Evectrric Cuaraes & Fierds ° ofa + Forre between Tuo Point charges + +2 Scalar form Vector oe where , ‘arg, = 9X 107 Nmte? & = permittivity of free space = 8.05413 x16" ¢?/Nm* ©) Absoluce perm tivity of Medium ( Dielectric Constant) v t where, & = absolute perens Havity of mediurn , bx = velative permittivity © Principle of Superposition of Electrostatic Forces : forces behoeen Multiple Charges a Fo= Fort For + Fos +.. -t Fon (sea lor err) (vec bor for) wher, Tol = Tor Tis Fors force on q, due to qi @ Electrostatte fotce due to (Continuswr Charge Dish bution = (i) Linear Charge Distribution 3 (Chege dishi buted along a line) + - Adk % Fe we \, 4a rc i dq= hol = linear chor densi Ce where Seer per al he nt) ‘ W dhe sat lenath element: Py, ~ * 4¥ lineqr charge asabetonUi) Surface Charge Dishibution “(Charge dishibuted over a plane earfac) § a , odS « 4m € Ta? © here, ¢ = surface charge density (charge per unit area) dS = srnalt surface element (Charge distribufed over a volume) = me Valurne Charge Distribution : Tavs Ra? os i “Te or @heve, f= volume charge density a (charge por Ue ‘eee dq= fav oa dN) = snail Volume element ST Unit» NC © Electric Field Intensity (€): B= ne (Vector quantity ) @ Electic Field due q paint charge + a} Moment + } Electric_Dipele A 6 abe 8 \—aic fi ie Dipole + © Electric Field due ty Electric e ee () Electric Field at a Part om the Arial Line due 40 Electric “Dipol Pov 1s fee ange (42) | Seep femme Sa When _[ecy “4 leat e oxi = 1 2p kK 24 ——} anf. 3 ial Line due to Ni) Electric Field at a Point om the Equatorial Line du Electric Dipole + E 2 eae equatorial = 3 ea When Jecy, -t I pl E equatorial 5 aes -2- ® ‘Torque an An Electric Dipsle Flaced in a Oniforrn Electric Field } (vector foro) (0 Minireare Torque Ss When 0=0° or tt Note ; Dipole ts in stable equilibrium (1) Moximur Torque = im Uniform electric fitld when angle When sin 0=1 3 O=n/r between, Pard & is and ty Sree “gules when ante fs tc (3 Work done and Potential Energy of Electric Dipole + ~ [We pe (cos 01 ~ cos 6,)| londitions = Potential energy of electvic dipole () a os 0.277 when if volate “from Br = 90° te 9 [\W- . We pe (cos 90° - cos 0) i) When Oy= 0° & Ba> Jo Pp § w--pE cos 0 We pe toed)@® Electic Flux + Closed Surface S be = $E.dS=¥] (Gauss Theor) — ze & “oles as ere —X.“E ST. Unit = Nimtc-! or TemC' ox Vem ( 02! Quantity - Scakas ee (re) Applica Hans ®| Gauss' Theorem + (1) Electric field due to Infinitely long uniformly changed wire. = — i rng Ong Qtr bo ¥ fe " whee, y is the L distance frm the changed wire. i) ¥leetne TTP & haussian - surface eld due fo q thin in finite Jane “sheet ch ee fi P f chege (f infinite p | Sheet af ch ") [ 6 c ie ony chon ged e+ 4 at torductng 5 rs) swulace q wface ofa, 1) Electric fied due to @ thin chasged sphesticat shel) of rool tus OR ot a Peotons r frm its centre, \ for point Iying weasal the shett (+>) - hy Se ‘Esl PR Nae Coals (b) For point inside the shell (+ . “>= surface of field at a point tn the surface (+= R) os | Pia An save charge denaity «ELEcrRosvavz¢s PovenvaAl , “AND CAPACETANCE —— 0 ——-0 —9 (0) Elect stot Potential , SI Umit = Volt (v) Geaan Fi ty - Scalay Wolt= 17 ¢7 : @) Electr static Potential Difference = =| Va-Vat Wap ban S = E.dd Q Blechestahe potential due ta Point Chasge 3 ©) Electrostatic potential dur to an Electric Dipole «— f- cos 0 @ flectroctatt potential dur t a sys dem of Charges = | 3 gt) fwher, + a the position Vector y { re z, Iv-yil} la point P wd the origin. 