white pixel is two times of
original one due to pixel expansion. In the same way Black
pixel is divided into two shares S1 and S2 as row 3 and row 4
of Fig. 1. When OR Operation is performed between S1 and
S2 Black pixel is revealed with 100 percent accuracy but
reconstructed Black pixel is two times of the original Black
pixel.
Fig. 1 (2, 2)-VCSOR scheme
Fig. 2 (2, 2)-VCSXOR Scheme
This process is applied to all Black and White pixels of the
binary image, consequently two shares are generated. When
shares are printed on transparencies and superimposed on each
other secret image is revealed. The recovered image has the
problem of contrast and pixel expansion in comparison to the
original secret image. Ateniese et al [5] developed the general
access structure scheme of the Visual Cryptography. This
scheme is flexible to number of shares while reconstruct the
secret. Chetana Hedge et al [6], B. Srikanth et al [7] and
Sridevi Thota et al [8] developed a Signature based
authentication method. Iris authentication system using Visual
cryptography scheme developed by P.S. Revenker et al [9].
All the methods [7][8][9][10] are based on OR operation
based Visual Cryptography Schemes. Therefore generated
shares have problems of contrast loss and pixel expansion.
Hence requires large amount of storage space and bandwidth
during transmission.
III. PROPOSED WORK
A. Problem Definition
Two user have to open joint account and want to operate in
such a way that if both are present then only bank can perform
the transaction otherwise not because of trust on each other.
Given two images, using these images we obtain secret image
in binary form then divide it into shares [11] using (2,2)-
VCSXOR while underlying operation is XOR. In the next step
assume one of the shares generated previously as secret image
and further divided using the same scheme to generate two
shares. Reconstruct the secret image from the shares. Now
check for validity of the reconstructed image.
B. Proposed Method
Banking system provides the facility of having joint
account and operates jointly or individually. In case of
individual operation it does not mean to have joint account but
it provides flexibility to the members of joint account to
operate individually. In some cases socially it is not secure.
Suppose A and B have joint account and at later time A gets
adverse to B and wish to withdraw all the money from the
account. In this case B is cheated by A. In the proposed
method it is ensure that transaction is only possible when both
the users are available. It also ensure that nobody can misuse
the information stored in the database because Shares are
random noise like images and nobody can get any clue from a
single share even he apply enormous amount of computing
power and time. In the proposed method gray images of both
the user are taken as input and processed for further use.
Overall process is divided into two phases: Encryption phase
and Decryption phase.
1) Encryption Phase: Encryption phase is further divided
into Preprocessing and Share Generation. It is shown in
Fig. 3.
Preprocessing: At the time of registration for joint
account user A and user B have to present the face image
to the bank. Respective authority preprocesses and
generates joint identity of the users A and B. This joint
identity of the users A and B is called secret image.
 2017 2nd International Conference on Telecommunication and Networks (TEL-NET 2017)
Share Generation: Secret image is fed as input to the
share generation process. Two share are generated for the
secret image using (2,2)-VCSXOR Scheme as shown in
Fig. 2 One share is called as Bank which is kept in bank
database, and other is called Users share and further
divided using the same scheme into two share share1 and
share 2, share1 is given to user A and share2 to the user
B.
Fig. 3 Encryption phase
2) Decryption Phase: When users have to perform the
transaction they have to provide their shares to the bank.
Bank performs the XOR operation between the user’s
shares and generates the Users share. To reconstruct the
secret image XOR operation is performed between Users
share and Banks share. This process reconstructed the
secret image, which is as same as secret image because of
associative nature of XOR operation. It is shown in Fig. 4.
Fig. 4 Decryption phase
C. Algorithmic Procedure
Pipelining of the overall process is given here.
1. Take two gray images as input.
2. Preprocess to make the images in binary form with
size.
3. Concatenate the images.
4. Divide the concatenated image into two shares using
(2,2)-VCSXOR.
5. Further divide one of the shares generated in step 4 by
using same scheme.
6. Construct the secret image from the shares generated
in steps 4 and 5.
7. Compare with secret image to check the acceptability
of the reconstructed image.
IV. EXPERIMENT AND RESULTS
The experiment is carried out using MATLAB. Various
activities viz. preprocessing, conversion of images from gray
image to black and white, creation of shares, reconstruction of
the secret is also performed using the functions defined in the
image processing tool box. Initially users image are
considered gray and resize to make the size of both the user
images same. Figure 5 (a) and Fig. 5 (b) are gray images taken
as input while Fig. 5(c) and Fig. 5 (d) are preprocessed binary
images obtained from gray images Fig. 5(a) and Fig. 5(b)
respectively. Secret image as shown in Fig. 8 (a) is obtained
from the Fig. 5(c) and Fig. 5 (d). After that Secret image Fig.
8 (a) is divided into shares Fig. 6 (a) and Fig. 6 (b). We keep
Fig. 6 (a) in the database and Fig. 6 (b) is further divided into
the shares Fig. 7 (a) for A and Fig. 7 (b) for B. Reconstructed
secret image as shown in Fig. 8 (b) is obtained by using the
shares Fig. 6 (a), 7(a) and Fig. 7 (b).
 2017 2nd International Conference on Telecommunication and Networks (TEL-NET 2017)

Fig. 7 Users’ share

a.Image1 b.Image2

c. Preprocessed Image1 d. Preprocessed Image2

Fig. 5 Input and preprocessed images

Fig. 8 (a) Secret image (b) reconstructed image

V. CONCLUSION
The visual cryptography scheme is also known as secret
sharing scheme. In this method original image is secured by
decomposing it into n shares. This paper mainly focuses on
issues related to the identity theft and customers data security
in the joint account transaction. For secure Banking
Transaction in joint account operation this paper proposed a
method that is based on (2, 2)-VCSXOR. Experimental results
show that reconstructed secret image is same in size and
quality of the original secret image.
Fig. 6 (a) Bank share (b) user share

ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We would like to express our deep sense of respect and
gratitude towards all the faculty members, Department of
Computer Science & Engineering in our college, and all who
have been the guiding force behind this work. Without their
unconditional support it wouldn't have been possible.

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