Final General Physics 1 LP

LEARNING PACKET
In
GENERAL ΡHYSICS 1
Prepared By:
ARMANDO CAMANA JR.

MA. TERESE DANICA MOLINA
RENATO NIEVA
MELANIO NIPAS JR.
General Physics 1
1
GENERAL INSTRUCTIONS
This General Physics 1 Learning Packet is for intended Senior High School learners who
wants to pursue a career in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM). It aims
to enrich the skill, and knowledge of our Learners as prescribed by the Department of Education.
Generally it is divided into two parts; The First Quarter and the Second Quarter. Lessons or Topics
were introduced on a weekly basis.
How to use this Module
1. The Learner must go over with each lesson or topic in the module;
2. At the end of each lesson an exercises follow (Let’s Do These), the Learner should do
this with or without anybody who may help him or her;
3. After the Let’s Do These part, the Activity part (Do These) follows. The activity task (Do
These) is comprise of written task (Conceptual Questions) and performance task
(Problem Solving). The Learner is directed to perform this part of the module and it will
be submitted to the Office of SHS Department upon securing the next set of module (for
the last part it must submitted during the last week or as per instruction from the teacher
concern)
4. The Do These will serve as the assessment for the Learner’s Performance in each
Lesson or Topic. The Rubrics below will serve as the guide in scoring each item of the
task.
GOOD LUCK!!!
NOTE: If you have question pertaining to this Learning Packet, please feel free to ask or
message your teacher concern.
Disclaimer: All literary works that appear on this Learning Packet are copyrighted
by their respective owners. We claim no credit for them unless otherwise noted. If
you own the rights to any of the works and do not wish them to appear on this
Learning Packet, please contact us and they will be promptly removed.
THANK YOU VERY MUCH!!!
2
Assessment : Rubric for Conceptual Problem ( Essay )
w
Assessment ei Does not meet
Excellent Very good Good
Criteria g expectation
ht
◻ Presents ◻ Presents ◻ Ideas are too ◻ Ideas are vague

ideas in an ideas in a general or unclear
original consistent ◻ Slightly ◻ Unorganized
Understandin manner of the manner of organized from the
g and problem the from the beginning - end
40
Organization ◻ Well problem beginning -
% organized ◻ Organized end
of Idea/s of
the problem from the from the
beginning – beginning -
end end
◻ Appropriate ◻ Appropriate ◻ Inappropriate ◻ No concept or

concept/s or concept or concept or principle of
principle/s of principle of principle of Physics is
Physics Physics is Physics is applied in the
Concept in 60
is/are well explained applied in problem
Physics % explained and and applied the problem
adequately in the
applied in the problem
problem
3
Assessment : Rubric for Worded Problem Solving
w
Assessment ei Does not meet
Excellent Very good Good
Criteria gh expectation
t
◻ Presents ideas ◻ Presents ◻ Ideas are too ◻ Ideas are vague

in an original ideas in a general or unclear
manner of the consistent ◻ Slightly ◻ Unorganized
Understanding problem manner of organized from the
and ◻ Well organized the problem from the beginning - end
Organization of 40% from the ◻ Organized beginning -
Ideas of the beginning - from the end
problem end beginning –
end
◻ Appropriate ◻ Appropriate ◻ Inappropriate ◻ No concept or

concept/s or concept or concept or principle of
principle/s of principle of principle of Physics is
Physics is/are Physics is Physics is applied in the
Concept in
30% well explained explained applied in the problem
Physics
and adequately and applied problem
applied in the in the
problem problem
◻ Solution is ◻ Solution is ◻ Solution is ◻ Solution is not

completely partly partially presented in
presented in presented in presented in logical &
logical & logical & logical & integrated
integrated integrated integrated manner
Analytical manner manner manner ◻ Mathematical
presentation of 30% ◻ Adequate ◻ Adequate ◻ Adequate solution and
the solution mathematical mathematical mathematical Physics formulas
solution and solution and solution and are inadequate.
Physics Physics Physics
formulas are formulas are formulas are
completely observable moderately
observable observable
100 % correct correct answer incorrect answer No answer

answer in in but
Final - numerical value - numerical shows correct
20% - physics units value approach
Answer - analytical - physics units in the solution
conclusion of
the answer
4
GENERAL ΡHYSICS 1
First Quarter
DEFINITION and BASIC CONCEPTS OF PHYSICS, MEASUREMENTS AND VECTORS
(Week 1)
Grading Period: First Quarter

Content Standards: The learners demonstrate understanding of:
1. The effect of instruments on measurements
2. Uncertainties and deviations in measurement
3. Sources and types of error
4. Vectors and Vector Addition
source:https://tinyurl.com/yywoy9nm
Performance Standards: The learners should be able to:
Solve using experimental and theoretical approaches, multi-concept, rich-content
problems involving measurement, vectors, motion in 1D and 2D, Newton’s Laws, Work, Energy,
Center of Mass, momentum, impulse and collisions.
source: https://tinyurl.com/yywoy9nm
Most Essential Learning Competencies: The learner can able to:
1. Solve measurement problems involving conversion of units, expression of solve
measurement problems involving conversion of units, expression of measurements in
scientific notation,
2. Differentiate accuracy from precision,
3. Differentiate random errors from systematic errors,
4. Estimate errors from multiple measurements of a physical quantity using variance
5. Differentiate vector and scalar quantities,
6. Perform addition of vectors,
7. Rewrite a vector in component form
References: E-book Workbook in General Physics 1
5
CONFIGURING
Fill in the callouts below to assess your prior knowledge and understanding
of the topic measurements and vectors.
What do I know? What do I want to find out?
How can I found out what I learn? What did I learn?
DECODING
Read the following given measurement. Identify the tools which you will
use to make the following measurements. Give the units you will use to
express your answer.
1. Length of a sheet of a notebook page.

2. Volume of a liter of milk.
3. Volume of a glass of water.
4. Floor area of a new house.
5. Mass of a sack of rice.
ADVANCING
‘In Physics, measurement is very essential. It is the process of comparing

an unknown quantity to standard one. From moment we wake up, we start
measuring different physical quantities. These quantities can be classified
as either fundamental quantity or derived quantity. Fundamental quantity is
determined directly by using a measuring device. Examples of fundamental quantities are length,
mass, time, temperature, luminous intensity, electric current, and amount of substance. A
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combination of two or more of these fundamental quantities forms a derived quantity such as
area, volume, density, velocity, acceleration, force, work, power, energy, etc. the dress we wear,
the food we eat, the work we do, and many more make use of measurement. (Source: Workbook
in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M., Nieva, R., Camana, A; 2017)’
❖ When measurement is made, we compare a known value which are commonly called
standard or acceptable measurement against an unknown measurement.
❖ To understand measurement, there must be a number to quantify measurement and a unit
which serves as reference of the measurement. (Physical quantity and units of measure)
❖ In doing measurement͵ the foremost objective is to measure accurately. But uncertainty in
measurement is always there.
❖ Uncertainty in measurement does not mean the measurement made is wrong.
source: Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; pp. 3; 2017
SCIENTIFIC NOTATION
❖ For convenience, the very large or small measurement in Physics use the scientific notation.
❖ Formula: M x 10n where M is the number (1 digit left of decimal) n is the exponent
(n is positive when the decimal point is move to the left and negative when decimal point is
move to the right)
❖ Sometimes called the power of ten or exponential notation.
source:Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; pp. 3; 2017
Illustrative examples:
Change the given values into scientific notation.
a. 52,000,000 = ________________________
b. 0.0000678 = ________________________
NOTE:
“Identify the location of the decimal point in the measurement before moving the decimal
point. In case of different operation to simplify scientific notation: follow rules for the law of
exponent and algebraic expression in performing the operation.” source: Workbook in General
Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; pp. 3; 2017
SIGNIFICANT FIGURES
Rules to determine number of significant figure

1. All none zero digits are significant.
ex. 32.45 4 significant figures
8 1 significant figures
0. 106 3 significant figures
49005.7 6 significant figures
2. Zeroes in a measured quantity are significant figure.

7
8.016 4significant figures
3. Zeroes to locate the decimal point are not significant figure.
4. Numbers with trailing zeros to the right is not significant. If the number is whole number.
ex. 50 1 significant figure
SOURCE: Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; pp. 4 - 5; 2017
Physical Quantities is the measurable property of an object like its length, mass and time.
Derived Quantities are the combination of two or more fundamental quantity to understand
measurement.
THE TWO SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT
1. British or English system

❖ The English units of measure or sometimes called the FPS system since it uses the foot
for the length, pound for the mass and second for the time. It is also defined in terms of
the SI system.
2. Metric system
❖ The metric units of measure, also called SI system or the international system of
measurement.
❖ It consists of standard units and prefixes that are multiple of ten.
❖ It includes the MKS system (meter – kilogram – seconds) and the
CGS system (centimeter – gram – seconds) for the length, mass, and time.
SOURCE: Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; pp. 6; 2017
CONVERSION OF UNITS
1. Conversion of unit using one conversion factor.
Example: Change 3 feet to inches
Step 1. Select the correct conversion factor from table 1.1 Note: Check the numerator and
1 foot = 12 inches denominator for unit cancellation. In
this case use ratio B so that unit feet
Step 2. Make two ratios from the conversion factor will be in the denominator that cancels
𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 the given unit in the numerator.
Ratio A : 12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
Ratio B : 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
Step 3. Multiply any of the two ratio to the given quantity.
Solution:
12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠
3 feet x 𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡
= ( 3 )( 12 inches ) = 36 inches
Note: Ignore the exponent in the given
2. Conversion of unit using more than one conversion factor. unit temporarily and select the needed
conversion factor. Now use the
Example: Change 8 meter to yard exponent which is 2 by squaring both
side of the needed conversion factor.
Solution:
8
3.28 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡 𝑦𝑎𝑟𝑑
8 meter x x = 8.75 yards
𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟 3 𝑓𝑒𝑒𝑡
3. Conversion when unit to change contains an exponent.

Example: Change 2 ft2 to inches2
Conversion factor
1 foot = 12 inches : (1𝑓𝑜𝑜𝑡)2 = (12 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠)2
Note: change the unit in the
Required conversion factor: 1 ft2 = 144 inches2 numerator or denominator one at
a time.
144 𝑖𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑒𝑠 2
Solution: 2𝑓𝑡 2 𝑥 = 288 𝑖𝑛 2
𝑓𝑡 2
4. Conversion of unit in both numerator and denominator.

𝐾𝑚 𝑚
Example: Change 20 ℎ𝑟
to 𝑠
𝐾𝑚 1000 𝑚 ℎ𝑟 𝑚
Solution: 20 𝑥 x = 5.56
ℎ𝑟 𝑘𝑚 3600 𝑠 𝑠
5. Conversion of unit using the prefixes for the power of ten.

Example: Change 5 hm to dm Note: use the idea,
= 1 or =1
102 𝑚 𝑑𝑚 similarly = 1 (table 1.2)
Solution A. 5 hm x ℎ𝑚
x 10–1 𝑚
= 5000 dm or 5 x 103 dm
100 𝑚 𝑑𝑚
Solution B. 5 hm x x = 5000 dm or 5 x 103 dm
ℎ𝑚 0.1 𝑚
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Estimating Errors in Measurement
The Least Count Concept (LCC)

‘To increase the precision and accuracy of a single measurement, the LCC is use to
estimate the error. It is called LCC because the measuring instrument itself offers the smallest
change or margin of error in its scale.’
Statistics in Multiple Measurement
‘To increase the precision and accuracy of a multiple measurement, statistics is on hand
to help in estimating and reducing the errors. Average is use to get the exact value in
multiple measurement. The more trials the measurement, the more accuracy is the result.’
SOURCE:Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; pp. 12; 2017
10
𝑠𝑢𝑚 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑢𝑙𝑡𝑖𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
FORMULA: 𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 (𝑥) = 𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑛𝑢𝑚𝑏𝑒𝑟 𝑜𝑓 𝑚𝑒𝑎𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡
❖ Variance is use to get the exactness of multiple measurement.
Uncertainty of Derived Quantity

❖ Derived quantity like area, volume or velocity are perform in Physics experiment. Both
fundamental measurements contains the actual measurements and their uncertainties.
𝑎 𝑏
FORMULA: ∆𝑢 = [ 𝑐 + 𝑑 ] 𝑥 𝑚
where: ∆𝑢 – total change of uncertainty

a & b – change of uncertainty in two measurements
c & d – two actual measurements
m – product or quotient of the actual measurements
NOTE: derived measurement & change of uncertainty = m ± ∆𝑢
1. Consider: diameter reading of 25 centavo coin measured by 5 students.
No. of trials Measured Diameter

1 2.14 cm
2 2.09 cm
3 2.00 cm
4 2.11 cm
5 2.05 cm
Solution:
a) Find the mean.
2.14 + 2.09 + 2.00 + 2.11 + 2.05
𝑥= = 2.08 𝑐𝑚
5
b) Solve for the variance.

2
No. of trials Measured Diameter (𝑥 − 𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑥)
1 2.14 cm (2.14 – 2.08) = 0.06 0.0036
2 2.09 cm (2.09 – 2.08) = 0.01 0.0001
3 2.00 cm (2.00 – 2.08) = 0.08 0.0064
4 2.11 cm (2.11 – 2.08) = 0.03 0.0009
5 2.05 cm (2.05 – 2.08) = 0.03 0.0009
∑→ 0.0119
Note: To get (𝑥 − 𝑥): subtract the mean from measured diameter. And square the difference
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Interpretation: Since the variance is small, there is precision in the measurements made by the
students
2. Illustration. In an experiment, the length of the wooden block is 7.9±0.2cm and width is
4.2±0.4cm. Find the area of the wooden block including its uncertainty.
Solution: Find ∆𝑢:
𝑎 𝑏
Given: ∆𝑢 = [ 𝑐 + 𝑑 ] 𝑥 𝑚
0.2 0.4
7.9cm & 4.2 – c & d values ∆𝑢 = [7.9 + 4.2] 𝑥 33.18
0.2cm & 0.4cm – a & b values ∆𝑢 = 4𝑐𝑚 2
Find m: m = 7.9 x 4.2 = 33.18 𝑐𝑚 2 m ± ∆𝑢 = 33 ± 4𝑐𝑚 2
VECTORS AND ITS PROPERTIES
Vectors – quantities expressed by magnitude and direction. (⇀).

Examples: Force, Velocity, Displacement
Scalar – quantities which are completely specified by their magnitude or numerical value.
Examples: length, mass, area, volume time, density
Identify the following whether it is vector or scalar:
a. m scalar
b. 30 m/sec, east vector
c. 5 mi, north vector
d. 20 degrees Celsius scalar
e. 25 bytes scalar
f. 4000 calories scalar
Distance – it refers to “how much ground an object has covered” during its motion.
Displacement – it is the objects overall change in position.
∆𝑥 = 𝑥𝑓 − 𝑥𝑖
Example:
A man walks 4m due east, then turns 2m due north, then 4m due west and turns 2m due
south and stopped on the original position.
4m, W
2m, N 2m, N
4m, E
What is the total distance covered? _12 m

What is the displacement? ____
Why does the displacement is zero?______________________________________________.
12
Parts of a Vector
1. Arrowhead – indicates the direction of the vector.
2. Length of the arrow – represents the magnitude of
the vector.
3. Tail – refers to the origin of the vector.
Fundamental Direction and Representation of Vectors
RESULTANT DISPLACEMENT VECTOR ( 𝑅⃑ )

– a single vector representing the sum of 2 or more vectors.
Methods in Finding 𝑅⃑
1. Graphical method
a. Polygon method (head to tail)
b. Parallelogram method
2. Analytical method
a. Pythagorean theorem
b. Component method
Illustration:
How to connect vectors (Addition or Subtraction)
ADDITION OF VECTORS
(same direction)
A = 3 cm East B = 2 cm East
R = 5 cm East
SUBTRACTION OF VECTORS (opposite
direction)
C = 5 cm west D = 6 cm east
R = 1 cm East
Given:
A = 4 cm, N B = 6 cm, E
C = 3 cm, W D = 8 cm, S
E = 2 cm, N
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Rules in Vector Addition (Finding the Resultant Vector)
Perform the vector addition.
1. When two given vectors are acting on the same direction.
To find the magnitude and direction of the resultant:
Note: Notice that the magnitude
• Add the magnitude of the two vectors to get the resultant. 4 cm is still positive. In vector,
• For the direction͵ use same direction of the given vectors. the negative sign will be
Example: represented by the direction
(WEST in the x-axis and
𝐴⃑ + 𝐸⃑ SOUTH in the y-axis)
4cm, N + 2 cm, N = 6 cm, N
2. When two given vectors are acting in the opposite direction.