6 Electrostah'c Potential due t a Thin Charged ee Shell + (t) inside the shell fs JY=4_ i)on the Surface of shell is (iii) outside the shell fe (3) Relation between Electric field & Potential Grnclient = E: - ay (neen sign Indicate, that the direchion eleednic : Field 8 from higher potential to lovoen Htentiat a cat Energy ih an Exdennal Field + ' Potentia! Enevgy of a dingle Chaxge > 1 U ¥Vr) b) Potential Enevgy 4 a Str ef Ghoneene Vee wy) + vl) (ee)@) Dielectyic Constant (k) a (Relative pomittivity ov Speci fi = Cdiclects Inductive capacity” of dielectric) Fal jelectric Croc m. he E> extemal electri field of condensen with vacuum or alt Cdielectric = Capac Cvarauvo = Capacity with dielertrie behocen the phiss ®O Dieleetrics K Polarisation * Pt kek where, Pp: polewisation (dipole moment per unit volume) Xe = Flectric susceptibility of dielectric mediurn (2) Relation behseen dielectric constant and electric suscephbility + @ Capacitance of a Conductor + ev 9 where, C= capacitance of @ conductor Unit = Farad (F) if fatad = 1 coulomb 1 volt 1 C= £A d blhen a dielectric oF dielectric constant Te) bud d K is filled fully between the ph iieest: ) Plater, ther, - = KC, ‘ee dently Es) d @® Capacitance of a parallel plate Capacitor poortiol ly filled a dielectic medium of dielectric constant kK where, each plate A= area of d- separation bin two plates t> thickness of dielectric medium @ Capacitance of itor 4 be @ Cop © of a Parole! Plate Capacitor bean Arta A CS ~ Earthed with Y) etl kd} Y | *6 Capacitance ‘ an isolated spherical conductor of wvodius ¥ > &) Capa im slab , Hane of the ¢ acifor when a metallic tonduc tng 's partially filled in a capacitor i & A \ . °° ( The dielectric constant op a metallic Conductor ts _inginity eg B Serieg combination ne citorg + pHEHE | (a) Equi valent Capacitance + Webeks tL ptt eat ty, (b) Equivalent Capacitance of of n mn identical eapa ape ae In series each of voce Cots given by + (8 Paratiel Com bination Capacitors = @) Bquivalent capacitance + [ G+a+G) (>) Squivalent capacitance of n identical capacitors Connected in peralie! each of capacitance ct nc ©) Brergy Stored in Capacitor 4 where, y= charge on capacitor C= capacitance and Ve potential difference adores s capacitor +(8 @) Cornmen Potentiol = |e CV, + GVp | ty | there, Cr & Cy are Capacitors of two condenser chonged to potentials Vy & Va. 3 Ener gy densi nerdy stored, pe unit volurne) iOC) Slectere Conent + fT: The =o) (2 y=ne) Sa Scalas SL Unit= amp ew 1A = leoulemb (c) _ -1¢/s 1 second (s) @® Current Density + Wher, A= area ot conductor Buantity = Vector SL Unit= ampe [rnetre?( A/mm?) @ Ohm's Law + Vet aaa No effect of Vand I om RK becaute a. Os Vi inerease, I imerease but R remains the same 0 I © Resistance of a Conductor sx Unit = ohm (2) Resistance can also be whitten as, [R= where , L= length of the conductor, _ A = Area of ervoss-section, and f = constart , Known as resistivity of the material e “ep yect of feevotor on Resistance + Re = Ril + @ (ts 49) here, Ra R. Ove the ae at t,0 and t, °c. wepectively and x ts lempreten aoe of resistance , © Dif Velocity oa wher, c= average vlaxation fime of free Blectreem E = electvic field m= mass of the electron and e@ = electronic charge. Note = The drigt Velocity ia of elechon ts of the order of fot mst- 4 GI Mobility + [= a7 = et/m) St Units ms '¥ ® Resistivity of Vario Material + wher, ne vumbe, af gree electrons per unit volume. Q Conductance ST Unit= mho (0) or siemen($) @ Conductivity + SI Unit = mbho per metre (2-n)" (1) Relation between Jo kee (microscopic "m9 f Ohm's Java ie) Combinations 4 Resistors on () Series Combinctien < Req = Rit Rit. +Ry (ii) Parallel Combination + (4. 4 plete ig 1 1 Rs Rn K AL n identical vesistors each of vesistance + are connected In (i) series combination , (i) porollel combination, @® Emr. of a cell 4 & Relation between +,R,E and V = [y= R(E/N- ) wher, y- internal resistance | R= external vesistance, E= emf of cell 1 Ne eae volta cell Alo, [V= E-Ir) & fv re rR k lal 6) 8) ‘During charging of the cell, (Vee + ty) Ir 6 Series Combination = @® Parallel (ombination : “nchon R ie) . Is @ Kirebhagg's Fest Low = (Tanction fele) Oo (EE), Th Tith ti; Ta T4GS Kirchhog 's Second haw (Loop Rule) ~ @ Sign convention fe Kirchhoff 's Secend Jaw © — F L R TOR - - SN —t— ak wn Se Vete Vi-k Ve -LR Vet @\ An Application based on Kirchhoff's Lao 4 : Curtent distribution i's shown i'n gina 48 civcult usin Kirchhoff 's iss t avo. Now, apply loop rule fos the meh DCBAD, p Ey ~ (Ii tT)Ry - T4(Ry +R) = 0 Ra > -1, (Ret Rit Rs) -TrRs +E, =0 —(s) Similarly, applying loop wile for the mah CDEC, Fa -TiRe -1 #1)R - Re = 0 > Ti(Rs) +2, (Re + Ry #Rs) = By a Ts (Rs) +14 (Ry + Re + Rs) ~By *0 ~@) By equ (i) x (Hi), we con caleulate I, $I, 3) Potential Gradient + 3 kK (@/Rta)r/L 3 G3 Comparing EMF of Two Cells + (Ex/ &\ To Measure Internal Resistance ob a Cell + G2) Wheatstone Bridge + or A -R Joo - £ 8 where, hts balancing length, QR Toule's Law of Heating = Ho TARt (corer) cohere, R= resistance T= amount3 ; 88 Electric Power + [P- 12R v2/R V1) VUnit = kWh = 3.6 x 10° 7 PTOVING CHARGES AND M7 \GNETISM O Biot Sovard's Lac + Magnetic Field due to a Current Element + Y P d= uo Idk sin8 rat +n Current wher, Ue/An = to? Tem/A = 107 H/m x 7 camying conductor Qnd ue = per meability of fre space OF Vacuum and + = olistance of point Po from curent carrying element + Relahon behoceh Me, 0 and ¢ is + & Permittivity and Permeability 7 where, C= velocity of lig he Mo fo fo = permittivity of free Space My = magnetic permeability - Q Applications of Brot- Savart's lac + () Magnetic field at the centre of carrying conductor /coil, 4 circulon where, + is the tadias fer No turns of coil, (ii) Magnehe field at the centre of semi - treulen current corryin conductor . E <> (iii) pragnetic field od the conte of an are of circular current carrying condurtor which subst at the centr, | B= Me a L PA AT(Go) Magne tie Field ot any point on the axis of ctreulan current loop. \v) Magnetic Pield due to straight eurent carrying conductor 3 i og . at any point P at a distance + frm the wire Vs given by B= He | OT + p a x + Leng atraight voire @ Aropere's Cheaitel Low + [Gp.de= pet 6 Ampere’s Cireaurtal Lato Applications - (i) Magnitude of magnetic field of 0 straight wire using Amperr's Law + E> Mol ees ® Magnetic field due te a straight solenoid + (a) At any i inside the solenoid, a wher, n= number of tums pen anit length. b) At pomts near the ends of air closed solenoid, tty iti) Magne tie fidd due to q toroidal solenord ae o s (a) Inside_the toroidal solenoid, uy 3 Ye Here, n> N/2rr be and N= tote number of turns. (b) An the open space , intenior oF exterior of +o rida] Sclenoid, in a Oni form Magnetic Field + B= 0 «on Moving Charge or Crear Magrtude of F=qVB sin 0 and direchon of force fs quer by night hand palm wile or Fleming's left hand vale,Work done this magnetic force on charge particle fs Zero . 9 PLv, hence fF is pen endicdan to — alicplacement . Magnetic force cannot increase the kinetic ene gy of charged porcirle * ST Unit a Magnetic Field = 1 tesla(T).24 NAT mt Q Motion of a Charged Particle in a Uniform Mio; metic Field C1) When charged porticle enter a magnetic field perpendicalanly, then, () radius, (e)}K Gi) When angle between vo and BR is 0, then, (a) Radius of helical path, ye my Sin0 _ mV ge 48 perpendiculan component o where , Mr tVvsin§ = (5) Time period T= 20 - 2u ~ mysin®- 2mm Nao vsing —yB 8 Qumveos 8 _ 2umVy 48 B where, Vy = Vicor 0 = parallel component of velocity Lorente Force + Frosente = Fetecric + FE magnetic =q€ + 4(v xB) 3 Prownte = (Ee t{v xB)] The condition for the charge to move in the fields undeflected is GF=qvB or v=k/e @G Cycle tron frequency = @ KE rar of char ged particle acceler ated by eycleton its Ke max > WB R*/2m | whew Re radius of Circulay track of charged ponticle. Note = Cytlotren connot accelerate electron and elec trcallg neutral partreles,() Porre on a Current Carrying Conductor in 9 Oniform Magic Field Cree tor ferro] where, L> @ vector whoce magnitude ts equal to length of the Conductor and has identical direction in the flow of eleetac cummnt TL and B= magne tic field, Broqie | pe foe [TET and where, 6 js the angle betoeen current and magnetic (& Magne tic Force between Two Parallel Cenrvent Corvging ia Meo. 21,1, A 4n x At both wires are o, then , fidd, Conductor i ' 7 th ty fb Cy Lh) of. aff Fe yo 20,7. 