To find the magnitude and direction of the resultant
• Subtract the magnitude of the two vectors to get the resultant.
• For the direction͵ follow the direction of the larger magnitude.
Example:
𝐴⃑ + 𝐷⃑ Note: In solving resultant vector
in 2 dimensions, consider also
4 cm, N + 8 cm, S = 4 cm, S the angle of reference along the
x-axis.
3. When two vector forming an angle 90ᵒ with another.
To find the magnitude and direction of the resultant:
• The diagonal form by the two vectors is the resultant.
• Use Pythagorean Theorem (R2 = c2 = a2 + b2 ) to find magnitude of the resultant.
• For the direction: use SOHCAHTOA in trigonometry
Illustrative Example:
𝐵⃑ + 𝐸⃑
6 cm, E + 2cm, N
Solution:
Observe that vector B lies on x-axis; vector E lies on y-axis.
Note:
Analytical Method, if two vectors
Component Method, if two or more vectors
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4. When two vectors forms an oblique triangle.
• To find the magnitude and direction of the resultant.
• The diagonal form by the two vectors is the resultant.
• Use cosine and sine law to find the magnitude and direction of the result
*If two given vectors

A car moves 5 km east and turns 35˚ North of East for another 3.25 km before coming to stop.
Find the resultant.
Given: Drawing:
V1 = 5 km, East
V2 = 3.25 km, 35˚ N of E
Solution:
(i) To find the magnitude use the Cosine Law (ii) To find the direction, use the Sine Law
a = 5 km, b = 3.25 km, C = 145˚ Since, we have the values of a, b, c and ∠𝐶, and
the angle we need to find is ∠B
𝑐 2 = 𝑎2 + 𝑏2 − 2𝑎𝑏 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝐶 𝑎 𝑏 𝑐
= =
2 2 2
𝑐 = (5) + (3.25) − 2(5)(3.25) 𝑐𝑜𝑠145 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐴 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶
𝑏 𝑐
= derive the formula 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 = 𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶
𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐵 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶 𝑐
𝑐 = √(5) + (3.25) − 2(5)(3.25) 𝑐𝑜𝑠145
2 2
𝑏 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝐶
Guide in Calcu:
𝐵=| |
𝑐
press √ ((52)+(3.252) - 2(5)(3.25)(cos 145)) (3.25)( 𝑠𝑖𝑛 145°)
𝐵=| |
𝑐 = 7.8857 𝑘𝑚 7.8857
Guide in Calcu:
(i) press shift+sin ((3.25)(sin145)÷(7.8857))=
(ii) type ((3.25)(sin145)÷(7.8857))= then press shift+sin Ans=
𝐵 = 13.6737°
Final Answer: Therefore, the resultant vector is 7.8857 km, 13.6737° North of East
**If two or more given vectors

Component Method – this method starts by resolving the vectors to their horizontal and vertical
components. The vector sum of the horizontal components represent the horizontal component
of the resultant while the vector sum of the vertical components represent the vertical
component of the resultant.
Steps in Using Component Method
1. Resolve or break the given vectors into x and y-component
Fx along x –axis Fy along y –axis
if 𝜃 starts at x – axis if 𝜃 starts at y – axis
use: use:
Fx = F cos 𝜃 Fx = F sin 𝜃
Fy = F sin 𝜃 Fy = F cos 𝜃
15
2. Apply the sign of the quadrant: QI (+,+) QII (-, +) QIII (-, -) and QIV (+, -)
3. Get the summation of the components: ∑ 𝐹𝑥 = 𝐹1𝑥 + 𝐹2𝑥 + 𝐹3𝑥 + ⋯ + 𝐹𝑁𝑥
∑ 𝐹𝑦 = 𝐹1𝑦 + 𝐹2𝑦 + 𝐹3𝑦 + ⋯ + 𝐹𝑁𝑦
2 2 2
4. Find the Magnitude using 𝑅 = 𝛴𝐹𝑥 + 𝛴𝐹𝑦
𝛴𝐹𝑦
5. To find the direction, use 𝛴𝐹𝑥
Find the vector sum of the four coplanar vectors acting at O as shown in the figure below.
Given vectors: Illustration :
A = 150 𝑁, 62° 𝑁 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
B = 180 𝑁, 23° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
C = 130 𝑁, 𝑆
D = 125 𝑁, 25° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝑊
Horizontal Component Vertical Component

Vectors
(x-axis) (y-axis)
A 150 𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 62° = 70.421𝑁, 𝐸 150 𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 62° = 132.442 𝑁, 𝑁
B 180 𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 23° = 165.691, 𝐸 150 𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 23° = 70.332 𝑁, 𝑆
C 130 𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 270° = 0 130 𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 270° = 130 𝑁, 𝑆
D 125 𝑁 𝑐𝑜𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑠 25° = 113.288 𝑁, 𝑊 125 𝑁 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 25° = 52.827 𝑁, 𝑆
∑ 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 122.824 𝑁, 𝐸 𝛴𝐹𝑦 = 120.717 𝑁, 𝑆
NOTE:
“Angle of reference is the angle that MUST lie along the x – axis, to use the cosine
function for x – components and sine function for y – components otherwise find a
way on how to transform angle of reference with respect to x – axis to use this IDEA.
For summation of x – components and y – components, APPLY the knowledge in
VECTOR ADDTION/SUBTRACTION.” Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et
al.; pp. 40,; 2017
16
Magnitude and Direction of R:
𝑅2 = 𝛴𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 2 : use the formula on how to solve the resultant

vector
𝑅2 = (122.824)2 + (120.717)2 : KEY IN the values for each, 𝛴𝐹𝑥 2 for summation of
x – components and 𝛴𝐹𝑦 2 for summation of y –
components.
𝑅 = √29 658. 32907 : perform the indicated operations.
𝑅 = 172.216 𝑁 : round your answer up to three decimal places.
For angle of reference (along x-axis)

𝛴𝐹𝑦 120.717 𝑁 𝛴𝐹𝑦
𝛴𝐹𝑥
= 122.824 𝑁 = 0.983 : use the formula 𝛴𝐹𝑥 to solve the angle of reference
𝜃 = 0.983 : perform the indicated operation by using scientific
calculator
𝜃 = 44.508° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 : round your answer up to three decimal places. For

the direction, always consider first the direction of
y – component followed by direction of x -
components
Therefore, the resultant vector is 172.216 𝑁, 44.508° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸
CREATING (LET’S DO THESE!)
A. CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
I. Explain as briefly the following questions.
1. How do you convert one unit factor to another unit factor?

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. Do you think that basic skills in Trigonometry will help you to resolve resultant
vectors in component method?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
17
II. Conversion of units in different forms. Convert the following:
1. 31 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑚 3 2. 10, 000 𝑐𝑚 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚 2
B. PROBLEM SOLVING
I. Conversion Problems.
1. The speed of a car is 60 Km/hr. What is the speed of the car in m/s?
2. A healthy person must drink at least 2 liters of water a day. How many gallons of water
must a healthy person drink in a day?
II. Uncertainty of derived quantity

1. Six senior high school students recorded the time to cover certain distance. Determine
the average and variance and interpret the result.
No. Measurement (x)

1 28 sec
2 22 sec
3 18 sec
4 23 sec
5 25 sec
6 19 sec
SOURCE: Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; ; 2017
18
2
No. of trials Measured Diameter (𝑥 − 𝑥) (𝑥 − 𝑥)
1
2
3
4
5
6
2. Experiment data gathered in measuring a block of wood: the end of the wooden block
reads 5.6±0.3cm and the length is 9.5±0.5cm. Find the area of the wooden block.
III. Vectors in component method. You may use extra sheet of paper for your solution.
A tennis ball rolls 10 meters east when it hits a stone that turns the ball 80 ᵒ N of E
rolling for another 15 m. Calculate magnitude and direction of the resultant displacement of the
tennis ball
19
Name: ___________________________________________________Score: _____________
Section: _________________ Instructor: _____________________ Date: ______________
DO THESE!
ACTIVITY 1
MEASUREMENTS AND VECTORS
Scientific Notation
A. Write the given in scientific notation using 3 significant figures.
1. 18, 000, 000 = ______ 6. 223.865 = ______
2. 0.0001043 = ______ 7. 0.00223 = ______
3. 256.48 = ______ 8. 11.8 = ______
4. 0.0000004 = ______ 9. 567,229 = ______
5. 12,507 = ______ 10. 0.07901 = ______
B. Write the given in Standard form.
1. 6.01 x 10 5 = ______ 5. 5 x 10 –3 = ______
2. 6.781 x 10 3 = ______ 6. 20.2 x10 –4 = ______
–4
3. 2356 x 10 = ______ 7. 4.281 x 10 6 = ______
4. 7.24 x 10 2 = ______ 8. 63.01 x 10 –2 = ______
C. Perform the indicated operation.
1. (14.7 x 10 3) (4 x 10 3) = ____________________
–5 8
2. (7.2 x 10 ) (2.3 x10 ) = ____________________
(5.23 𝑥 102 ) (6.10 𝑥 102 )
3. = ____________________
(10𝑥 102 )
B. Conversion Factor. Convert the following to indicated unit of measurement. Use

separate sheet of paper for your solution and answer. (2 POINTS EACH)
1. 48 miles / hr to ft/sec. 6. One week to second
2. 0.015 gal to cc 7. 405 m to yards
3. 125 km/hr to m/s 8. 35, 000 seconds to minutes
20
4. 0.8 kg to ounce 9. 68 kg to lbs
5. 2, 500 kg/m3 to g/cc 10. 45 ml to liter
Problem Solving.
1. Uncertainty of Derived Quantity
A rolling ball covers a distance of 13.6 ± 0.4 centimeters in 2.3 ± 0.05 seconds. What
is the speed of the ball in that distance?
2. Vectors in Component Method

Find the resultant of the following vectors using the component method.
C = 5 N, East A = 2 N, 600 N of E T = 3 N, 400 N of W
Horizontal Component Vertical Component

Vectors
(x-axis) (y-axis)
C
A
T
∑ 𝛴𝐹𝑥 = 𝛴𝐹𝑦 =
21
KINEMATICS: MOTION ON A STRAIGHT LINE
(Week 2)

1. The effect of instruments on measurements
2. Uncertainties and deviations in measurement
3. Sources and types of error
4. Vectors and Vector Addition
‘Solve, using experimental and theoretical approaches, multi-concept, rich-content problems
involving measurement, vectors, motion in 1D and 2D, Newton’s Laws, Work, Energy, Center of Mass,
momentum, impulse and collisions.’
8. Convert a verbal description of a physical situation involving uniform acceleration in one dimension
into a mathematical description.
9. Interpret displacement and velocity, respectively, as areas under velocity vs. time and acceleration
vs. time curves.
10. Interpret velocity and acceleration, respectively, as slopes of position vs. time and velocity vs.
time curves.
11. Construct velocity vs. time and acceleration vs. time graphs, respectively, corresponding to a
given position vs. time-graph and velocity vs. time graph and vice versa.
12. Solve for unknown quantities in equations involving one-dimensional uniformly accelerated
motion, including free fall motion.
13. Solve problems involving one-dimensional motion with constant acceleration in contexts such
as, but not limited to, the “tail-gating phenomenon”, pursuit, rocket launch, and free- fall problems.
CONFIGURING
Situation: Basketball Game!

Have you ever played a basketball? Or even watched it in a championship
game? What are the things you might observe while you are watching the
ball game? Can you site some examples in which velocity, acceleration take
place?
25
DECODING
‘Juan Dela Cruz and his family is on their vacation heading north of Luzon.
Juan who is currently a senior high school student observes the speed of the
vehicle they are using. From time zero (0) the vehicle is in full stop and from
time to time he record some of the information. After one minute it has started
and has gone 1200 feet. Then in two minutes it goes farther, he notice that it picked up more
distance in the second minute. He observed that it was 4000 feet. After 4 minutes he observed
that they were 9500 feet away from their house. And after 9 minutes he observe that they were
24000 feet away and put to stop because of the traffic lights turned red. While he is inside the car
he noticed that the speed of the car is different from the time he recorded it? Can you help Juan
to interpret this by plotting the gathered information he had.’
ADVANCING
Kinematics: Motion on a straight line.

❖ Kinematics deals with the study of the description of motion.
❖ Describing the motion in terms of its velocity, distance, time,
acceleration.
❖ Motion on a straight line is sometimes called rectilinear motion (one dimension)
❖ Motion can be along x - axis, y –axis or slanted as long it’s on a straight line.
Example: 1. Vehicles on the road

2. An object dropped from a height
3. Student walking
4. LRT train
Illustration: Motion on a straight line by a remote toy car with distance travel and time interval
for each point.
0 cm 10 cm 25 cm 45 cm 65 cm
d1 d2 d3 d4 d5
• • • • • x -axis
0 sec. 1 sec. 2 sec. 4 sec. 6 sec
SOURCE: Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; 2017
DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGIES USE IN THE STUDY OF MOTION
Motion – is a continuous change of position with regards to known point of reference.
Position – is to represent the object in motion to some point of reference or starting point. Usually
the origin of the x – axis serves as the reference point for motion on a straight line.
Example: from the given illustration above, when the toy car stops at d 3, it has move 25
cm. We can say that it is 25 cm from the origin which is the point of reference.
26
Object – The word object in the discussion is referred to as the particle in motion that is being
studied or analyze.
Distance – is the total length covered for a certain motion on a straight line.
Displacement – is the actual change in position of the object in motion. It indicates the initial and
final position of the object and it is also a vector quantity.
Speed – is a scalar quantity that gives the magnitude of how fast an object is moving. Is the ratio
of the distance covered and the time to cover that distance. Common unit use is the m/s.
𝐷𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Formula: 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑒𝑑 = 𝑡𝑚𝑒
Velocity – is a scalar quantity that gives the magnitude of how fast an object is moving. Is the
ratio of the displacement of the object and the time pass in that displacement. Common unit use
is the m/s.
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑜𝑏𝑗𝑒𝑐𝑡

Formula: 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
where: d2 – d1 = displacement of the object

d1 = initial position of the object at t1
d2 = final position of the object at t2
Average velocity – is the ratio of the complete distance covered by the object and the total time
to complete that distance. The changes in the speed in between the complete distance is not
mentioned.
𝑐𝑜𝑚р𝑙𝑒𝑡𝑒 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑
Formula: 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 =
𝑡𝑜𝑡𝑎𝑙 𝑡𝑚𝑒 𝑢𝑠𝑒
Instantaneous velocity – the velocity commonly read in the odometer while driving or the velocity
at that moment or situation. Velocity where the position of the object changes with time.
From Illustration above:

From d1, the toy car moves 10 cm to the east then turn northward using the same distance of 15
cm to reach d2. It takes 2.5 second for the duration.
Calculate a) distance b) displacement c) speed d) velocity
North р2
displacement d 2 = 15
р1 d1 = 10 cm East
Solution:
27
a) Distance: D = 10 cm + 15 cm = 25 cm
b) Displacement: 𝑑 = √𝑑1 2 + 𝑑2 2 by Pythagorean Theorem
𝑑 = √102 + 152 : 𝑑 = √100 + 225 : 𝑑 = √325

𝑑 = 18.03 𝑐𝑚
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑐𝑜𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑑 25 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚
c) Speed: 𝑠= 𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒
= 2.5 𝑠
= 10 𝑠
𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑝𝑙𝑎𝑐𝑒𝑚𝑒𝑛𝑡 18.03 𝑐𝑚 𝑐𝑚
d) Velocity: 𝑣= = = 7.21
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 2.5 𝑠 𝑠
Acceleration – the rate at which the velocity of the object is changing. The word to accelerate or
to increase some more speed in the motion. The common unit use is the m/s/s or m/s 2
𝑣2 −𝑣1
Formula: 𝑎= Where: a – acceleration
𝑡
v2 – final velocity
v1 – initial velocity
t – time
Average acceleration – the ratio of the change in velocity of the object and the time interval in
that change of velocity. In the velocity – time graph, the slope of the line between two points is
also the average acceleration.
𝑐ℎ𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑒 𝑖𝑛 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑣2 −𝑣1
Formula: 𝐴𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑐𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = =
𝑡𝑖𝑚𝑒 𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 𝑡2 − 𝑡1
Where: V2 – V1 = velocity of the object

V1 = velocity of the object at t1
V2 = velocity of the object at t2
Instantaneous acceleration – the ratio of the change in velocity of the object and the smallest
or shortest time required in that change. At any point in the vector – time graph, the slope of the
tangent is also equal to the acceleration of the point.
Uniform Accelerated motion – when the velocity of the object in motion changes at constant
rate when acceleration is the same as time pass by.
Table below shows the computed values of the velocity and acceleration from d 3 to d5 from figure
above. Notice that from this point acceleration is constant.
Displacement d3 – d4 d4 – d5
Velocity 10 cm/s 10 cm/s
Time 2 sec. 2 sec.
Acceleration 5 cm/s2 5 cm/s2

Formulas:
28
Uniform Accelerated Motion Free falling motion
1. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 1. 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑉𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡
2. 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 2. 𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑔𝑠
1 1
3. 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2
𝑎𝑡 2 3. 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡 2
Where:
𝑣𝑖 – initial velocity, m/s 𝑣𝑓 – final velocity, m/s
𝑠 – distance/displacement, m 𝑎 – acceleration, m/s2
𝑔 – gravitational acceleration 𝑡 – time͵ sec.
𝑚 𝑐𝑚 𝑓𝑡
𝑔 = 9.8 𝑠
= 980 𝑠
= 32 𝑠
Note:
Body starts from rest: 𝑣𝑖 = 0 g(downward) = + (positive)
Body brought to rest: 𝑣𝑓 = 0 g(upward) = ― (negative)
Acceleration = + a deceleration = ― a
Graph the motion and write the given. Same graph whether object is in motion or from the two
points.
(Object in motion)
vi • • vf
point 1 point 2
distance (s) =
acceleration (a) =
time (t) =
Illustrative Problem 1. A truck speed increase uniformly from 20 m/s to 46 m/s in 20 seconds.
Find a. average speed b. acceleration c. distance covered
Graph
(Truck)
vi = 20m/s • • vf = 46 m/s
point 1 point 2
distance (s) =
acceleration (a) =
time (t)= 20 seconds
29
Solution:
(20+46 )𝑚/𝑠
a. average velocity = 2
= 33 𝑚/𝑠
𝑚 𝑚
𝑣𝑓−𝑣𝑖 46 −20 𝑚
𝑠 𝑠
b. acceleration: 𝑎 = 𝑡
= 20 𝑠
= 1.3 𝑠2
1 𝑚 1 𝑚
c. distance covered: 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2 𝑎𝑡 2 = 20 𝑠
(20 𝑠) +
2
(1.3 𝑠2
)(20 𝑠)2
Perform the mathematical operation using your calculator:
𝑠 = 400 𝑚 + 260 𝑚 = 660 𝑚
Illustrative Problem 2. A motorbike starting from rest is accelerating uniformly at 3.5 m/s 2.
Find a. velocity after 5 seconds b. distance travel
Graph
(Motorbike)
vi = starts at rest • • vf = ?
point 1 point 2
distance (s) =
acceleration (a) = 3.5 m/s2
time (t)= 5 seconds
Solution:
a. using the kinematic equation:

𝑚 𝑚
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑎𝑡 : 𝑣𝑓 = 0 𝑠
+ (3.5 𝑠2 ) (5 𝑠) : 𝑣𝑓 = 17.5 𝑚/𝑠
b. using the kinematic equation:

1 𝑚 1 𝑚
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2
𝑎𝑡 2 : 𝑠 = (0 𝑠 ) (5 𝑠) + 2
(3.5 𝑠2 )(5 𝑠)2 : 𝑠 = 43.75 𝑚
Illustrative Problem 3. A train has an average breaking acceleration of 1.22 m/s2. What
distance would be required for it to stop from a speed of 40.2 m/s.
Graph
(Train)
vi = 40.2 m/s • • vf = 0 (to stop)
point 1 point 2
distance (s) =
acceleration (a) = 1.22 m/s2
time (t)=
Solution: using the kinematic equation that is appropriate to use to solve for the distance
covered. Notice that the train is decelerating thus, - a will be used.
30
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2𝑎𝑠 : 0 = (40.2 𝑠 )2 + 2(−1.22 𝑠2 )(𝑠) : 0 = 1616.04 𝑠2
− 2.44 𝑠2 (𝑠)
Perform the some mathematical procedures:

𝑚2
𝑚2
1616.04
𝑚 𝑠2
2.44 𝑠2
(𝑠) = 1616.04
𝑠2
: 𝑠= 𝑚 : 𝑠 = 662.31 𝑚
2.44 2
𝑠
FREE FALL MOTION
‘A type of uniform accelerated motion wherein the acceleration is constant. Free falling
bodies move under the action of its own weight or due to the pull of earth’s gravity. The formula
is same with uniform accelerated motion but instead of acceleration, a change to g (gravitational
acceleration)’
Illustrative Problem 1. A stone is dropped from rest from the top of a tall bldg. After 3
seconds of fall Find: a. displacement of the stone b. velocity of the stone.
Graph • Vo = 0 (at rest )
H=? t = 3 seconds
Vf =
Solution
1 1 𝑚
a. 𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 2
𝑔𝑡 2 : 𝑠 = (0)(3 𝑠)2 + 2
(9.8 𝑠2
)(3 𝑠)2 :
𝑠 = 44.1 𝑚
𝑚 𝑚
b. 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡 : 𝑣𝑓 = 0 + (9.8 𝑠2 )(3 𝑠) : 𝑣𝑓 = 29.4 𝑠
Illustrative Problem 2. If a marble is dropped from a height of 56 meters.
Find a. Time it hits the ground b. velocity when it hits the ground
Given: 𝑣𝑖 = 0(𝑎𝑡 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑡) 𝐻𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 (𝑠) = 56 𝑚𝑒𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Solution:
a. Time it hits the ground b. Velocity when it hits the ground
Using appropriate equation: Using appropriate equation
𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
31
1 2 𝑚
𝑠 = 𝑣𝑖𝑡 + 𝑔𝑡 𝑣𝑓 = 0 + (9.8 )(3.38 𝑠)
2 𝑠2
1 𝑚 𝑚
56 𝑚 = (0)(𝑡) + (9.8 2 ) 𝑡 2 𝑣𝑓 = 33.12
2 𝑠 𝑠
Perform some mathematics
𝑚
56 𝑚 = 4.9 2 (𝑡)2
𝑠
56 𝑚
𝑡2 = 𝑚
4.9 2
𝑠
𝑡 2 = 11.42857143 𝑠 2
Take the square root both sides
√𝑡 2 = √11.42857143 𝑠 2
𝑡 = 3.38 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
Illustrative Problem 3. A baseball is thrown upward with a velocity of 18 m/s.

Find a. Highest height before going down b. time to reach that height.
𝑚
Given: 𝑣𝑖 = 18 𝑠
𝑣𝑓 = 0(𝑖𝑡 𝑤𝑖𝑙𝑙 𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑝)
Solution:
a. highest height before going down b. time to reach that height
using appropriate equation: object is being using appropriate equation

thrown upward thus, g is negative 𝑣𝑓 = 𝑣𝑖 + 𝑔𝑡
𝑣𝑓 2 = 𝑣𝑖 2 + 2(−𝑔)𝑠 Final velocity is zero
𝑚 𝑚 𝑚 𝑚
0 = (18 )2 + 2(−9.8 2 )(𝑠) 0 = 18 + (−9.8 2 )(𝑡)
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Perform some mathematical computation Perform some mathematical computations
𝑚 𝑚2 𝑚 𝑚
19.6 2 𝑠 = 324 2 9.8 2 (𝑡) = 18
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
Divide both sides by 19.6 Divide both sides by 9.8
𝑚
𝑚2 18
𝑠
324 2 𝑡=
𝑠= 𝑠 𝑚
𝑚 9.8 2
19.6 2 𝑠
𝑠 𝑡 = 1.84 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠
𝑠 = 16.53 𝑚
32
CREATING
Let’s Do These!!!
Perform the following:
1. Explain as briefly the following
Graphical analysis and representation of motion
Displacement vs. time Velocity vs. time Acceleration vs. time
In the illustrations above. Analyze each graph and make an interpretations according to each
graph.
a. Displacement vs. time
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
b. Velocity vs. time
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
c. Acceleration vs. time

___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
33
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. A sprinter starting from rest speeds up and covers a distance of 100 meters in 15 seconds.
Assuming constant acceleration, compute the sprinter’s
a. Acceleration during the 100m sprint.
b. Velocity when he reaches the 100 m mark.
c. Distance from the starting point after 8 seconds.
3. A cyclist moving 12 m/s starts to slow down when he sees danger along his path he stops
after exactly 4 seconds. What is the distance covered by the cyclist when he stops?
4. A ball is thrown upward with an initial velocity of 10 m/s.

a. How high does the ball rise?
b. What is the total time of flight?
5. From the top of the building 20 m high, a boy threw a stone vertically downward with an
initial velocity of 5 m/s.
a. How long will it take the stone to reach the ground?
b. With what velocity will it reach the ground?
34
Name: ___________________________________________________Score: _____________
Section: ___________________ Instructor: _______________________ Date: ___________
DO THESE!
ACTIVITY 2
Motion on a Straight Line
1. OLFU school bus travels in a distance of 250 km. in 3 and a half hour.
a. what is the average speed of the OLFU bus ?
b. At this average speed, how far will it goes in 6 hours?
c. How long will it take to travel 300 km at this average speed?
2. An athlete wins the 100 meter dash competition in 11. 2 seconds. How fast did the athlete
runs the distance?
3. At North Luzon expressway reads maximum speed limit is 100 KΡH.

a. What is this speed in m/s?
b. If a car maintains this maximum speed, how far did the car travel in 2 hours.
c. If he covers 60 km but half of this distance the driver use only 60 % of the speed limit. How
much time did he covered the distance. ?
35
KINEMATICS: MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS
(Week 3)

1. Position, distance, displacement, speed, average velocity, instantaneous velocity, average
acceleration and instantaneous acceleration in 2- and 3-dimensions
2. Projectile Motion
3. Circular Motion
involving measurement, vectors, motion in 1D and 2D, Newton’s Laws, Work, Energy, Center of
Mass, momentum, impulse and collisions.’
1. Describe motion using the concept of relative velocities in 1D and 2D
2. Deduce the consequences of the independence of vertical and horizontal components of
projectile motion.
3. Calculate range, time of flight, and maximum heights of projectiles.
4. Infer quantities associated with circular motion such as tangential velocity, centripetal acceleration,
tangential acceleration, radius of curvature
5. Solve problems involving two dimensional motion in contexts such a, but not limited to ledge
jumping, movie stunts, basketball, safe locations during firework displays, and Ferris wheels
CONFIGURING
Try: Place a ruler on the table. Then, put one coin (coin A) on the protruding
end of the ruler and another coin (coin B) on the opposite end. Push the ruler
to allow both coins to fall.
DECODING
1. From the activity above, what will happen to the coins after you
pushed the ruler? Who fall faster?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
36
2. Do coin A will hit the floor at the same time with coin B?
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
ADVANCING
KINEMATICS: MOTION IN TWO AND THREE DIMENSIONS
‘Most of the motions seen everywhere were studied in two dimensional or

three dimensional. It means to study the object that is moving in space. Like
a dog that is runs and jump, a bird flying, a dancer on the floor, are some situational example
where 2D or 3D motion can be analyze. The motion in this dimensions can be described by its
velocity, acceleration and displacement similar to motion in a straight line. But first we need to
understand the meaning of the different terminologies use in describing motion in 2D or 3D.’

Position vector
❖ To identify the location of an object, Ρ in space: position vector is use.

❖ It is a vector that usually starts from the origin as its reference point to the location of the
object in 2D od 3D motion.
⮚ Unit vector notation is written: Ρ = xi + yj + zk for 3D or Ρ = xi + yj for 2D .
⮚ Where xi + yj + zk are components of the location of object Ρ.
Illustration. The path of the object moving in space between two points.
For two dimension For three dimension
37
Displacement
⮚ The change in position of an object in space

⮚ It is the difference between the coordinate of Ρ1 and Ρ2.
Illustration:
Given: Ρ1 = 4i + 2j + 6k and Ρ2 = 7i + 5j + 8k
Solution:
Displacement = ( 7 – 2 )i + ( 5 – 2 )j + ( 8 – 6 )k
= 5i + 3j + 2k  Answer
Average velocity
⮚ is the ratio of the change in displacement of each component in space and the time
interval in each
component.
Illustration:
Given: using the given in displacement problem above
Solution:
(7–2) (5–2) (8–6)
Average velocity = 2
i + 2
j + 2
k
= 2i + 1.5j + 1k  Answer
Average acceleration
⮚ is the ratio of the change in displacement of each component in space and the time
interval in each component
ΡROJECTILE MOTION
‘is a curvilinear motion and special type of a two dimensional motion since it is on a lane.
The object moves in space with initial velocity under the influence of the earth’s gravity. Motion
is a combination two simultaneous motion. The horizontal motion of the object is due to the
initial velocity. The vertical motion is due to the influence of gravity. Trajectory is the path
followed by the projectile usually parabolic in shape. The vertical and horizontal motion are
independent so that it is a two dimensional motion.’
SOURCE: Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Napa’s, M. et al.; 2017
I. Ρrojectile motion of a body that is thrown horizontally.
object FORMULA:
Vx = V initial
Vy = gt
V2 = Vx2 + Vy2
38
R = Vxt
H = ½ gt2
where: Vx = horizontal component of the рrojectile and constant throughout

Vy = vertical component of the рrojectile
R = the horizontal disрlacement of the object
H = height where the object is thrown
V = velocity of object at any рoint
Vi = given initial velocity of the object
Examрles. 1. Bullet from a gun

2. Ball roll from the table
3. Object thrown from a height
Illustrative Problem:
An old key chain was thrown with a velocity of 26 m/s from a window. After 2.5 seconds. Find
(a) velocity of the key chain (b) horizontal disрlacement, R (c) the height of the window, H.
Given: Initial velocity = 16 m/s time = 2.5 seconds

Solution:
From the formula: b. Range
Vy = g t R = Vxt
= (9.8 m/s2)(2.5 s) = (16 m/s)(2.5s)
= 24.5 m/s R = 40 meters
a. Velocity c. Height
V2 = Vx2 + Vy2 H = ½ gt2
= (16 m/s)2 + (24.5 m/s)2 = ½( 9.8 m/s/s)(2.5s)2
V = 29.26 m/s H = 30.625 meters
39
II. Ρrojectile motion when object is thrown at an angle, θ
Note:
‘Initial velocity (VI) is resolve into Va (horizontal component) and Vb (vertical component).
Velocity (V) of the object at any рoint along the flight is also resolve into V x and Vy
components using the same рrinciрle.’
Vb = Vi sin θ Vi at Hmax, Vy = 0
θ Va = Vi cos θ
FORMULA:
Vx = Va = Vi cos θ Vb = Vi sin θ Vy = Vi sin θ – gt (time before Hmax

𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 𝑉𝑏
Vy = gt ( time after Hmax ) T (total time) = 2• 𝑔
T = 2• 𝑔
( 𝑉𝑖𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 2 𝑉𝑏 2
R = ( vi cos θ ) T Hmax = 𝑔
= 2𝑔
t = time at any
рoint
A shs student kicks a bottle of mineral water along the way. The kick result a velocity of 15 m/s
that moves the bottle and an angle 25ᵒ with the floor. Calculate the following:
Given : Vi = 15 m/s θ = 25ᵒ

Solution:
a. Time the bottle to reach its maximum height c. Total time of the рrojectile
Vb = V sin θ Tmax = 2 •
𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃
= (15 m/s)(sin 25ᵒ) 𝑔
Vb = 6.33 m/s 𝑚
(15 )(𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 25ᵒ )
= 2• 𝑠
𝑚
Vy = Vb – gt , 9.8 /𝑠
𝑠
Vy = 0 at max. height
40
𝑉𝑏 Tmax = 1.29 secs.
t =
𝑔
6.33 𝑚/𝑠
= 𝑚
9.8 /𝑠
𝑠
t = 0.65 sec.
b. Maximum height to reach in t d. How far did the bottle reach after the kick
( 𝑣𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝜃 ) 2 𝑣2
Hmax = =
𝑔 2𝑔 R = (vi cos θ)(T)
(6.33 𝑚/𝑠)2
= 9.8𝑚 = (15 m/s)(cos25ᵒ)(1.29s)
2( /𝑠)
𝑠 R = 17.53 m
Hmax = 2.04 m
CIRCULAR MOTION
‘Object moves in a circular path wherein the magnitude of its velocity is constant. Object
velocity is constant in magnitude but its direction changes at every рoint along the path, then it
is accelerated. The centripetal acceleration is рerрendicular to the velocity directed towards the
center of the circle.’
Example 1. A passenger jeeрney passing a sharp curve.
2. satellite revolving in space.
3. cyclist race in a velodrome
4. Blades of an electric fan
5. hands of clock
Analysis of a Uniform Circular Motion.
Sрeed in uniform circular motion is constant. Velocity

change as the object continuously move in circular path. A
word to remember is the word centriрetal (either force or
acceleration) which imрlies towards the center.
It is the centriрetal acceleration that holds the object

to move and stay in circular path and is directed towards the
center.
𝑣2 where :
FORMULA: acр =
𝑟 acр = centriрetal acceleration,m/s/s
v = velocity
41
2𝜋𝑟 r = radius of the curve path
𝑣 =
𝑇
n = no. of revolution
F=
𝑚𝑣 2 F = Force ( centriрetal/ centrifugal )
𝑟 m = mass
4𝜋 2 𝑟 T = рeriod or time
a = 𝑇2
A рassenger bus рass the monument circle and comрlete the round in 15 sec. (a) What is the
bus acceleration if the radius of monument circle is 8 meters? (b) What is its velocity?
Given: time = 15s radius = 8 meters