4, ra A 1 (Ghat length) ' (2 Torque on Current Corr ging Loop (Magnetic Dipole) + T= NIAB sind P o Tnx] 7 wher, M=NIA and M is known as magnetic dipole moment of, coil. THs SL unit is A-m?, 1 () Circular Current Loop as a Magnetic Dipole + a fy Magnetic dipole moment of the loop, M=IA 3 M_Upperface The magnitude of magnetic field on axis of a circular loop. of radius carrying Steady current tT is given by + fer HY ~ Molr® pe eM _ oe Sane . dae ae? co te (HY As loop Lowa face(© Magnetic Dipole Moment of @ Revolving Electron + where, me = mass of Uetectron h= Planck's constant § n> 4,2)3,-- for n=1, M coill be minimum [Mein =o) (Tris value is known a Bohr's rmagre YO" ) \—_4teme} © Moving Coil Galvanometer + (9) Current sensitivity, Ts = there , G=NBA | ST. Unit = yad/A or div /A k (b) Vol tage sensitivity, Voss ST. Unit = vad/v or div Ay, Clearly, @ Conversion Galvanometer into an Ammeter = $= we _Aromefen _ 1 $ i ohere, G= yeslstance of glvanometey ! [eay a] ' 14 > Current through galvanometer ' Li a > Ls total current in circuit and D4 78 oa S&S vesistance of the shunt (Loc resistance). : 43) Con version Galvanometey +e Voltmeten where, Ty > Current ‘trough the galvenometen G = resistance of qsvane mask, ane ne V = potentials cLifference acroes the terminal A & BMAGNE]ISM AND MATER, —o ° o o——? ° ° D Force between Two Magnetic Poles arn FR: mim val k Marne ~s| \ = Me a be dM Tam [-rk= Be $.1. Unit = Am where, my K mp an maphe strength of poles & OK is magnetic force constant - on +m @ Magnetic Dipole Moment (™m) + (s—=) SE Unit = Amt or 3/T, (vector quantity) ® Magnetic field strength at a point due 40 a ban roagrak ok = (0) @y axial - Line Cend- en position) Bat Me OM (+2 x>>>L) At 43 The direction of mag field is alerg the direction of rag. dipsle momerit (M) (i) On equatorial -line (broad-tide -on. position) ~~ The direction of mag. tield is parallel to the rnagnetic dipele and opposite to the direction of dipole moment, @) Torque on a Bar Magnet in a, Unifor re Magrakic Firedd = $1. Unit = Joule pen tesla (a1) > = 8 © Potential Energy 4 a Magnetic Dipole (Bax Mag net’) in q Magne tic field + \lork done in yotating the dipole (na uni form magnehie field prom Oy te Or. is given by We MG (cos 84 — 60s 92) 8. Unit = A- mt© Oxitation of a Freely Suspended Magrat & The time pertodl fF osciliqten Teles = 2A L/M where ee = moment of inertia og the magrat Memapete foment FE and QB: rod netic fretd inten sity @D Magnetic Dipole Moment + Magnetic dipsle moment of a revolving electron is + 7 tahe re, v js the Speed of elect on a circular path of radius Y. Lois the angulan momentum and given as Force between “Two Magne tic Dipoles = @ Bar Magnet as an Bquivalent: Solenoid > (B The Electrostahe Analogue + @® Magnetism and Gauss’ Law + The net rag natic flux (0) throug h any closed surface Is always Kero er cS Dipole Analogy ; ; Pree Space Constant Blectrostatics (\/te) Magnetism (se) Dipole Moment Pp M Equatorial freld fer —p/4rb? -MoM /4nr? a short dipale Axial field a io ie 2p /an bor? MoM /Artrs ‘External field: Torque px & MxB [Prien field * Eneeyy —p.£ —™.8\D Herizontal -~—% Component of the Barth's Magnehic Field ® Vertical p { \ Componant of the Carth’s Magnahe Field = it) Relationship between He and Ve = [Ve _ | He “ens wher § js angle 4 clip (2) Magnetic Intensity (H) + where, By smog. field inside Yorn koe Ae x 1? To © antemsity of Magne tuation (1) + © Megnetic Permeability (4) < oka, 7 @ Magnetic Susceptibility (on) * Den 2 ty @s) Magnetic Tndue ton (8) * amd Az cross. sectional aseq [orm atTnt Cir) @) Cun'e law + =. Deen axe T) (qo paramagnetic material ) [c= Curie constant) GH Cure. Weiss Law = induced mag, dipsle moment m= pole chong N= volume of specimen {2 T> Te] 6 Curie temperature, ELEC/ROMAGNETIC pee OG LONG —e — ® Magnetic Flux + y= OB. dS = BScooO ST. Unit of mag. Styx (4g) is tesla meter? which is also called Weber(Wb) and C65 unit of mage flux ie Maxwell (11x) [Wb= to te 1 Tome where , T is an absolute temp. in kelvin and le |, @ Faradoy's Serord baa + ~ @ Anduced Current fa Crewit > tx do rei £ (ne) at RO RU at KAD induced c t i, duced i = -n(ab arrent is produc: . n(at) Dean aa rotated in @ uniform eld, shew, N= mambeor turns lop Yhen, Ts Reka sina Sineat T= To sinwt = Peak Value of induced © (omg) = angulan veloc sated eaent@ Motiona) Emp duu do Tansbtory Motion ~ (efi 3 e- Bly) © Motiong) Emp due to Rotational Motion = where ve Frequency cycle/s and_T> time period ie Induced emf Resistance R © aay Currents = " aX Sep Tnduction + here. d= flux ed with each turn and Le Coopicient ¢f self induction or self ~ inductance. Also, induced emf, e= -dd dt dt dt ne Unit of sel}- induction is Hen (¥). D/A ae wher fi: _é + 1N-3/R or \T-m?/A och 7 : aa 1 Henny) © Sel4 - Inductance of & Long dslenoid @ Mutual inductance (1) of lowly coound aslenoide = where Ny ok Ne = number sf tums in both solenard : ,A = Awa of solencid and > Aength of solenoid, ()) Two inductors osm in parallel combination, then equivalent inductance < (+ -i 44) whew, Lr shr ae coeHicient of sel} - inductances body bi of both coils. (i) An sede combination = [Le hy + La] fi Magnetic enenay gtored in an inductor + tor On he a Induced th the coil, then oy e= -4 (uence wot) Ce Faradas'« Flax rule) TZ number of turns in the coil, trénath may field sng en Non of the ceil, A= ve alan veloct rotation of the coil, w= BAw md [Eo e/h = BAB sin wot ahere, N where, Re wistance the cof)ALTE Q)NATING CU RENT 0 Alternating Current (ac) + |I=To sin wt "i T= Io sin 2nvt Le sin 3+ | wher, w= angulan Prquency tm ved/s To= peak value on moximum value of AG A . @ Average or Mean Value of ACS [Ty > 33: 20.634 Te ° ° The 63.3% of peak value AC giver average or mean valus of AC * Mean value af AC (Tm) te 63% of peak value of AC(Te) oven any half - cycle, dn a complete cycle of Ac, the mean value of AC will be zero. = ® BHective Valu of ams Value of AC FT Trims =F 0.A0a Ts =h07, of ; The HF % of peak value of curvent gives ¢ @ Alter natin emf or Vol me N= Vo sin wt or wae) s [News 2Ne =0,639M oF Vav= 639 Ze Vd | Varn oa 4 a ‘ /, © Anductive Reactance + (XL) + [Kis wl= ong © Capacitive Reactance (Xe) + [Xe (are) o Xe eg GAC tonite # (Vem Tom wg] ahow wor f un ft @) AC through Resistor + EB sin wt t eb- --- carbo (0) Maxirnum current, 2 (i) Lems = Ves JR ‘ (itd Ag VeVe sin wt , then T=To sin ot arms M2 =0:903V. Nz @ Ac throught Inductor + B= Ee sin wt @ (= Ve/y, = Mofo Tams Ja, = Yrifiot = Ve/ot SZ ii) Toms = W) Ve 2 No sin wt, then 1-1, sin(wot -7 Phaser Wily A rT Te degre ww) Power factor COS PE COS Feo Average Power consumption , ((HfTg= No = Ve evel ® AC throush Capacitor + E> Ey sin cot . Xe (1/eae) WY) AP VEN sin wt, then T=1, sin(wt +) GY) [Tras = te. ~ Exms _ Evms Nz Wate tac Xe () Pocacy factor Is minimum & equal to zew. () Avg. pour consmption, [Pax Noms tems $70) (YER Series AC Circuit + y (D Tmpedance, 2=TRE1 me ; nV zalpeparee Cemerot}) f Z> Vems [Toms ne . L Ge VW Phaser diagram Wi) At v= Vo sin wt , then T= Ts sin(cat - ) (BD RC Series AC Cirewt + (uv Ampedance ; (ii) For the phase angle, tan $= 25>, TYE Phaser diagrs Gi) 44 VeVe sin wt, then IIs sin (wt +4) [iv) Power factor - @ L-c Senes AC Cireut + {i) Ampedance , e = — =M-Xel i) Phase dippeunce beboren Voltage -— - nt . ws vel Voltage ,= Vi-Ve ; GidApphe Y (Wy) Power factor, fros 6=0 {w) Garvenk, T= To cin (wt ™h) & eee © LC R- Semes AC Gregt = wo Ampedance, (ii) Ay > Xe then V leads T by i Xu sie, then NV logs behind T by 4 R R,(i) ay n reactance, 1s inductive, circuit behaves ay L-R circuit WAy nek weartance, ie capacitive, civeuit behaves ax C8 crcait. © a LCR Senin AC Creuit () REX) ( Resnet ngs fouyuersy, #8) Arepedance, ZeAmin=R ihe. circuit TNE ehaver as reistive circuit. 4v — H (ti) The phose Ai ffonce between V & T's 0% oY owite |* (I Avg: power consumption Pav become mero (1) Current becomes maximum and [me > Vim “] CO) Quality facior + Ve = Ve Ve VR Also on [Maximum energy stored _ Aissipoded pen cycle (BL-C Oxcillations = “The freyuency ts uals ts “TE a @ Teansfor’s eee = ~ =-N, ao io Ah th a |Ourtpet emp 2 Ma. Na Input ern (1) Fer ideal tran sform en, Tp put powen “and power : Mite Ved. 9 ViAte= Ta [ts (fi) Transformation ratio(r) ’ EM Wl) iy 8 Lie 1 dorm 72 (i) Epiciency of Frareformer f'n = Tene Pees x too (iv) The flux Inked with the coil at any instant ¢ is given hy $-NBA cor wt [Fax NBA]C Gos imal = 1) (0) Anstantancous volue of alten nating voltage , (i) Peak value Ct alternating voltae » Vos NRAw (e) An clantansous AC T= Tosin wt ahou, [Tos NRAW/R& WAVES o— oo ECTROMAG NE TI o —— 0 —— o ODiplace ment Conent * [Io fo dpe | whew de is the electrie flor. £ @) Mavewe (1's Equations of Blechomagnehic Waves + () Gauss's lato in electrostatics, W) Gauss's law mn magne tostatics, | (ify Foraday's law of electromagnehic o—o &) Ampeu” Maxwell's circuital “lao, where Te ic conduchon cument & Ip Is chisplacemant cwvunt. ® Speed of elec tromagnetic wave C= Be/Be = 1/e be = 3X 10% mst where, Mo > 41r X10 Not C* f= 085K lot CANT ms © Brergy associated with an clectromagnehic ave ued ae? +8 2Mol AND RUMENTS RAY OPjIcs OrTxrcAL INS ® lew of Reflection + Liste @ Mirror Formula + Hy + Vu /9 jahere, 4= focal length , Us distance of. the obyet from minor and v= distance of the image from minor, 3) Focal length of wivror + R= Radia of cohvature @ Linear Magnification + m= t/o =-v/u = -u)= §-v)/H] where I height of image 0- beight ef object Note > At is -ve image for yal image and tve for virtual image. THT] heres gay fs nefractive index of Sint the second medium with veapect to first rrudium , © Snell's lao > fu,- © Absslute Repractive Index § A= Spred of Wight in vacuum _ ¢ - : Speed ® Principle of Reversibi ® Critical Angle (i) = in medium v where, = refractive Index densen radium wort. rarer madiven. ® Refraction formula = W) Refraction by convex ox concave spherical xe vacting curface =] (ii) When refraction takes place from densen to Taven medium >| (WS Lens Makew's formula for a Convex Lene = Whew, us wdractive index of material of lens wnt Sureourling mdia. and Ri sRi = radii of Curvaturs of too swaces. (i) When lens is taken in another medium, then focal length changes to frm which is given by a : —() Wi) 4g =t, Le medium is air, the focal length of ens (ie. Dy) ts qn by = Vgq = Oa~ 1) (1 - 1/82) —f) (i) Ee = Las ividing eq. (i aU ( [ik to [aividing eget) by G0) (9) At Meh 3 Pr = =) lens behaves like a gles slab. (e) AP M' 3 dm >fa and nature remains same, (D Linton Magnification Produced by a Lens = (i) for convex lens (ii) Fer Concave Lens \When imoge is real, m:-I/o -v/-u sConcave lens alwas om™ms (a) t ° e (b) When irma ge is virtual, m= T/o=v/u Virtual image m=tfozv/u @) Power of Lens +TP = oF (in 7») S.T. Unit = dioptye () or wet # Power af corbin ation lenses tn contact 1's given by ce p= Ppt Pat-.