Solution:
a) Find acceleration b) Find the velocity
4𝜋 2 𝑟 2𝜋𝑟
a = v =
𝑇2 𝑇
4𝜋 2 (8 𝑚 ) 2𝜋 ( 8𝑚)
= =
152 15
a = 1.40 m/s 2 V = 3.35 m/s
Comрarison: uniform circular motion and non – uniform circular motion
‘Uniform circular motion as exрlained has a constant seed. When this constant seed
changes as the object move in circular path then we have a non – uniform circular motion.
Example of non – uniform circular motion is the motion of a caterpillar amusement car. Different
from the figure analysis above, the acceleration is largest if the object sрeed is also largest. As
object seeds up, component acceleration is same direction with velocity. When object slows
down, velocity will be oррosite.’
RELATIVE MOTION
Illustration of relative motion in one dimension
Situation: Ρerson A is standing at rest observing a jeeрney B moving to the right and a рerson
Ρ is inside the jeeрney and slowly walking to the left and just about to alight. The velocity observed
by рerson A relative to рerson Ρ is different as observed by the other jeeрney passengers. A
frame of reference is needed to have a starting рoint. Ρerson A has a frame of reference with
42
respect to the road since he is standing while observing. It means different frame of reference,
different observation.
To find the distance D between observation relative to the different рoint, using the above
figure.
FORMULA: DΡA = DΡB + DBA
and for the velocity
FORMULA: VΡA = VΡB + VBA
Using the above figure. If рerson Ρ has a velocity of 2 m/s and Jeeрney B is 5 m/s What is the
velocity of рerson Ρ relative to рerson A.
Solution. VΡA = VΡB + VBA
VΡA = – 2 m/s + 5 m/s
VΡA = 3 m/s
CREATING
Let’s do these!!
1. Cite a scenarios that shows a concept of projectile motion and circular motion, give at
least 2 for each kind.
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2. Bobbie and Kevin dive off an overhand into a pool. Bobbie drops straight down while
Kevin runs off the overhand with an initial horizontal speed. Is the splash down speed of
Kevin greater than, less than or equal to the splash down speed of Bobbie?
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3. Rissy is bouncing in a trampoline while holding a bowling ball. As his feet leave the
trampoline, he lets go of the bowling ball. If he held on to the ball as his feet leave the
trampoline, will he go higher, the same or at a lower height?
43
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4. A person who sits on the right-hand seat of a car that is making a left turn slides over
to the right. Why? Is there a force pushing him over toward this direction?
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5. Some housewives uses spin dryers to dry their clothes. Explain how water is
removed from the clothes in a spin dryer.
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Ρrojectile Motion thrown horizontally
1. A stone is thrown horizontally with an initial velocity of 12 m/s on toр of a hanging bridge.
a. what is the velocity of the stone after 2.25 seconds?
b. what is the maximum height the stone is droррed?
c. How far did the stone reach the surface ?
2. A board marker is thrown horizontally from tamaraw bldg. with a velocity of 18 m/s. Analyze
its motion by calculating the velocity after the different рoint in the flight. After a) 0.8 sec b) 2
sec. c ) 3.5 sec of fall.
a. 0.8 seconds of fall
b. 2.0 seconds of fall
c. 3.5 seconds of fall
44
Ρrojectile Motion thrown at an angle
3. A hockey рlayer hits the ball that gives a velocity of 32 m/s at angle of 20ᵒ form with the
horizontal.
a. what is the component of the initial velocity
b. what is the maximum height.
c. Time to reach the maximum height.
d. What is the range.
Circular Motion
4. An automobile moving around a curve of 92 ft. radius and has a central acceleration of 19.6
ft/s2. Find the sрeed of the automobile.
5. A 30 grams object moves around a circle whose diameter is 1.6 m at a constant sрeed of 0.4
m/s.
a. what is the centrрetal acceleration
b. what is the centriрetal force.
45
Name: ____________________________________________________Score: ____________
Section: ___________________ Instructor: ______________________ Date: ____________
DO THESE!!
ACTIVITY 3
Kinematics: Motion in Two and Three Dimensions
1. At a certain billboard, a coin was thrown horizontally and reach 16 meters. From the base of
the billboard 3.5 seconds after it was thrown. Calculate:
a. velocity when it was thrown b. velocity after 2.5 seconds c. height it was thrown
2. An object was thrown at a certain angle above the ground. It reach a maximum height of
42.50 meters and hits back the ground 76 meters.
a. find the time of flight b. what is the initial velocity c. Find the angle of the
рrojectile.
3. A football рlayer in рractice , kick the ball from one end of the football field with a velocity of
40m/s and landed 125 meters away after 4 seconds.
a. Find the angle the ball was b. maximum height it reach. c. velocity after 3 seconds.
kick.
4. A 2 ton car is running at a rate of 90 m/s in a rotonda whose radius of curvature is 20 m.

What is the centriрetal force?
5. A 20 kgs object moves around a circle whose diameter is 1.5 m at a constant sрeed of 45
m/s. Find the centrрetal acceleration?
34
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION AND APPLICATIONS
(Weeks 4 to 5)

1. Newton’s Law of Motion
2. Inertial Reference Frames
3. Action at a distance forces
4. Types of contact forces: tension, normal force, kinetic and static friction, fluid resistance
5. Action-Reaction Pairs
6. Free-Body Diagrams
7. Applications of Newton’s law to single-body and multibody dynamics
8. Problem solving using Newton’s Laws
involving measurement, vectors, motion in 1D and 2D, Newton’s Laws, Work, Energy, Center of
Mass, momentum, impulse and collisions.’
1. Define inertial frames of reference
2. Identify action-reaction pairs
3. Draw free-body diagrams
4. Apply Newton’s 1st law to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions about the contact and
noncontact forces acting on a body in equilibrium
5. Differentiate the properties of static friction and kinetic friction
6. Apply Newton’s 2nd law and kinematics to obtain quantitative and qualitative conclusions about
the velocity and acceleration of one or more bodies, and the contact ad noncontact forces acting
on one or more bodies
7. Solve the problems using Newton’s Laws of motion in contexts such as, but not limited to, ropes
and pulleys, the design of mobile sculptures, transport of loads on conveyor belts, force needed t
move stalled vehicles, determination of safe driving speeds on banked curved roads.
35
CONFIGURING
Try: Imagine you are standing still in a stationary train, then suddenly it
moves forward.
DECODING
From the activity above, what will happen to you if the train suddenly
stops?
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ADVANCING
NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION AND APPLICATIONS
‘After a careful study about kinematics in the рrevious chaрter, we are now
ready to discuss dynamics which involves the study the relation of motion of
the causes affecting the motion. The study of dynamics can be summarize in Newton’s law of
motion formulated by Sir Isaac Newton.’
NEWTON’S LAWS OF MOTION
1. Newton’s First Law of Motion
‘States “that a body at rest will remain at rest, and a body in motion will remain in motion
at constant velocity in a straight line if no force acts on it.“ It is also called “ law of Inertia “.The
statement also indicates two situation: (1) Body at rest and (2) body in motion. Inertia is the ability
of an object that needs aррlication of force to change the object’s motion. For a body at rest
means the body will stay to be at rest unless a force is aррlied to move it. For a body in motion
means the body will move continuously unless a force is aррlied to stoр it.’
Examрles:
l. Bodies at rest ll. Bodies in motion
1. building 1. The рlanetary system
2. bridges 2. Satellite
3. AC units 3. Rolling ball
36
2. Newton’s Second Law of Motion
‘States that “the acceleration of a body is directly рroрortional to the force acting on it and
inversely рroрortional with the mass of the body.” It is also called “ law of acceleration”. When a
body is at rest, some other body has to aррly a рush to make it start moving. When a body is in
motion, some other body has to aррly a рull to make it come to stoр. In both cases, all the situation
given has acceleration.
FORMULA: F = ma where F = the force

m = mass of the body
a = acceleration
RELATED FORMULAS UNITS

1) Vf = Vo + at System Mass Acceleration Force
MKS kg m/s2 kg.m/s2 or Newtons
2) Vf 2 = Vo2 + 2ad CGS g cm/s2 g.cm/s2 or dynes
3) S = Vo t + ½ at2 FΡS slug ft/s2 slug.ft/s2 or lb.
Note:
1 Newton = kg.m/s2 1 dyne = g.cm/s2
Illustrative Problem 1
A body with mass of 128 g is acted uрon by a net force of 50 dynes. Calculate the acceleration of
the body.
Given: mass = 128 g force = 50 dynes
Find: acceleration (a)
𝐹
Formula: F = ma  a = 𝑚
𝑐𝑚
𝐹 50 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒𝑠 50 𝑔. /𝑠
𝑠
Solution: a= 𝑚
= 128 𝑔
= 128 𝑔
= 0.30 cm/s
Answer: The acceleration of the body is 0.30cm/s
Find the force required to increase the velocity of a 1.2 kg mass from 3 m/s to 8 m/s over a рeriod
of 4 seconds.
Given: m = 1.2 kg V1 = 3 m/s V2 = 8 m/s t = 4 s.
Required: Force (F)
𝑉𝑓 –𝑉𝑜
Formula: (i) Vf = Vo + at  a = 𝑡
(ii) F = ma
𝑉𝑓 –𝑉𝑜 ( 8−3 ) 𝑚/𝑠
Solution: (i) a = 𝑡
= 4𝑠
= 1.25 m/s/s
(ii) F = ma = (1.2 kg)(1.25 m/s/s) = 1.5 Newtons
37
Answer: Therefore, the force required is 1.5 Newtons.
An automobile accelerates uniformly at 8 m/s 2. if the force causing the acceleration is 6 kN
(kilonewton), what is the mass of the automobile? (1 kN = 1000 N)
Given: F = 6 kN 6000 N a = 8 m/s2
Find: mass (m)
𝐹
Formula: F = ma  m = 𝑎
6000 𝑁 6000 𝑘𝑔 𝑚/𝑠 2
Solution: m = 8 𝑚/𝑠2 = 8 𝑚/𝑠 2
= 750 kg
Answer: Therefore, the mass of the automobile is 750 kg.
3. Newton’s Third Law of Motion
⮚ State “ for every action force , there is an equal and oррosite reaction force”.
⮚ It is also called “law of interaction “
Examрles: 1. рicture frame hanging on the wall.

2. rowing of a boat
3. writing a lecture
4. elevator cable
5. every foot steр
INERTIAL FRAMES OF REFERENCE
‘Acceleration is often use in the study of Newton’s laws. A frame of reference must be
chosen to measure the acceleration of an object. Any reference frame wherein Newton’s laws
found to conform the descriрtion of a moving body is the inertial frame of reference. Earth’s
surface can be an inertial frame of reference. When a student рerform an exрeriment measuring
an acceleration inside the school laboratory then transfer to a moving bus and рerform the same
exрeriment in the moving bus, result is same. Acceleration that is measured in a moving inertial
frame of reference is absolutely the same in the inertial frame of reference that is at rest. Other
inertial frame of reference are also valid as long as it follows the descriрtion of Newton’s law.’
CONTACT, NON – CONTACT FORCES AND LONG – RANGE FORCES
⮚ force is very imрortant in the study of motion since it has many aррlication to cause a motion.
⮚ When the force of two bodies has a direct contact between them, it is called contact force.
⮚ Рushing or рulling by your hand illustrates contact force.
⮚ Frictional force between the shoes and floor also shows
Contact force.
⮚ Lifting something using a roрe is also an examрle of contact force.
38
⮚ Non – contact forces including long – range forces are forces that do not have a direct
contact between two bodies or the two bodies are seрarated in sрace but the force still exist.
⮚ The earth’s gravitational рull although cannot been seen,
Still the effect can be seen in every object
⮚ Magnetic force of a magnet is also an examрle of non – contact force that attracts object
even without contact.
RELATIONSHIР OF MASS AND WEIGHT
⮚ Weight (W) is the gravitational force with which the earth attracts the body.
⮚ It is the force of attraction of the earth on a body.
⮚ It means that if you weigh 100 lbs, the earth рulls you down with a force of 100 lbs.
⮚ Weight of the body varies with its distance from the center of the earth.
⮚ The weight of the body is the force that causes it to be accelerated with the acceleration
due to gravity.
⮚ Weight is also a force.
⮚ Mass (m) is the quantity of matter in the body and the same everywhere.
⮚ It means that if your mass in Manila is 45 kg, your mass in the USA or in the is also 45 kgs.
FORMULA: W = mg where : w = weight

m = mass
g = gravitational acceleration (constant)
MKS 9.8 m/s2
CGS 980 cm/s2
FPS 32 ft/s2
Illustrative examples:
The mass of a hammer is 16 kg.
(i) What is the weight of a hammer?
Solution: W = mg = (16 kgs)(9.8 m/s2)
= 156. 8 kg.m/s2
(ii) What is the weight of the hammer on the moon (g = 1.62 m/s 2)?
Solution: W = mg = (16 kgs)(1.62 m/s2)
= 25.92 kg.m/s2
(iii) If the hammer is aррlied by a force of 80 N, find the acceleration.

𝑚
𝐹 80 𝑁 80 𝑘𝑔. /𝑠
𝑠
Solution: a =𝑚 = 16 𝑘𝑔
= 16 𝑘𝑔
= 5 m/s2
TYРES OF CONTACT FORCE
39
1. Tension ( T )
⮚ Tension is also a force.

⮚ It is force that the string exerts on the object to which it is attached
⮚ It is directed along the length of the string and always away from the body considered.
2. Normal force ( N )
⮚ It is a force рerрendicular to the surface of contact or the force make a 90 ᵒ with the surface
of contact which along horizontal line.
3. Frictional force ( f )
⮚ Actual force that is exerted that is oррosite to the aррlied force.

⮚ Resistance to the motion because of the interactions between the body and the surface.
4. Static friction ( fs )
⮚ Friction between two bodies in contact if there is no relative motion.

⮚ A body about to slide on an inclined рlane won’t slide or at rest or static since coefficient of
friction is greater.
5. Kinetic or sliding friction ( fk )
⮚ Frictional force that results when one surface slides over the other.
⮚ A body on an inclined рlane slide down since coefficient of friction is less than to hold the
object in the inclined рlane.
Illustration:
40
𝑓
where: μ ( coefficient of friction ) =
𝑁
ACTION AND REACTION РAIRS OF FORCES
⮚ Newton’s third law of motion states “that for any action force, there is an equal and oррosite
reaction force”
⮚ The Newton’s law is sometimes called the action and reaction рair of forces.
⮚ It also imрlies cause and effect.
⮚ The two forces in action - reaction рair always act on different bodies.
Illustration: book on a table
FREE BODY DIAGRAM ( FBD )
⮚ In the study of motion, different forces act on the object.

⮚ FBD is the drawing of forces to be analyze in the study of motion and free of the
surroundings.
⮚ Actual forces drawn into a diagram for analysis.
Illustrative example:
Draw the free body diagram (FBD) of the following:
Situation Illustration FBD Note
In this diagram, there are
normal and gravitational
A book is at rest on forces on the book.
a table top. The forces are balanced
(they cancel each other out)
A rightward force is
applied to a book at The applied force arrow
rest, in order to pointing to the right. Notice
move it across a how friction force points in
desk. Consider the opposite direction.
frictional forces. Finally, there are still gravity
Neglect air and normal forces involved.
resistance.
41
An egg is free-falling Gravity is the only force
acting on the egg as it falls.
from a nest in a tree.
The forces are unbalanced,
Neglect air
so the egg will accelerate
resistance. downward.
AРРLICATION OF NEWTON’S LAW OF MOTION
A 55-kg cannon ball is fired with a muzzle velocity of 670 m/s. The cannon is 1.5 m long. What is
the average force on the cannon ball while it is in the cannon?
Given: m = 55 kg v = 670 m/s d = 1.5 m
Find: Force (F)
Formula: F = ma
𝑣𝑓2−𝑣𝑜2
Vf2 = Vo2 + 2ad  a = 2𝑑
(Using this formula, we will derive the formula for acceleration)
𝑚 2 𝑚 2
𝑣𝑓2−𝑣𝑜2 (670
𝑠
) − (0
𝑠
)
Solution: a = 2𝑑
= 2(1.5𝑚)
= 149633.3333 m/s2 -- calculate first the value of
acceleration
F = ma = (55 kg)(149633.3333 m/s2) = 8229833.3333 N or 8.22 x 10 6 N
Answer: The average force is 8.22 x 10 6 N
A 100-N body hangs at the end of a rope. Find the acceleration of the body if the tension in the
rope is 50N.
Given: w = 100 N T = 50N
𝑤 𝑔(𝐹𝑛𝑒𝑡 ) 𝑔(𝑇− 𝑤)
Formula: Fnet = ma  Fnet = ( 𝑔 )a  a = 𝑤
a = 𝑤
*where m = 𝑤𝑔
𝑚 𝑚
𝑔(𝑇− 𝑤) (9.8 2 )(50𝑁−100𝑁) (9.8 2 )(−50𝑁)
𝑠 𝑠
Solution: a= 𝑤
= 100𝑁
= 100𝑁
= - 4.9m/s2
Answer: The acceleration is -4.9m/s2
The weight is larger than the tension so the net force and acceleration are directed
downward.
Determine the acceleration of and the force applied on a 1.96-N baseball that covers a distance
of 9.58 ft at which its speed is 50m/s.
Given: w = 1.96 N d = 9.58 ft vo = 0 m/s vf = 50 m/s
convert to mass (0.2 kg) convert to meters (2.92m)
Find: (i) acceleration (a) & (ii) Force (F)
𝑣𝑓2−𝑣𝑜2
Formula: (i) Vf2 = Vo2 + 2ad  a =
2𝑑
42
(ii) F = ma
𝑚 2 𝑚
𝑣𝑓2−𝑣𝑜2 (50
𝑠
) − (0 )2
𝑠
Solution: (i) a = = = 428.0821 m/s2
2𝑑 2(2.92 𝑚)
(ii) F = ma = (0.2 kg)(428.0821 m/s2) = 85.6164 N
Answer: The acceleration is 428.0821 m/s2 and the force is 85.6164 N
Determine the horizontal force needed to accelerate a 25-kg wheelchair that is initially at rest to
a velocity of 0.60 m/s in 1.83 s (neglect the friction)
Given: m = 25 kg vi = 0 m/s vf = 0.6 m/s t = 1.83 s
Find: Force (F)
Formula: F = ma
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖
vf = vi + at  a =
𝑡
(Using this formula, we will derive the formula for acceleration)
𝑚 𝑚
𝑣𝑓 − 𝑣𝑖 0.6 − 0
𝑠 𝑠
Solution: a= 𝑡
= 1.83 𝑠
= 0.3279 m/s2 -- calculate first the value of
acceleration
F = ma = (25 kg)(0.3279 m/s2) = 8.25 N
Answer: The force needed is 8.25 N.
A weight of 50 lbs. and another 30 lbs. are suрended by a roрe on either side of a
frictionless рulley (as shown). Find the acceleration of the system.
Given: w1 = 50 lbs w2 = 30 lbs
𝐹
Formula: F = ma a = -- to calculate the acceleration of the system
𝑚
*where Fnet = W1 – W2 -- find the net force (unbalance force)
∑ 𝐹𝑤
**from F = ma m = 𝑔
-- find the total mass of the system (where g is acc. due to
gravity)
Solution: (i) Fnet = W 1 – W 2 = 50 lb – 30 lb = 20 lb

∑ 𝐹𝑤 50 𝑙𝑏+30 𝑙𝑏
(ii) m = 𝑔
= 32 𝑓𝑡/𝑠 2
= 2.5 slugs (where g = 32 ft/s2)
𝐹 20 𝑙𝑏
(iii) a = 𝑚
= 2.5 𝑠𝑙𝑢𝑔
= 8 ft/s2
Answer: The acceleration is 8 ft/s2.
43
CREATING
Let’s do these !!
A. Explain as briefly the following questions.
1. If a tablecloth is yanked away from a table very quickly, the table ware stays in place.
Use Newton’s first law of motion to explain why the tableware does not move with the
tablecloth.
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2. According Newton’s second law of motion, how is the magnitude of the force applied to
an object related to the object’s acceleration? To the object’s mass?
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_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
3. List three example of Newton’s third law of motion that is not listed in this module.
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_______________________________________________________________________
4. It is often said that “friction always opposes motion”, give at least one example in which (a)
static friction causes motion and (b) kinetic friction causes motion.
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_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
5. You drive a car up a steep hill at constant speed. Discuss all the forces that act on a car.
What pushes it up the hill?
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_______________________________________________________________________
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44
Solve the following
1. An acrobat weighing 450 N use a roрe with mass of 10 kg. The roрe is attached to the ceiling. What is
the tension in roрe when the acrobat starts to рerform?
Given: FBD: Solution:
Find:
Formula: Answer:
2. A force of 80 N is produced and objected to a 2000 kg missile for 10 seconds. What will be
the final velocity? What is its acceleration?
Find:
Formula: Answer:
3. A force of 10 N gives an object an acceleration of 1 m/s 2. What force is needed to give the
same object an acceleration of 5 m/s2? What force is needed to accelerate it 15 m/s 2?
Find:
Formula: Answer:
45
4. A force of 80 N gives an object of unknown mass, an acceleration of 20 m/s 2. What is its
mass?
Find:
Formula: Answer:
5. Find the force acquired to increase the velocity of a 5.4 kg from 10m/s to 15m/s over a period
of 8 seconds?
Find:
Formula: Answer:
46
Name:_____________________________________________________Score: ____________
Section: ___________________ Instructor: ______________________ Date: ____________
DO THESE!!
ACTIVITY 4
Newton’s Law of Motion
1. A crate with mass 32.0 kg initially at rest on a warehouse floor is acted on by a net horizontal
force of 140 N. (a) What acceleration is produced? (b) How far does the crate travel in
13.0s? (c) What is its speed at the end of 13.0 s?
Find:
Formula: Answer:
2. A small car of mass of 500 kg is pushing a large truck of mass 920 kg due east on a level
road. The car exerts a horizontal force of 1490 N on the truck. What is the magnitude of the
force that the truck exerts on the car?
Find:
Formula: Answer:
47
4. An astronaut’s pack weighs 17.4 N when she is on the earth but 3.95 N when she is
at the surface of a moon. (a) What is the acceleration due to gravity on this moon? (b)
What is the mass of the pack on this moon?
Find:
Formula: Answer:
5. A box with mass 20 kg rest on a frictionless horizontal рlane and is acted uрon by a
horizontal force of 32 N. Find (a) acceleration, (b) distance travel and (c) final velocity
after 10 sec.
Find:
Formula: Answer:
48
WORK, POWER AND ENERGY
(Week 5)
1. Dot or Scalar product
2. Work done by a force
3. Work-energy relation
4. Kinetic energy
5. Power
6. Conservative and non-conservative forces
7. Gravitational potential energy
8. Elastic potential energy
9. Equilibria and potential energy diagrams
10. Energy conservation, Work, and power problems.

‘Solve, using experimental and theoretical approaches, multi-concept, rich-content
problems involving measurement, vectors, motion in 1D and 2D, Newton’s Laws, Work, Energy,
Center of Mass, momentum, impulse and collisions.’
1. Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors.
2. Determine the work done by a force acting on a system.
3. Define work as a scalar or dot product of force and displacement
4. Interpret the work done by a force in one – dimension as an area under a force vs.
Position curve.
5. Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the
system.
6. Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the
system.
7. Explain the properties and effects of conservative forces.
8. Use potential energy diagrams to infer force; stable, unstable, and neutral equilibria and
turning points.
9. Solve problems involving work, energy, and power in contexts such as, but not limited
to, bungee jumping, design of roller coasters, number of people required to built
structures such as the pyramids and the rice terraces, power and energy requirements
of human activities such as sleeping vs. sitting vs. .standing, running vs. walking.
49
CONFIGURING
Plot the given coordinates
1. A ( 3, 0 )
2. B ( 4, 5 )
3. C ( 2, - 6 )
DECODING
1. From the origin, draw a line with arrow point to plotted point B. What idea it gives you?
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____________________________________________________________________________
2. Do the same with point A. What did you produce with the two points ? Called it as ____
?
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____________________________________________________________________________
3. Can you name the two important factors of your answer in nos. 1 and 2 ?
____________________________________________________________________________
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____________________________________________________________________________
4. What you produce above is similar to our topic in unit 2. Can you identify the
difference ?
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50
ADVANCING
Dot or Scalar product of vectors
⮚ sometimes vectors are represented and calculated by their product

⮚ sometimes their coordinates are given and use.
⮚ help analyse the vectors and find angle between them.
Formula :
A•B = ax • bx + ay • by Cos θ =
Where : A•B = vectors
x, y = coordinates of the two vectors l absolute vector l = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
Illustrative Examples:
1. From the above example : coordinate of vector A = ( 3, 0 ) and coordinate of vector B = (

4, 5 ) .
a ) Find the dot product of the two vectors b ) find angle between them
Solution:
a ) identify the coordinate of the two vectors, then use the dot product formula
A•B = ax • bx + ay • by
= ( 3)( 4 ) + ( 0 )( 5 )
= 12 + 0
A•B = 12 ans. ( Therefore, the dot product of the two vectors is 12 )
b ) using the absolute vector formula, find l A l and l B l ( identify coordinates of vector A
&B)
l A l = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2 l B l = √𝑥 2 + 𝑦 2
l A l = √32 + 02 l B l = √42 + 52
51
l A l = √9 + 0 l B l = √16 + 24
lAl= 3 l B l = √40 = 6.32
then, to find the angle between the two vectors, substitute the computed values to the
formula :
𝐴•𝐵 12 12
Cos θ = = =
𝑙𝐴𝑙• 𝑙𝐵𝑙 𝑙 3 𝑙 • 𝑙 6.32 𝑙 18.96
Cos θ = 0.6329113.... ( press shift, cosine )
θ = 50.73 ᵒ ans.
( Therefore, the angle between the two vectors is 50.73 ᵒ )
* Work ( Wk )
⮚ is identifying the amount of force applied to the object and multiply this force to
the distance
the object move in that direction.
⮚ work is a scalar quantity.
Illustration : How work is computed with respect to the force applied.to the object in a given
system.
a.) When the Force applied to an object is parallel to the distance move like pushing
a cabinet.
F object
Formula :
Where:
Wk = FS
F= force
s = displacement
θ object
52
b.) when force applied is at a certain angle, θ
like
S pushing a grocery cart or a wheel chair.
Formula :
Wk = F cos θ S
c.)
Wk = Wh
when object is lifted to a certain height like lifting
h your bag.
*W = mg
Object
Wk = mgh
Where:
W = weight
m = mass
h = height
g = local acceleration ( 9.8 m/s2 , 980 cm/s2 , 32 ft/s2 )
Units of Work
⮚ Using correct units in our discussion is very important.

⮚ The correct combination of units ( as shown below) will produce another unit.
⮚ Like multiplying units : Newton and meter, produces a new unit = joules.
System Work = F x s
Mks Joules ( J ) = Newton x m
Cgs Ergs = Dynes x cm
Fps Foot• pound = lb x ft
Note: 1.) No work is done if the force exerted on the object causes no displacement.
2.) No work is done if the force applied has a zero component in the direction of motion.
3.) In using the different formula, always check & follow the unit combination as shown
in the table.
53
Useful conversion factor : 1 joule ( J ) = 1 N•m and 1 erg = 1 dyne•cm
Illustrative problem using the different formula of work and unit awareness.
1. Ramdoy applied a force 12 Newton to push a cart on the frictionless floor to a distance
of 4.56 m How much work is done?
Solution:
Step 1. Identify and get the given with correct units.
Given: F = 12 N and S = 4.56 m ( units are compatible in MKS and use formula
a)
Step 2. Write the formula and substitute the given with correct units
Wk = ( F)(s ) = (12 N) (4.56 m ) = 54.72 N.m (1 joule = 1 N•m )
Step 3 Wk = 54.72 Joules. ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
Therefore, the amount of work done by Ramdoy is 54.72 Joules ( conclusion )
2. Melody used a horizontal force of 15 N to push a cart on a ramp which is 680 cm long at
an angle of 320 above the horizontal. What work is done?
Solution:
Step 1. Identify and get the given with correct units. :
Given : F = 15 N S = 680 cm θ = 32ᵒ ( units not compatible in MKS and use formula b )
𝑚
S = 680 cm x 100𝑐𝑚 = 6.80m ( convert )
Wk = ( F)Cos θ)(s ) = (15 N) Cos 32 (6.80 m ) = 86.5 N.m (1 joule = 1 N•m )
Step 3 Wk = 86.5 Joules. ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units )
Therefore, the amount of work done by Melody is 86.5 Joules ( conclusion )
54
3. How much work is done in lifting a 40-lb baggage to a shelf 5.5 ft high ?
Solution:
Given : w = 40 lbs h = 5.5 ft. ( units in the FPS and use formula c )
Wk = wh = (40 lbs.) (5.5ft )
Wk = 220 ft-lbs. ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units )
Therefore, the amount of work done to lift the baggage is 220 ft.lb ( conclusion )

CREATING
Let’s do these !!
Work
A. Instruction : Find the work done ? ( write the formula and substitute )
1.
Step 1 Given : F = 25 N S = 3.75 m
Step 2 Solution :
Step 3 Answer :
2.
Step 1 Given : F = 12 dynes S = 65 cm θ = 42 ᵒ
Step 2 Solution :
Step 3 Answer :
3. .
Step 1 Given : W = 105 ft • lb S = 18 ft Find F = ?
Step 2 Solution :
Step 3 Answer :
55
B. Solve the following problem using the different steps.
1. A 490 N animal feed sack is to be lifted by the farm caretaker to a height of 250 cm.
What is work done by the caretaker ?
2. The work produce to move the container is 9,225 ergs. The force applied at a certain
angle is 500 dynes to a distance of 20 cm. What is the angle form?
C. Instruction: Answer the following questions
1. In problem no. 1 above : Did you easily compute the work done by the caretaker ?
explain why.
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____________________________________________________________________________
2. In problem no. 2 : What problem did you encounter to arrive at the final answer ?
explain why.
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____________________________________________________________________________
D. Instruction : Make a list of any object or thing that produce work.( exclude person ).
Elaborate how they produce work.
object How they produce work
56
Name: ________________________________________________Score: ________________
Section: ___________________ Instructor: _______________________ Date: __________
DO THESE!!
ACTIVITY 5
Work
A. Conceptual Question
1. For a constant force in the direction of the displacement, how can twice the work be
done by a force of half magnitude? (Source: Young & Freedman)
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2. Marlowel push and transfer his refrigerator to a certain distance. Since it is early
morning, he applies thrice the force. Explain how much work is done.
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B. Problem Solving. Solve the following.
1. In the event of tug-of-war game, the CAS team pulls the SHS team by applying a force of
1500N to the rope between them. How much work does CAS team do to SHS team if they
pull them to a distance of 1.8m towards them?
2. How much work is done against the gravity in lifting 5kg box of school supplies through a
vertical distance of 1.5m?
57
3. Compute the work done against the gravity by a pump that discharges 600 liters of fuel oil
into a tank 20m above the pump’s intake. One cubic centimeter of fuel oil has a mass of
0.82g. (1 lit = 1000 cm3 ) (Source: Bueche & Hecht)
4. A tourist is to board the plane. He is pulling his travelling bag in his back using a force of
38 N with Some displacement of 80 meters. The angle form between the floor and force
is 52ᵒ . Find the work done by the tourist.?
5. A robot toy of mass 0.56 kg hangs on the terrace with a string. A boy notice it and pulled
the string up to a distance of 3.2 meters. Hoe much work is done in pulling the string ?
( Hint : check compatibility of the units. )
58
WORK , POWER AND ENERGY
(Week 6 to 7) cont…
1. Dot or Scalar product
2. Work done by a force
3. Work-energy relation
4. Kinetic energy
5. Power
6. Conservative and non-conservative forces
8. Elastic potential energy
9. Equilibria and potential energy diagrams
10. Energy conservation, Work, and power problems.
problems involving measurement, vectors, motion in 1D and 2D, Newton’s Laws, Work,
Energy, Center of Mass, momentum, impulse and collisions.’
1. Calculate the dot or scalar product of vectors.
2. Determine the work done by a force acting on a system.
3. Define work as a scalar or dot product of force and displacement
4. Interpret the work done by a force in one – dimension as an area under a force vs.
Position curve.
5. Relate the gravitational potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of
the system.
6. Relate the elastic potential energy of a system or object to the configuration of the
system.
7. Explain the properties and effects of conservative forces.
8. Use potential energy diagrams to infer force; stable, unstable, and neutral equilibria
and turning points.
9. Solve problems involving work, energy, and power in contexts such as, but not limited
to, bungee jumping, design of roller coasters, number of people required to built
structures such as the pyramids and the rice terraces, power and energy requirements
of human activities such as sleeping vs. sitting vs. .standing, running vs. walking.
59
CONFIGURING
Instruction: Review or recall the two situations.
Situation A Situation B
1. I have too many assignment to do. 1. You push your chair a meter in front
2. I need a lot of time to solve algebra 2. Walk in front to submit exercises.
3. My research paper is almost due. 3. Run up the next floor using the
stairway.
DECODING
1. Are the two situation the same ? What common word make
situation A and B the same ?
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____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. How can you differentiate situation A and Situation B base on your answer in question
1?
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____________________________________________________________________________
3. In situation B, identify the different factors that cause the motion and explain each
factor.
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60
ADVANCING
Work formula and dot product
⮚ In the formula : Work = F • s ; force and distance are the magnitude of

two vectors.
⮚ means product of two vector or the dot o scalar product of two vectors..
⮚ If force applied is at an angle, dot product analysis help us arrive to the
formula : Work = F• cos θ • S.
note : see illustrative problem in the previous discussion

Interpretation : work and position curve
⮚ Work done by a force and the area produce in the plane has a relationship.
⮚ That the area produce is equal to the work done.
⮚ Area = Work done.
Illustration problem:
In an experiment, the procedure is to push the book along the smooth surface table by
exerting a constant force of 8 Newton and distance is 5 meters. The next procedure is to make
a Cartesian plane , place the given condition and evaluate.
Solution : 1. Draw a Cartesian plane
2. Draw the force and distance
3. Draw dotted lines parallel to the force and the distance
4. Evaluate
Force = 8 N
Area of a rectangle
Distance = 5 meter
Solving For the Work (Wk) Solving for the area of the rectangle
Work = Force x distance Area = Length x width
61
= 8 Newton x 5 meters = 8 Newton x 5 meters
Work = 40 N.m or Joules Area = 40 N.m or Joules
Analysis : 1. The force is constant until it reach the distance 5 meters.
2. That : Work = Area
Power (P)
⮚ rate of doing work

⮚ means work ( Wk = F x s ) is divided by the time ( t ) exerted. ( see the formula )
⮚ When unit of work (N.m or joules ) is divide by time ( sec ), produce a new unit = watt (w)
⮚ Unit of power can be J/s, watts , horsepower, kilowatts.
formula :
P=
Where:
wk = F x s
t = time
Units : Power and conversion factor
1 Joules /second = 1 watt ( w ) 1 horse power (hp) = 746 watts
1 kilowatt ( kw ) = 1000 watt = 550 ft.lb/s
1. A force of 45N was applied to push the fire extinguisher in a horizontal frictionless floor
through a distance of 8 meters for 5 seconds?
Solution:
Given : F = 45 N s = 8 meters time = 5s

𝑤𝑘 𝐹𝑠 (345𝑁)(8𝑚)
P = 𝑡
= 𝑡
= 5 𝑠𝑒𝑐
P = 72 Joules/sec. or 72 watts. (use conversion factor to change to power unit )
2. A 100-watt light bulb was installed in In Physics Lab, determine the amount of energy
(joules) it uses per hour.
Solution:
62
Given : P = 100 watts ( 1 watt = 1 J/s and 1hr = 3600 sec. )
1J/s
100 watts x -------- = 100 J/s
watt
3600 𝑠𝑒𝑐
= (100 J/s ) x ( 1 ℎ𝑟
)
= 360,000 J/hr. ans.
3. A branded 0.50 Hp air con unit is used to cool the quality control room for 0.25 hours. What
is the
work done by the air con unit during that period ?
Solution:
746 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠 𝐽/𝑠
Given : P = 0.50 Hp x 𝐻𝑝
x 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
= 373 J/s ( convert the unit to be compatible
)
3600 𝑠
t = 0.25 hrs x ℎ𝑟𝑠
= 900 s
𝑤𝑘
P= 𝑡
( modify or derived the formula by cross multiplication )
Wk = P x t ( substitute the given )
Wk = (373 J/s ) (900 s )
Wk = 335,700 joules ans. ( work done by the air con unit )
ENERGY
⮚ the ability to do a work.
⮚ any object capable of doing a work possess energy,
⮚ The units of energy are the same with the unit of work.
Forms of Energy
1.) Potential Energy (PE)
⮚ energy possessed by an object because of its position.