-t Pn 9CY Magn fication by combmation of lenges + m= my XM as (8) Pris nn WRay- Al vfs ita \ Whew (iii) S = angle of deviation and A - Refracting angle CB Rayleigh Low of Scattering = [acotteing «A wher, A= intensity et light of wavelength @ Simple Microscope (magni fying Glass) + a image is ferred at the neor pis Then, (5) When the image is _ ot Mnpinite. -™) @ Compound Microscope CD megrtyng meer. wher me km, asa the individual magnifying power of objective Reve Jeng (iv) When final image \'s formed ott Infinity, the Length et the tompouind mricrosrope , Le Ne t+ qe, (9) Reflecting Astronomical Telescope p mete v final frmage joad « rt a ae Astronornical Tele seope + (') \hen firal image Is formed of infivrty, Magqnificahien , im > and Neng th of fele scope [Le \fol + lel(1) When the fino) image ts formed at D, Magniguation mic (4 a and bingth of lecope p+ $0 (9) Rewloing Power _ r [ Ip sin frog mers M5} (minesepe) here, a tin O : numerical aperture, 1 the sam venti angle of the cons formed by oye ab abject vO RT of the medium been obgect & leny 1 d= minimum distonce hehurer hoo objects and) = wavelength of light oo 1 /) @2) Roget =| - ! “ 8) Rassloing poutn of a klevope +) 4 om a Resoling ee Wave _OPtzCs @\ Hu vant Princip) le = Ofes Ce vi) i ae uu eres a @ kaw of refracken on the basis a Faget wave theory = 1 This prover Snell's Jaw od refraction, Q) Superposition Principle + y=) ye rye 4 4 Yat ) Q) Anten cn erence of Light Waves (ya? = oy > 4a,> + 2ayar Cos - ) for vonshaedve interference, Amax = (dite) Ki) for destructioe inten ference, [Amin = (41-92) (oa) Resultant intensity, [T T+htolh cos T= 41g cos* (4/2) (v) When Ti (i Fringe width af bright and don inge ifs > OA (i) Angulan Sringe width [bs (4: (iy Separation of wth orden a ame pom central fing (10) Separation rth orden stot fringe | from central Jringe, yr On a where ne 1,2,8-) Angular position 9 (4) Bright fringe = (b) Dank fringe = nth orden, + NA, = T/t, = a;*/a,° | ® Ratio 4{ maximum and minimum infensity of Wight > Tinax/Tmin = (a4 + 43 ay —2)* [r+ Jr)" where , (2170. Varn) © Dipraction due tea Single S14 of Width d= (1) nth order secondary minima is obtained when [dsin 0: nd. (i) nth ovdey Setondeny maxima is obtained when dsind = @nt1) z| D © Antensity of Lint = (pi) Angular sepanation for nth minima, (») Angulan position of nth orden oa maxima, D= distance of screen from single slit (i) Angulan width of centr’) maxima = 2a- Clenly, (Po=2 B al _ Pasi rey do 1.22 ‘The ray opticr ts applicable when Dé Dp (%) Resolving power of ralero scope , (*) Resolving power af a telescope , Q Fresnel’s Distance, (2 Malus’ law + LL # cos 0 DI=T cos? 6 [tosine square tule) @ Brewster's Angle + Sin tg Sin is. Sing | tre a cost, sin(3 Sint eeDUAL NA/URE OF RADIA/ION AND PLALTER o —— o —— iY - QO) Work function for Electron Emission + tose whery, Vo and Ag ase the threshold frying & threshold Pauclengtr, 2 Cat off Pokntal £ KEmax + ee _ » —— 6 ——o ~ @ Einstein Photoelectric Equaten + [hv= st Kmax here, hy = energy ef photon b= work Junction OQ @ Relation betoren Siopping Potential (ve) ® Threshold Frequency (vo) / wavtlength (Ae) + bv fbe\( 5 . 5.1] for photoelectric emission 24 Xo and v>Ve ® Particle Nature of Light: The Photon ~ ; a he G) Brergy ef pheten is given by fE: hv oN ond the mementum of photon is given by [PF (¥) Theory of relativity . mM = me 4 Jee when, re is the rat mass of the particle core a\mo= m | 42 “I (he dit) The inential mass st a photen + @ de- Broghe matter wave equa tien + deb : 2: 2 i LP me N2mk G) Pelotion beboeen de- Broglie woavelength (a) and Temperature (r) 2 bb @ a Broglie Wavelength of an lectrm + fr edn. boATOMS © Irnpact Parameter + |b e* cot 0/2 _ Zeteot ote (ya mv? Dbxct O/r whoa, 0 1's scatteung omale and Ze is charge of macleuse @ Distance of Closest Approach = BE. of ow. particle in derms of vo 2] = @ the angulan momentum (L) of the rcs cant © Angular momen tum of electron (L) = [b= myx © Principle quantum number = [mave =nh/ow) @ The frequenc of the emitted pheten < -Ep) whew Ecrey Am portant Formulas related to Bohy’s Mode) of hydrogen atoms 7 ; . |KerZ - (©) Grtiptel force = ESE = ma) ten ae : a 1 * + =_n 2 (i}) Radi of Behr’s Staton ag | Orbits + | + ene | Lm! (1) Kinetic energy of an electron in nth level, tential energy of an electren in nth level, (ail) Po we Tota) energy En> KE, + PE. = a - + Re ermine e 1.09% X10" Alto, potential energy =|-2( Wine tic energy) = ~Zer/ar tar hen an atom malrer a fran sition om higher energy level (Ex) to ww v4 tower energy el ) ‘ ” * Es-€) = hy] Penang Kee Unb] where , = Be eV (ix) Rydberg’ © constant,(i) Wove number tn = REIIr Vint = Ve = 2n?mk? et (4: a aR at v ger’en can be @ The frequene expressed an + yb rey of any Tine io SZ SYM senes, ve Re (1/12 —-1/n2), n= 38,4--- (Wi) Balmer sen'es, ye Re (1/22 -'/nt); 123) 4,5--- (WW) Pachen series, y= Re (1/3? - Wnt), 7 F516 - (iv) Brackett sen'er, y- Re (1/4? - mt): n= 5,6,%--- ™ Pland series, ve Re (st nt); n= 6,7, 8--- Nuceex @® Atomic Mass unit 7 4 amu oy tu = (i) Mass of proton, (mp) = 1.00929 ay (ii) Mass of neutron, | (tm) = 1.00 866 4 (i) Mase of electron | (™s) = 9.000549 u Tamu = 931 MeV) @® Mass number (A) = Number of protons + Namber of neutrons = Number of 4 Number af neutrons electors ey @ Size a Nucleus + [Re Red ° where, Ro = 12X10 m Is the range of nucleon size, At is also Known as nutlean unit rachies © Nucleon Density, Saas = 3m_| = 9,2@ XI ig frm? 3 ° 1.660539 X to 27 keq @ Relation between amu k MeN + © Arr Rob where, m= avg. mass one nucleen anu ihe sate fro = 1.2% loll m, Note: The nuclean density) does not dapend on A (mass nureben). © baw of Redivactivity Decay + MM en, 9 ANT) here As devny conclank Tat , a = 8] Ngee Undisin teqra ted nucleus present in On integrating both side, ‘the sample at ary stant +. Say, -A Jat 9 [leg N= at +CDREN My, where Ne onrginal amount of aber, . + Onit of radioactivity Ur Beeguer! (Ay). @ Beequere) (By) = 1 di'stnteg ration / second 1 curte (ei) = 3.9 xe! decays / second = 3-4 XId!” B @1 Rutherford (Ad) = 106 decays /secend = 108 Bq ® Vecay Constont = [y= 2-303 |, ae) re ave( 3 Notes Valux of A depends on the nature of radvactive substonce, Halg- Life *|\Tip = loge 2/A = 0.633/ >} @ Mean Life d Average Life a |t= 223 tog. (Ne /N U - + @ « decay ax sty s+ tue +a ze - aA A ° = @ br decay * IX —> aay + 40 +9 + A ©@ pt decay + Ax — Ay t fe ty @ V- dey + fx — fx ty (] Mors ~ defect + [Ams Amp (Az) me “M1 wher, M= mass one nucleus @ Mass- Energy Relotion + (E=mc?| td Coy? Note: At ts alto called segonotion energy (3) Binding energy pe nucle = Total | binding _energa ener 3 Number of nucleons @ Nuclear Fission + uy tin Nea + seks +3 tn + 8 @ Nurlean Pasion = tH 4 tH Hh tet tu to4z MeVpponZes SeMeconvueron Eusev homer” O hevisintl fk Candeckusnf)el sm W) Medals Pv ty? q ee ‘am, ©- . en OY Semiconductors 2 fri? S4o lo’ Sim ) Ansulator: = 8 Antein sve lo ‘am, 6 ~le -19 ao ee et u m0 [cot louee fe Rte eee geen Bae Semiconductors + [ne R= b holes veepectively. Wher. ne I ny ave number of denaitier af elerhoner © Nee and nets called intvincic Cawies concentration x tsheres Lele elechon curr’: Th= hele current @p- type Semiconduttor + () At equilibrium condition, [Remy =n") . [m2] 7 Wy (1) Minimum energy required to creoile q hele electron palr Eq shy ¢/Amax n (ii) Electrical Current, wher, Ve & Vk are speed of electron and hele respectively () Mobility of charge carriers, /e), Hence, {x (_—___— ——<— — (a) Electrical Conductivity [r= 14 = ef as TR «te, diads,] v @ OC -wristanre of a Gunchin diode, | tye -o OAc resistence af gunction did, [ac - a @ The avg, value or DC valu abtvired fromm a half wave rectifion + Ty? 2 @ The avy. stalue or DC value obtained from a full-coave vectipien, ¢