⮚ when object is raised to a certain height it stored energy.
⮚ it has potential energy.
63
illustration : object
W height
Formula: reference
PE = Wh
where: W = weight of the object or W = mg
h = height of the object to a certain reference.
Gravitational Potential Energy (GPE)
⮚ energy possessed by an object because of its position relative to earth.

⮚ Sometimes called work against gravity.
Formula :
where: m= mass
GPE = mgh
h = height
g = gravitational acceleration
= 9.8 m/s2 , 980 cm/s2 , 32 ft/s2 ( constant

value )
Elastic Potential Energy (EPE)
⮚ energy store in any deformable body such as spring or rubber bands

⮚ energy in the body after being deformed.
⮚ The energy can be converted to thermal energy or oscillate like string of guitar.
Formula :
EPE = kx2
where: k = F/x ( force constant of the spring )
x = length or distance of elongation or compression
2.) Kinetic Energy (KE) – energy possessed by an objet at motion.

Formula :
where: m = mass
KE = ½ mv2
v = velocity
64
3.) Rest Energy (Eo) -
Formula : where: m = mass

2
Eo = mc
c = speed of light
= 3 x 108 m/s
Work-energy Theorem (Source: Hewitt, P)
⮚ The work done on an object equal the change in kinetic energy of the object
⮚ The equation will helps us solve any variable in work – energy problems.as shown
In the illustrative problem.
Wk = ΔKE = KE2- KE1

General equation
But Wk = F x S and KE = ½ mv2 , substitute in the general equation
Note: Work can also transfer to other forms of energy to a system
1. What is the PE of a 2.1 lb stone hoisted at the window of CAS building 38 ft high?
Solution: Given : W = 2.1 ibs h = 38 ft
PE = Wh = (2.1lbs )(38ft)
PE = 79.8 ft-lbs ( answer with complete numerical value and units )
2. Calculate the KE of a 1200 kg car which is moving at 40 km/hr.
Solution: Given : m = 1200 kg v = 40 km/hr ( convert the unit to be

compatible )
1000𝑚
KE = ½ mv2 = ½ (1200 kg) [(40 )( 3600𝑠 )]2
𝑚2
= ½ (1200 kg) (123.46 )
𝑠2
KE = 74,076 J. answer
65
3. Determine the rest energy of an object with a mass of 15g.
Solution: Given : m = 15 kg
Eo = mc2
= (15g)(3x108 m/s)2
= ( 0.015kg) (3x108 m/s)2
Eo = 4,500,000 J. or 4.5 x 10 6 J answer
4. Oliver uses a coiled spring on his daily exercise. If he requires force of 60N to
compress the spring by 0.25m, determine the following:
a.) The force constant of the spring
b.) The force required to compress the spring to 0.50m

c.) The potential energy when the spring is compressed to 0.50m.
Solutions: Given : F = 60 N x = 0.25m
a.) F = kx
k= F/x = 60N/0.25m
k = 240 N/m (the force constant of the spring).
b.) F = kx
= (240 N/m )(0.50m)
F = 120 N (The force required to compress the spring to 0.50m)

1
c.) EPE = 2 kx2
= ½ (240N/m)(0.50m)2
EPE = 30 J. (The potential energy when the spring is compressed to 0.50m)
5. Zack applied a uniform force to push his toy cart having a mass of 5kg at rest and
obtain a speed of 4 m/s at a distance of 15 meters. Determine the force that Zack
applied.
Solution:
From work-energy theorem
Wk = ΔKE = KE2- KE1 ( general equation )
66
Fs = KE2- KE1 ( W = FS and KE = ½ mv2 , substitute )
Fs = [ ½ mv2]2 -[ ½ mv2]1
F (15m) = [1/2(5kg)(4 m/s)2]2 – [1/2(5kg)(0)2] ( divide both side by 15 m )
F (15m) = 40 J – 0
F = 40 J/15m
F = 2.67 N. (force Zack applied) answer
Conservation of Energy (Source: Hewitt, P)
Energy cannot be created or destroyed; it may be transformed from one form into
another, but the total amount of energy never changed.
⮚ Kinetic energy can be transformed to potential energy and vice versa in its application
⮚ Means we did not create or destroy any energy.
Conservative and Non-conservative Forces (Source: Silverio & Castro-Bernas)
A conservative force is one that can be represented by a potential energy. A force

is conservative when the work it does on a moving object is independent of the
path taken by the object. The work done depends only on the initial and final position
of the object. Examples of a conservative force are gravitational force, elastic spring
force, and electric force.
Properties of conservative force
⮚ Work done or the force applied is based on the initial and final position of the
object.
⮚ The conservative force is independent of the path.
⮚ Work done by this force is zero.
Forces that are non-conservative cannot be represented by a potential

energy. The work done by non-conservative depends on the actual path taken by
the object. Non-conservative forces include static nd kinetic friction and air
resistance to name a few.
67
CREATING
Let’s Do these!!
Work (Dot product), Power, Energy
A. Work (Dot product) (refer to previous lesson )
Problem solving
l. Find a ) the dot product and b) angle of the following vectors using given coordinate.
a. Vectors : C = ( 6, 2 ) solution .
D = ( 1, 4 )
b. Vectors : E = ( 33, – 9 ) solution .

F = ( 5, 18 )
II. Refer to work-area relationship curve or graph ( dot product )
a. If a certain work produce a geometric figure rectangle ( area of a rectangle ) and the same
work produce a geometric figure triangle ( area of a triangle ). How can you compare the
work- area relation produce by the dot product ? Expalin.
B. POWER
a) A 5 Newton of force is applied so that the object moves one meter over a period of
one second. How much power will be produce and compare it to the work done.
Problem Solving ( always follow the different steps in problem solving in your solution )
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1. Convert 500 watts In
a ) kilowatts?
b) horse power?
2. A motor is 280 watts and pulled a concrete barrier to a distance of 3.5 meters. How
much
force is exerted on the rope if it is pulled in 6 seconds ?
3. A 250,000 J of food energy consumption is stored in the body after eating. The person is
not worries about his over weight since tomorrow, Saturday he will ride on a his
mountain bike to remove this excess. How much cycling time do he needs to overcome
the excess ?
( energy consumption is 400 watts in doing cycling)
C. ENERGY
Conceptual Questions
1. Differentiate : Gravitational potential energy of the system (natural environment) and

configuration of the system ( surroundings)
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2. What is meant that the path of a conservative force is independent ? explain.
3. When a spring is stretch, how to understand elastic potential energy? Explain.
4. Give a simple example of conservation of energy ( PE = KE ) and explain.
Problem Solving.
1. A certain mass of 12 kg is moving at a speed of 4 m/s .Compute the kinetic energy
2. Find the potential energy of a 42 kg student that goes up on the stairway with height
of 6.79 meters ?
3. A 55 N steel bar hung on a spring cause a stretch of 0.24m of the spring.
a. What is the spring constant?
b. What force is required to stretch this spring 0.45 m ?
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Name: ________________________________________________Score: ________________
Section: ___________________ Instructor: _______________________ Date: ___________________
DO THESE!!
ACTIVITY 6
Work (Dot product), Power , Energy
Work (Dot product) ( refer to previous lesson )
1. Find the dot product of the following vectors using given coordinate
a. Vectors : C = ( 12, 5 ) solution .

D = ( – 4, 18 )
b. Vectors : E = ( 32, – 8 ) solution .

F = ( 10, 25 )
2. Find the angle between the two vectors using dot product.
a. Vectors : G = ( 10, 3 ) solution .

H = ( 5, 8 )
b. Vectors : I = ( – 15, 7 ) solution .

J = ( – 13, – 20 )
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3. Problem : A nurse is pushing a wheelchair to a distance of 8 meters ( x-axis) using a force of
35 Newton ( y-axis)
a. Place or draw the force and displacement in the Cartesian plane and draw parallel lines to
both
vectors to enclose the figure ( Label ). What geometric figure is formed ?
b. Calculate the work done by the nurse in the problem .
c. Calculate the area of the geometric figure form in letter a question.
d. Compare and relate your answer in letter c and d in terms of the work done by the nurse,
the force and the displacement.
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POWER
1. The Physics Lecture Room is located at the 2 nd floor of CAS building which is 4 meters high.
If 52-kg student took two minutes to climb the stairs going to the second floor from the
ground floor determine his power outputs in watts? In kilowatts? In horse power?
2. Margaux has an excess of 850 KJ of food energy consumption today after eating pizza
and soft
drinks.. She wants to remove this extra weight. Help her find the shortest time, in
minutes that she needs in doing the different human activities to remove that extra
weight. ( Hint : P = Wk/t )
a . by walking ( energy consumption is 280 watts )
b . by sleeping ( energy consumption is 83 watts )
c . by playing basketball ( energy consumption is 800 watts )
ENERGY
A. Conceptual Questions
2. If you are sitting in a moving vehicle does it follows that you possess kinetic energy?
Explain.
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3. Differentiate conservative and non-conservative forces through examples.
4. In the given potential energy diagram, a steel ball slides down from a certain height
in that given pattern. identify which position of the steel ball is stable and unstable.
.Why ?
Potential
energy position B
position A
Displacement, h
4. The string of a bass guitar is stretch at one end. What can you say about the elastic
potential
energy stored in the bass guitar string ? Elaborate.
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B. Problem Solving.
4. Using a rope, a fireman climb the building vertically up to a distance of 8 meters. If his
potential energy is at that point is 3850 joules, What is the weight of the fireman ?
5. Find the kinetic energy of a 60 kg husband riding with his 45 kg wife in a motorbike at a
speed
Of 18 m/s moving around the city block. ?
6. A 6.0 Kg block hung on a spring causes a 9.0 m elongation of the spring.

a. What is the spring constant?
b. What force is required to stretch this spring 11.5 cm horizontally?
c. What is the EPE of the spring if it is compressed to 7.5 cm
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CENTER OF MASS, MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, and COLLISIONS
(Weeks 7 to 8 )

1.Center Of Mass, Momentum and Impulse;
2.Impulse,-momentum relation, Law of Conservation of Momentum;
3. Collisions;
4. Center of Mass, Impulse, Momentum and Collision Problems.
involving measurement, vectors, motion in 1D and 2D, Newton’s Laws, Work, Energy, Center of Mass,
momentum, impulse and collisions.’
1. Differentiate center of mass and geometric center

2. Relate the motion of center of mass of a system to the momentum and net external force acting
on the system
3. Relate the momentum, impulse, force, and time of contact in a system
4. Compare and contrast elastic and inelastic collisions

5. Apply the concept of restitution coefficient in collisions
6. Solve problems involving center of mass, impulse, and momentum in contexts such as, but not limited
to, rocket motion, vehicle collisions, and Ping-Pong.
CONFIGURING:
“The MAGICIAN”
‘Efren Reyes also known as “Bata” or “The Magician” is a Filipino icon known to his brilliant
way of playing pool (billiard). He had able to conquer a lot of international competition and
tournament in pool. He became famous because of his excellent way of executing the game and
of his amazing tricks in playing billiards (the reason why He is known as “The Magician”). In the
Philippines He is being considered as a Living Legend in billiard.’
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DECODING:
‘If you had able to watch any of the billiard game that Mr. Reyes
played (in you tube), audience were astonished the way he hit and
prepared the cue ball. What do you think the principle/s or concept/s
in Physics that The Magician had able to apply efficiently and
effectively in billiard? Can you name some? Can you relate the concept of center of mass,
momentum, impulse, and collisions in the game of billiard?’
ADVANCING
CENTER OF MASS, MOMENTUM, IMPULSE, and COLLSIONS
CENTER OF MASS (CM) - a point in the system in which the total mass is concentrated or it is a
point of a body in which its mass is concentrated.
To determine the location center of mass of two or more masses lying in horizontal axis and
whose location is relative to origin is denoted by:
𝑚1 𝑥1 +𝑚2 𝑥2 +⋯
Xcm = Where: m1, m2, … are the given the masses and the x1, x2,..
𝑚1 +𝑚2 +⋯ are the distances of the masses respectively from
the origin
CENTER OF GRAVITY (CG) OR GEOMETRIC CENTER – is the point in the system in which the
total weight is concentrated.
Note:
1.) The center of gravity of any regular objects such as sphere, cube or rod is at its center
while the center of gravity of irregular shape is at the point near to the center of its
mass.
2.) The center of gravity of two or more objects is denoted by
𝑤1 𝑥1 +𝑤2 𝑥2 +⋯ Where: w1, w2 , ….are the given the weights and the x1, x2,..
Xcg =
𝑤1 +𝑤2 +⋯ are center of gravity of the objects respectively.
‘The center of mass and center of gravity (geometric center) are almost identical in the
sense of size if the body is small the effect of g (local acceleration) might not vary. For
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uniform objects (mass & weight are equally distributed throughout its body say meter stick,
pencil, bond paper) the center of mass and geometric center are in the same location that
is at the center but for non-uniform objects (mass & weight of an object are no longer
equally distributed throughout its body say cone of ice cream, our body, stone of irregular
shape), the case is totally different.’
‘The purpose of finding or determining center of mass or center of gravity is for stability or
balancing. In vector, if the resultant is equal to zero this means that the different forces
(can be weight or tension or etc) that act on a body creates no effect the system is said to
be balance or stable. In your topics of momentum, Equilibrium, Static Newton’s Law, the
center of gravity of an objects play a significant role in the concepts and in the solutions
of the problems.’
MOMENTUM OR LINEAR MOMENTUM (Ρ)
● Property of moving object

● Vector quantity
● Inertia in motion
● The product of mass and velocity
ρ = mv
where: m =mass
v = velocity/speed
CONSERVATION OF LINEAR MOMENTUM
In the absent of external force that act on a system, the total linear momentum in the
system will remain constant.
Momentum lost = Momentum gained
A. Impulse
● The product of force and time interval.
● Impulses in interactions, are equal and opposite
Impulse = Ft
where: F = force
t = time interval
B. The Impulse-Momentum Theorem

● Impulse produces change in momentum.
Ft = mvf -mvi
where: mvf = final momentum
mvi = initial momentum
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‘In sports, we often heard a coach say “We have our momentum” or from any student who
doesn’t want to disturb, He keep on saying “I don’t want to lose my momentum in my studies”
So, when we say momentum it’s something to do with our consistency or stability while
we are at motion. And in basketball when scores are getting bad, the coach say, “Time out, we
need to break their momentum”. It is the time that the coach want to change the momentum of
the opponent team and that’s the Impulse.’

1. Consider two masses m1 = 25kg and m2= 53kg. If the two masses are position in x-axis
as shown in the figure below, determine the center of these masses
85cm
10cm
m2 m1
Solution:
𝑚1 𝑥1 +𝑚2 𝑥2 +⋯ (53𝑘𝑔)(0.10𝑚)+(25𝑘𝑔)(0.85𝑚)
Xcm = =
𝑚1 +𝑚2 +⋯ 53𝑘𝑔+25𝑘𝑔
26.55 𝑘𝑔 𝑚
=
78 𝑘𝑔
Xcm = 0.34 m,
Therefore the center of the two masses is 0.34 meters from the origin.
2. What is the momentum of a 55kg student running at a velocity of 4m/s ?
Solution:
ρ = mv
= (55 kg)(4 m/s)
ρ = 220 N.m/s
Therefore, the momentum of the student is 220 N.m/s.
3. A 0.48kg ball is moving at a speed of 5 m/s. How much force is needed to stop the ball in
0.25 second?
Solution:
Using the Impulse-Momentum theorem
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Ft = mvf -mvi
F (0.25s) = 0 – (0.48kg)(5m/s)
= (- 2.4 N/s) / (0.25s)
F = 0.60 N.
Therefore, a force of 0.60 Newton is required to stop the ball.
4. A 2.5 g bullet is fired from a 0.75kg gun and had a muzzle velocity of 350 m/s. What is the
velocity of the recoil of the gun?
(*recoil - a sudden backward movement especially in fire arms when it is fired
- change in momentum as a result of collision.)
Solution:
From the conservation of momentum,
Momentum lost = Momentum gained
Momentum (before) = Momentum (after), then the equation is,
m1 v1 = m2 v2 substituting the given from the problem, then
(2.5 g) (350m/s) = (0.75kg) v2 solve for v2
(0.0025 kg) (350m/s) = (0.75kg) v2 , dividing both sides of the equation by 0.75kg,
(0.0025 𝑘𝑔) (350𝑚/𝑠)
= v2
0.75𝑘𝑔
1.17 m/s = v2
Therefore, the velocity of the recoil of the gun is 1.17 m/s.
COLLISION- an interaction between two or more bodies.
Types of Collisions (Source: Silverio, A A.)
Perfectly Inelastic Elastic Inelastic

The bodies cling to each Bodies separate after Bodies separate after
other after collision and collision. collision.
move with a common
velocity (v)
Linear momentum is Linear momentum is Linear momentum is
conserved. conserved. conserved.
mAvA1 + mBvB1 = mAvA1 + mBvB1 = mAvA1 + mBvB1 =
(mA + mB)v mAvA2 + mBvB2 mAvA2 + mBvB2
Kinetic energy is not Kinetic energy is Kinetic energy is not
conserved. Some of the conserved conserved. Some of the
kinetic energy goes into kinetic energy goes into
dissipative forms like dissipative forms like
heat, sound, and heat, sound, and
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permanent deformation permanent deformation
of the body/bodies. of the body/bodies.
e=0 e=1 0<e<1
Coefficient of Restitution (e)
e Where: v1 & v2 are velocities after the collision

u1 & u2 are velocities before the collision
‘Collision is when two or more bodies collide or interact with its other. In collision,
momentum is conserved or the momentum before, during or after the collision is remain the
same. However, there is only a sharing or redistribution of momentum before the collision.’
‘In collision the, the kinetic energy is not conserved or it may change (it can be transformed
into heat, sound or bring deformation to the bodies) depending to the type of the collision, if it
is perfectly elastic, elastic or inelastic. The coefficient of restitution is also being used to
determine the types of collision.’
1.) A 1,000kg car moving at 10 m/s collides another car of 1200kg which moving from the
opposite direction at 15m/s. Determine the motion of each car after the impact if (a) e= 1/3,
(b) cars stick together and (c) the collision is perfectly elastic
Solution:
Solve for the velocities of the two cars after the collisions, using the concept of Conservation of
Momentum then,
momentum (before) = momentum (after), substituting the given from the problem
(1000kg)(10m/s)+(1200kg)(-15m/s)=(1000 kg)v1+(1200kg)v2; (-15m/s, since it is opposite in

direction)
(1/1000 kg)[-8,000kg.m/s =(1000 kg)v1 +(1200kg)v2], dividing both sides of the equation by
1000 kg
-8 m/s = v1 + 1.2 v2 eq. 1
Solve for v1 and v2, given the following conditions:
a.) e = 1/3
𝑣2− 𝑣1
e= 𝑢1 −𝑢2
substitute the value of e, u1 and u2
𝑣 − 𝑣1 𝑣2− 𝑣1
1/3 = 10𝑚 2 15𝑚 = 25𝑚
−(− )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
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8.33 m/s = v2 – v1 eq. 2
Solving for v1 & v2, from eq. 2
8.33 m/s + v1 = v2 , substituting v2 in eq. 1
-8 m/s = v1 + 1.2 (8.33 m/s + v1) solve for v1
-8 m/s = v1 + 9.996 m/s +1.2 v1
-17.996 m/s = 2.2 v1
- 8.18 m/s = v1 (The 1000kg car moves opposite from its original direction)
Solve for v2, from eq. 2
8.33 m/s + (-8.18 m/s ) = v2
0.15 m/s = v2 (The 1200kg car moves along its original direction)
b. cars stick together ( in this case v2 = v1 = v ), so from eq. 1
-8 m/s = v1 + 1.2 v2
- 8 m/s = 2.2 v
- 3.64 m/s = v (Both cars are moving opposite the direction of 1000kg car).
c. The collision is perfectly elastic (in this case e=1)

𝑣2− 𝑣1
e= 𝑢1 −𝑢2
, substitute the given from the problem
𝑣 − 𝑣1 𝑣2− 𝑣1
1 = 10𝑚 2 15𝑚 = 25𝑚
−(− )
𝑠 𝑠 𝑠
25 m/s = v2 –v1 eq. 4
From eq. 1 and 4, solve for v2 & v1
-8 m/s = v1 + 1.2 v2 substitute v2 (from eq. 4; v2 = 25m/s + v1)
-8 m/s = v1 + 1.2 (25m/s + v1)
- 8 m/s = 2.2 v1 + 30 m/s solve for v1
13.64 m/s = v1 (The 1000kg car moves 13.64 m/s after the collision)
From eq. 4, it follows that v2 is,
38.64 m/s = v2 (The 1200kg car moves 38.64 m/s after the collision)
2.) A tennis ball is dropped from a height h above the concrete flooring and rebound at the height
of 0.5 of height h. Determine the value of e between the tennis ball and the concrete flooring.
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Solution:
𝑣2− 𝑣1
e= 𝑢1 −𝑢2
, since the final and initial velocities of the floor are zero then,
𝑣2
e= − solve for v2 & u2, by conservation of energy and solving PE and KE
𝑢2
before and after the tennis ball bounce,
Before: PE=KE After: PE=KE
mgh=1/2mu22 mg(0.5h)=1/2mv22
2gh = u22 2g (0.5h) = v22 taking the square roots of both sides of the
equations
√2𝑔ℎ = u2 √𝑔ℎ = v2 (considering negative (-) for down direction)
Then, substituting v2 and u2 in the formula of e
𝑣2 (−√𝑔ℎ)
e= − ; e= − , cancelled g & h
𝑢2 √2𝑔ℎ
1
e = √2 = 0.71
Therefore the value of e is 0.71
CREATING
Let’s do these!!!
1.) Define center of mass and center of gravity
2.) Who do you think has a greater momentum between your car at rest and your moving
remote control car toy?
3.) Differentiate Impulse and force.
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4.) How elastic and inelastic types of collision do differs?
5.) If you want to have the same momentum with your car that has a mass of 1000 kg and
moving with a velocity of 20 m/s what will be your required velocity assuming your mass
is 125kg? What have you notice to your velocity and velocity of your car, does is
something to do with mass and mass of your car (What conclusion can you made out of
it)?
6)A 1000-kg car moving at 5 m/s runs into a 2000-kg van at rest. They couple upon collision
and move away as one body at , determine the velocity.
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Name: ______________________________________________________Score: __________
Section: ___________________ Instructor: _______________________ Date: ___________
DO THESE!!!
ACTIVITY 7
Center of Mass, Momentum, Impulse and Collisions
A.CONCEPTUAL QUESTIONS
a.) Differentiate center of mass and geometric center.
b.) Why doesn’t the Leaning Tower of Pisa topple? (Source:Hewitt, P)
c.) Two objects have the same momentum. Do the velocities of these objects necessarily
have (a) the same directions and (b) the same magnitudes? Give your reasoning in each
case. (Source:Cutnell & Johnson)
d.) How does impulse, is related to momentum?
e.) Differentiate elastic and inelastic collision through examples.
f.) How does the concept of collision be used to solve cases between colliding vehicles?
(Explain by describing the final velocities using the different types of collision)
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C. Problem Solving. Perform the following:
1.) Two spherical masses of radius and mass of 0.050 cm, 30g, 0.050cm and 85g respectively
are attached to a light horizontal rod of 1.2m. Where is the center of gravity of this system?
2.) A 500-g ball travelling with a velocity of 5m/s strikes a vertical wall and rebounds with a
velocity of 4m/s. Find (a) the change in momentum of the ball and (b) the impulse of the
collision. (Source: Abastillas, et al.)
3.) A fire hose ejects water at the rate of 60 kg of water per second at a speed of 40 m/s. With
what force must the firemen hold on the hose to keep it stationary? (Source: Abastillas, et
al.)
4.) Two particles of the same mass collide head-on. Determine the velocity of each particle
after the collision if
a.) e = 2/3
b.) they stick together
c.) the collision is perfectly elastic
5.) The coefficient of restitution between a ball and the floor is 0.60. If the ball is dropped from
rest at a height of 6.6m from the floor, (a) what maximum height will the ball attain after
the first bounce and (b) how much kinetic energy is lost during the impact if the mass of
the ball is 0.9 kg? (Source: Abastillas, et.,al.)
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.
GENERAL ΡHYSICS 1
Second Quarter
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ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
(Week 1)
Grading Period: Second Quarter

1. Moment of inertia
2. Angular position, angular velocity, angular acceleration
3. Torque
4. Static equilibrium
5. Rotational kinematics
6. work done by a torque

‘Solve multi-concept, rich context problems using concepts from rotational motion, fluids,
oscillations, gravity and thermodynamics.’

1. Calculate the moment of inertia about a given axis of single-object and multiple object
system
2. Calculate magnitude direction of torque using the definition of torque as cross product.
3. Describe rotational quantities using vectors.
4. Determine whether a system is in a static equilibrium or not.
5. Apply the rotational kinematics relations for system with constant angular acceleration.
6. Determine angular momentum of different systems.
7. Apply the torque-angular momentum relation.
8. Solve static equilibrium problem in context but not limited to see-saw, cable-hinge-strut
system, leaning ladders, and weighing a heavy suit case using a small bathroom scale.
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CONFIGURING
Figure B. Metal ball rolling
Figure A. Metal ball at rest
Metal
Met ball
al
Floor surface
ball
Floor surface
DECODING
1. Look at given figure. Describe the motion of the two figures.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Compare figures A and B, In what aspect are they the same ? Why. Explain.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain the two figure related to the arrows that you see.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
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ADVANCING
ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM AND ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
‘ From Newton’s law of motion, inertia is the resistance of the object to change its motion.
It means the object be at rest or continue to move in motion on a straight line. Likewise
rotational inertia, the object will also resist change in its motion while in rotational motion.
Rotational motion is a motion where object rotates on its own center of mass like the hands of
the clock, blades of electric fan.’
Moment of inertia ( Mi )
⮚ Is a measure to start a rotational motion of an object or to stop a body that is

rotating on its axis.
⮚ Two factors involve : The mass of the object and its distance from the angular
position or axis rotation.
⮚ It is difficult to start or to stop an object in rotational motion.
( Source : Workbook in General Physics 1 by Nipas, M, et al pp. 117, 2017 )
Formula : Single object multiple object
Mi = md2 Mi = Σ(md2) = m1 d1 2 + m2 d2 2 + m3 d3 2
Illustrative example : .Two grade 5 student are in a see saw. The first one has a mass of
28 kg and sitting 2.3 m from the fulcrum or the pivot point of the see saw. The
Second student is 35 kg and sitting on the other side 1.8 m from the fulcrum
Calculate the moment of inertia in the fulcrum of the see saw ?.
Solution:
it is convenient to draw the FB Diagram and given
28 kg fulcrum 35 kg
2.3 m 1.8m
Step 1. Identify and get the given above with correct units.
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Mi = Σ(md2) = m1 d1 2 + m2 d2 2 ( an example of multiple object )
= 28kg ( 2.3 m )2 + 35 kg ( 1.8 m )2
Step 3 Mi = 261.52 kg•m2 ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, moment of inertia in the fulcrum is Mi = 261.52 Kg. m 2 ( conclusion )
Note : to use the single object formula, consider one object only.
Angular position, angular velocity and angular acceleration
Angular description and analysis

ω1 where: ω = angular velocity, rad/sec
α α = angular acceleration, rad/sec2

θ
•
ω2 θ = angular displacement, rad
axis of rotation
t = time, sec.
Angular position
⮚ Sometimes called the object position

⮚ It describe the distance of the object from the axis of rotation
⮚ How far the object rotated from point 1 to point 2.
Angular velocity ( ω )
⮚ It is the angle turned through per unit time
Formula : ω = ∆θ / ∆t
Angular displacement ( θ )
Formula : ∆θ = θ2 – θ1
Angular acceleration ( α )
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Formula : α = ∆ω / ∆t
Illustrative example: .A car tire starting from rest and accelerate to an angular velocity of
3.2 rev per second. .After 8 seconds , calculate the angular acceleration ?
Solution:
ω = 3.2 rev/s t=8s Find α = ?
∆ω ω2 – ω1 3.2 rev/s - 0
α = --------- = -------------- = -------------------------
∆t t2 – t1 8 s - 0
Step 3 α = 0.4 rev/s2 ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, the angular acceleration is o.4 rev/s 2 ( conclusion )
Torque ( T )
⮚ To turn an object or move on its axis of rotation, a force must be applied

perpendicular in that direction..
⮚ The product of the force and its perpendicular distance (moment or lever arm )
at a given axis of rotation
⮚ The three factors : Force , perpendicular distance and axis of rotation are
needed to produce torque .
⮚ Tendency of torque is to produce rotation on the body
⮚ Example : can opener, tire wrench , push a door.
.
Formula ;
T = F x perpendicular distance
Where : T = torque , N.m

F = force , N or lbs
d = perpendicular distance at a given axis of rotation,m,cm, forms 90ᵒ
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F
Axis of rotation 90 ᵒ
●
axis A
Perpendicular distance
Illustrative example: In the above figure, if the force applied is 30 N and the distance from the
axis of rotation ( axis A ) is 7 meters. Find the torque produce ?
F = 30 N d = 7 meters Find T = ?
T=Fxd = 30 N x 7m
Step 3 T = 210 Nm ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, The torque produce is 210 N.m ( conclusion)
Static equilibrium
⮚ static involve analysis of forces that are either at rest or in motion

⮚ Equilibrium means balance./
⮚ It also mean the system or body has no acceleration ( a =0 )
Two conditions for an object to remain in equilibrium
1. Vector sum of all forces acting on a body must be zero,

⮚ If the object is at rest, it remains at rest
⮚ If the object is moving, motion continue unchanged.
Formula : ΣF = 0 ,
ΣFx = 0, Fx1 + Fx2 + Fx3 . . . = 0 ( forces horizontally )
ΣFy = 0, Fy1 + Fy2 + Fy3 . . . = 0 ( forces vertically )
2. Object is rotationally stable
⮚ Forces are acting without tipping or fall over
Formula : ΣT = 0,
ΣF = 0, T1 + T2 + T3 ( forces rotationally )
ΣT = 0, F1 d1 + F2 d 2 + F3 d3 . . .
Note : assume sign of direction

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1. for horizontal and vertical forces, use one direction positive and the other direction
Is negative or vice versa.
2. for rotational force, assume counter clockwise is positive and the other is negative.
Illustrative problem :Two carpenters are on both end a seven meter solid wood to carry four
bags of cement. The first one is 3.0 meters from the cement bags exerting a force
of 20 N and the opposite side is 4.0 meters from the bags. a) Find the force exerted
by the other carpenter ( use 2 nd condition of equilibrium ) b ) Calculate force,P at the
point where those bags are hang to balance the system ( by 1 st condition )
Solution:
it is convenient to draw the FB Diagram and given
P=?
A B
F1 = 20 N 3m fulcrum 4m F2 = ?
Finding F2 by 2nd condition of equilibrium
ΣF = 0, T1 + T2 + T3 ( using counter clockwise + and axis B )

ΣT = 0, F1 d1 – F2 d 2 = 0
ΣT = 0, 20 N ( 3 m ) + F2 (4 m ) = 0 . .
F2 = 15 Newtons ( answer )
Finding P by 1st condition of equilibrium
ΣFy = 0, Fy1 + Fy2 + Fy3 . . . = 0 ( all forces are 0vertical )

ΣFy = 0, – 20N + P – 15N = 0
P = 35 Newtons ( answer )
Checking : If system is in equilibrium ( use 1 st condition of equilibrium )
94
P= 35 N
A B
F1 = 20 N fulcrum F2 = 15 N
ΣFy = 0, Fy1 + Fy2 + Fy3 . . . = 0 ( assume upward forces + )
20N – 35 N + 15N = 0 ( by subtraction )
35 N – 35 N = 0
0 = 0 ( equilibrium )
Step 3 F2 = 15 N and P = 35 N ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale

).
Therefore, force, F2 = 15N and P = 35 N to balance the system ( conclusion
Rotational kinematics
⮚ For rotational motion , refer to the figure above.( including the formula )
⮚ It gives us an idea to analyse the object at every point along rotational motion
⮚ On how to identify the object angular acceleration. Angular displacement and
Angular velocity.
⮚ How units are related in the different angular measure.
Work done by a torque

F
Force
Radius, r
⮚ Conventionally Work = Force x distance.
⮚ For rotational motion and using the concept
⮚ when angular dis-placement Is small. and torque is constant
Formula Work = Torque x angular displacement, θ
⮚ When torque is constant and there is a change in angular displacement, θ

95
Formula : Work = Torque x change in angular displacement, ( θ 2 – θ1)
Angular momentum
⮚ Similar to linear momentum, rotational motion has a momentum
Formula : Angular momentum ( P ) = moment of inertia x angular velocity
P = md2 ( ω )
Illustrative example: Find the angular momentum of an object moving at 5 radian / sec. in a
Rotational motion having a mass of 6kg at radius 2 meters.
Solution:
Given: m = 6 kg d or r = 2 m ω = 5 rad/s
P = md2 ( ω ) = 6kg ( 2m )2 ( 5 rad/s )
Step 3 P = 60 kg.m/s ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, the angular momentum is 60 kg.m /s ( conclusion )
CREATING
Let’s do these!!!
A. Answer the following
1. Give an example of an object (at rest) that is in the state of Inertia and explain.
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96
2. Describe angular displacement of an object moving in circular motion.
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3. Explain the first condition of equilibrium.
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4. What is an angular momentum ? elaborate
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B. Solve the following using the different steps.
1. Complete the table using moment of inertia formula ( single object )
Mi m d
1340 kg.m2 54 kg
2592 kg.m2 : : 12m
9 kg 38m
2. An air con steel wrench is 0.92 meter long. The technician uses a force of 325 N
to rotate and open the water valve. Calculate the torque a ) by formula b) by cross
product.
a) solution : ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
97
b) solution : ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
3. From the given figure: a ) solve force P by 1st condition of equilibrium and
b) distance d by 2nd condition of equilibrium ?
F1 = 28 N F2 = 18 N
A fulcrum B
1.25m d =?
P=?
a) solution : ___________________________
____________________________
____________________________
b) solution : ___________________________
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4. A certain object is travelling at 10 rad/s with mass of 5 kg . If he is in a rotational motion

with radius 2m. Find a) angular momentum b) change in angular displacement if the
final angular displacement is 18.34 rad/s.
solution a : ___________________________
____________________________
____________________________
Solution b : ___________________________
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Name: _________________________________________ Score: ___________
Section: ______________ Instructor: __________________ Date: ____________
DO THESE!!!
ACTIVITY 8
ROTATIONAL EQUILIBRIUM ROTATIONAL DYNAMICS
1. Give an example of an moving object that is in the state of Inertia and explain.
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2. Compare : angular displacement of an object moving in circular motion. and linear

displacement off an object moving on a straight line
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3. Explain how do a given system is in equilibrium by relating the 1 st and 2nd condition of
eq.
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4. Give and explain the different factors in rotational motion .

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5. Differentiate Torque in a rotational motion and work.

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B. Problem Solving
1. A stone is place between a long span of steel beam that act as a fulcrum. A 35 kg teen
sit 3.5 m from the fulcrum and his 42 kg friend sit on the opposite side by 2.88 m from
the fulcrum. Find a) moment of inertia for single object , b) moment of inertia for multiple
object
2. A cyclist pedalling his bike exert a force of 25N on the pedal. If the pedal arm is 35 cm,
Calculate a) torque produce by the pedal b) if the diagram of the cross product forms
a rectangle, compute the torque.
3. 3. From the given figure: a ) solve force F1 using 2 nd condition of equilibrium and
b) F2 by 1st condition of equilibrium ? c) prove that the system is in equilibrium
F1 = ? F2 = ?
A 2m 5m 3m B
F3 = 300N F4 = 600N
100
4. The hour and minute hands of the clock has a displacement of 12 radian to 30 radian.
The change in temperature is 3 seconds Find a) change in the displacement of the
clock. b) calculate the angular velocity.
5. An object of mass 8 kg travels in circular motion at 15 rad/sec .The radius of the rotation
is 4m. Find a) angular momentum b) change in angular displacement if the final
angular displacement is 20 rad/s.
101
GRAVITY
(Weeks 2)

1. Newton’s law of universal gravitation
2. Gravitational field
4. Orbits
5. Keppler’s law of planetary motion
Source : https://tinyurl.com/yywoy9nm

‘Solve multi-concept, rich context problems using concepts from rotational motion, fluids,
oscillations, gravity and thermodynamics.’

1. UseNewton’s law of gravitation to infer gravitational force, weight, and acceleration due
to gravity.
2. Discuss the physical significance of gravitational field
3. Apply the concept of gravitational energy in Physics problem.
4. Calculate the quantities related to planetary or satellite motion.
5. For circular orbits, relate keppler’s third law of planetary motion to Newton’s law of
gravitation and centripetal acceleration
Source : https://tinyurl.com/yywoy9nm .
CONFIGURING
8 KM PER SECOND
FIGURE B
100 KM PER HOUR
FIGURE A .
102
DECODING
1. Compare figures A and B, What is the difference between them. Explain.
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2. Can you identify the name of the objects in the figure and compare.
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3. What are the use of this figures in the real life.?
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ADVANCING
GRAVITY
Newton’s Law of universal gravitation
⮚ State that “ Every particle of matter in the universe there is an attraction every
other particle that is directly proportional to the product of the mass of the
particle and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them.”
⮚ The law is the break through in space exploration
⮚ Satellite to orbit follows this law.
⮚ Also applicable between distance among heavenly bodies. .
mass ( m1 ) mass ( m2 )
distance
103
G (m1 ) ( m2)
Formula : F = ---------------------------
d2
Where : F = force of attraction on the body, N

m1, m2 = masses , kg
d = distance between particle, m
G = gravitational constant = 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2 / kg2
( Source :College Physics by Sears, F., et al pp 64 )
What is the gravitational attraction on the line between 30 kg student and her 45 kg. mother
who 0.98 meter apart in the enrolment .
m1 = 30 kg ( boy ) m2 = 45 kg (mother )
F=?
d = 0.98 meter
G (m1 ) ( m2 )
Formula : F = ---------------------------
d2
Solution:
Given : m1 = 30 kg m2 = 45 kg d=2m ( units are compatible )
G (m1 ) ( m2) 6.67 x 10 -11 Nm2 / kg2 ( 30 kg )( 45 kg )

F = --------------------------- = -------------------------------------------------------
d2 ( 0.98 m ) 2
Step 3 F = 9.375 x 10 – 8 Newton’s( Answer contains correct numerical value and

scale ).
Therefore, the force of attraction is 9.375 x 10 – 8 Newtons ( conclusion )
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Gravitational field
⮚ Force of attraction of the earth on a body

⮚ The weight of the body is the gravitational force with which earth attracts the
body.
⮚ Gravitational field is similar to the magnetic field
⮚ Sometimes called the earth gravitational field
⮚ As we go away from the center , gravitational field also deceases.
⮚ It is also the reason why moon orbits the earth, since g is constant
⮚ Gravitational acceleration ( g ) has a constant value
⮚ g = 9.8 m / s2 , 980 dynes / cm2 and 32 ft / s2
⮚ aside from the formula for attraction, F = mg is the other formula that is related.
( Source :College Physics by Sears, F., et al pp 67 )
Gravitational Potential Energy
⮚ It is the energy store on the body or possess when place to a certain height
with respect to specific line reference and the most important is the body is
placed in a gravitational field.
⮚ The higher the object will be place, the greater the energy will be stored due to
Gravitational force.
⮚ Height is important for the object to gain greater potential energy due to gravity
⮚ When a body goes against the force of gravity, potential energy is negative.
⮚ The reason : body is moving away from the gravitational field
⮚ Obviously , it is the force pull the object downward.
Formula : GPE = Wh = mgh
Where : W = weight
m = mass
h = height
g = gravitational constant.
( Source : Olfu Physics 1 lecture guide, pp 63 )
Illustrative Example : Find the potential energy of a 200 kg boulder raised to a height
of 12 feet. ?
Solution:
Given : m1 = 200 kg h = 12 feet x meter / 3.28 ft. = 3.66 m ( units are

compatible )
105
GPE = mgh = 200kg x 9.8 m/s2 x 3.66 m
Step 3 GPE = 71,736 Joules ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, the GPE is 71,738 joules ( conclusion )
Relation between law of gravitation, gravitational field, gravitational potential

energy.
⮚ For the universal gravitation, notice that the force of attraction of the two body
are normally horizontal. either attraction or repulsion.
⮚ While gravitational field, the force of attraction he on the body is attracted
downward due to gravity.
⮚ And gravitational potential energy, the body must be raised to a certain height
to better use the attraction force.
Orbits
History about orbit
⮚ Newton is the one who for see that satellite can orbit the earth
⮚ He assumes that the satellite need to move at 8 km/sec.
⮚ In the modern time, scientist use Newton’s third law of motion to send satellite
Into orbit by placing a rocket.
⮚ The rocket will push the satellite to the desired height before vertically before
moving in horizontal motion
⮚ The required speed of the satellite must be attained to be able to in the orbit.
Meaning
⮚ Regular and repeating circular path of a satellite or object in space

⮚ This is the path were heavenly bodies move around like the planet, moon and
stars.
⮚ It is a result when heavenly bodies balance in a straight motion that cause a
pull of gravity by another body.
106
Factors that the satellite motion in the orbit
1. Gravitational attraction of the earth

⮚ Satellite maintain about 200 km vertical distance before making a horizontal
Motion.
2. speed travelling at a straight line
⮚ It needs about 11 km/sec to move horizontally so that it can avoid the earth
gravitational attraction and can go outer space.
Some formula in satellite motion computation
Fg = Gm1m2 / d2 Fc = mv2 / r ( Fc = centripetal force )
𝐺𝑀
V= √ radius of the earth, r = 6.38 x 10 6 m
𝑟
24
V = velocity Mass of earth, M = 5.97 x 10 kg
T ( time ) = 2π r / v
Illustrative Example : A satellite is rounding the earth. Find its velocity if the radius between
Earth and the satellite is 1.02 x10 6 m.
Solution:
Given : r = 1.02 x 106 m Find V = ? ( units are compatible )
(6.67 x 10- 11) ( 5.97 x 1024 )

𝐺𝑀
V= √ 𝑟
= ------------------------------------
1.02 x 106 m
Step 3 V = 390,391 m/s ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, the velocity is 390,391 m/s ( conclusion )
107
Keppler’s law of planetary motion
⮚ Keppler’s law is all about the behaviour of the planetary system.

⮚ The distance, speed, orbit of the planetary system
The Three Laws
1. Keppler’s First law of planetary motion
⮚ State that ‘ all planets moving around the sun is in elliptical orbit with
sun as one of the foca or point ( singular of Foci from the ellipse term )
⮚ The Foca are two points between the sun and the planet revolving
that result into elliptical shape of the orbit.
⮚ As the two points becomes nearer in its distance, the shape become
a circle.
⮚ The first law is all about the distances of the planetary system
2. Keppler’s Second law of planetary motion
⮚ State that ‘From the sun to the planet has equal space areas and equal time
interval’
⮚ All about the planet speed moving around the sun.
⮚ They do not have constant speed but maintain its angular momentum
3. Keppler’s third law of planetary motion
⮚ State that the square of period ( T) of any two planets that moves around the
sun are directly proportional to the cube of their mean distance ( r ) from the
sun.
⮚ It means how planet moves around the sun.
(T1 ) 2 ( r 1)2
Formula : ----- = --------
(T2 ) 2 ( r 2 )2
( Source :Contemporary Physics by Uy, C., pp 88 )
Illustrative Example :
Given: Distance of earth to sun is 1.5 x 10 11 m .
Distance of mercury to sun is 5.8 x 10 11 m .
Find the period or time to mercury to make a complete orbit revolution ?
Solution:

108
Given : For earth : T = 365 days r = 1.5 x 10 11 m
For mercury T = ? r= 5.8 x 10 11 m
(T1 ) 2 ( r 1)2 T1 . 5. 8 x 1011 m

----- = -------- , ------- = -------------- ( cross multiply )
(T2 ) 2 ( r 2 )2 365 day 1.5 x 1011 m
Step 3 T1 = 1,411 days ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, T1 = 1,411 days for one revolution ( conclusion )
CREATING
Let’s do these!!!
1. Differentiate: Weight and acceleration due to gravity.

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2. What is the importance of gravitational field in our daily life ?

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3. Why do we need keppler”s law of planetary motion ?
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4.. What is the gravitational attraction on the line between two objects whose masses are
58 kg and 75 kg respectively and are1.25 meter apart.
a) solution : ___________________________
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109
5. What is the potential energy of a 165 kg wrestler that climb 625 cm. ?
a) solution: ___________________________
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6. A satellite is rounding the earth. Find its velocity if the radius between earth and the
satellite is 2.05 x10 7 m.
a) solution: ___________________________
____________________________
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7. Given: Distance of earth to sun is 1.5 x 1011 m and Distance of mars to sun
is 2.3 x 1011 m Find period or time mercury to make a complete orbit revolution ?
solution : ___________________________
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Name: _______________________________________ Score: ___________
Section: ______________ Instructor: ___________________ Date: _________
DO THESE!!!
ACTIVITY 9
GRAVITY
C. Conceptual Question
1. How Newton’s law of gravitation is related top gravitational force. Explain

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2. Give example that will show the importance of gravitational field.

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3. Relate importance of Physics to satellite and orbit . Elaborate.

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4. Explain : Keppler’s first law of planetary motion

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D. Problem Solving
1. The gravitational attraction between two objects is 5.2 x 10 -8 N . The mass 48 kg and
are 2.0 meter apart. . What is the mass of the other object ?
111
2. The potential energy of a volleyball player is 7.683.2 joules. The mass is 98 kg. What is
the height of the stair the player use ?
3. A satellite is rounding the earth. Find its velocity if the radius between earth and the
satellite is 1.03 x10 5 m.
4. Given: Distance of Venus to sun is 1.08 x 10 11 m and Distance of mars to sun

is 2.3 x 1011 m ( 688 days ) . Find period or time mercury to make a complete orbit
revolution ?
112
PERIODIC MOTION, WAVES and SOUNDS
(Week 3 )

1.Periodic Motion
2. Simple harmonic motion: spring-mass system, simple pendulum
3. Damped and Driven oscillation
4. Periodic Motion experiment
5. Mechanical waves
6. Sound
7. Wave Intensity
8. Interference and beats
10 Standing waves
11. Doppler effect

1. Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement, velocity,

and acceleration of oscillating systems:
2. Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic motion;
3. Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum, and physical
pendulum;
4. Differentiate underdamped, over damped, and critically damped motion
5. Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and
sinusoidal wave
6. From a given sinusoidal wave function infer the speed, wavelength, frequency, period,
direction, and wave number
7. Apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the distance from
the source.
8. Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the superposition of waves
9. Apply the condition for standing waves on a string
10. Relate the frequency (source dependent) and wavelength of sound with the motion of
the source and the listener
113
CONFIGURING:
‘We are fascinated and amazed the way we communicate to our families
and friends using our cellphones. We’re at fun of using these gadgets every
minute in our daily life, but have you ever ask how your cellphone does received messages or do
you have any idea of how your messages were being sent to your phone in the absence of any
wire connecting your gadget to another.’
DECODING:
‘Base from the above cases, can you imagine how do those messages
(text, audio or visual) travelled through the air or space. Currently we
are now in the wireless technology and as off now we already in fourth
generation (4G). And when we say wireless her comes the word signal,
frequency, amplitude, and period and so on. As we go on with these topics we will be able to
describe the behavior of our messages as these travel in air or in space resembling waves.’
ADVANCING:
‘Many kinds of motion repeat themselves over and over: the vibration of
quartz crystal in a watch, the swinging pendulum of a grandfather clock, the sound vibration
produced by a clarinet or an organ pipe, and the back-and-forth motion of the pistons in a car
engine, the motion creates by the swing when you play on it. We call this periodic motion or
oscillation.’
Understanding periodic motion will be essential for our later study of waves, sound,
alternating electric currents and light.
PERIODIC MOTION
Periodic Motion is a motion that repeat about a point of stable equilibrium. A necessary
requirement for periodic motion is a restoring force.
Illustration:
( Source : Workbook in General Physics 1 by Nipas, M. et al. , pp 130 )
114
Amplitude (A) – this is the maximum displacement from the equilibrium position. The SI unit of
amplitude is meter.
Period (𝜏) – this is the time for one cycle. The SI unit is the second, but it is sometimes expressed
as “seconds per cycle”.
Frequency (f) – is the number of cycles in a unit of time. The SI unit of frequency is the hertz:
Angular Frequency (𝜔) – is also known as radial or circular frequency, it measures angular
displacement per unit time.
1 hertz = 1 Hz = 1 cycle/s = 1 s-1
, rad/s
CHARACTERISTICS
● Wavelength is the distance between any two successive points in a wave that are in phase
with each other.
1. An ultrasonic transducer (a kind of loud speaker) used for medical diagnosis oscillates at a
frequency of 6.7 MHz = 6.7 x 10 6 Hz. How much time does each oscillation take and what is
the angular frequency ( Young & Freedman )
1 1
Solution: 𝑓= 𝜏=
𝜏 𝑓
115
1
𝜏= 6.7 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧
= 1.5 𝑥 10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑐 = 0.15 µ𝑠
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 , rad/s
𝜔 = 2𝜋 (6.7 𝑥 106 𝐻𝑧)
𝑟𝑎𝑑
𝜔 = 2𝜋 (6.7 𝑥 106 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒)
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝜔 = 4.2 𝑥 107 rad/s
Result: this is very rapid vibration, with large f, 𝜔 and small 𝜏.
2. A piano string sounds a middle A by vibrating primarily at 220 Hz.
a. Calculate its period and angular frequency.

b. Calculate the period and angular frequency for a soprano singing a “high A”. Two
octaves up, which is four times the frequency of the piano string.
Solution:
1
a. 𝜏 = 𝑓
= 1 / 220 Hz = 4.55 x 10-3 = 4.55 ms
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2π(220) = 1.38 x 103 rad/s
b. Since the frequency is four times thus 220 Hz times 4 is 880 Hz.
1
𝜏 = = 1 / 880 Hz = 1.14 x 10-3 = 1.14 ms
𝑓
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = 2π(880 Hz) = 5.53 x 103 rad/s
SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION
The very simplest kind of oscillation occurs when the restoring force Fx is directly proportional
to the displacement from equilibrium x. This happens if the spring is an ideal one that obeys
Hooke’s Law. The proportionality constant between Fx and x is the force constant k.
● Simple Harmonic Motion (SHM) is a periodic vibratory motion about an equilibrium

position.
In SHM, the object moves in a uniform path, there is variable force acting on it,
the magnitude of the force is proportional to the displacement of the mass, the force is
116
always opposite in direction to the direction of the displacement , and the movement is
repetitive, (back and forth and always made in equal time periods).
Elastic Spring
⮚ Fx = - kx (restoring force exerted by an ideal spring)

The x – component of the force the spring exerts on the body is the negative of
this. Fx < 0.
⮚ It is always directed towards the equilibrium position.
Note: For the acceleration of harmonic oscillator, provided that the angular speed 𝜔 with
a reference of a certain point is related to the force constant k and mass of the
oscillating body.
Formula: Note:
Where: =
Simple Pendulum
In simple pendulum the period (𝜏 ) is determine as;
Where:: L –length
g – local acceleration
117
1. A spring is mounted horizontally with its left end held stationary. By attaching a spring
balance to the free end and pulling toward the right, it is determined that the stretching force is
proportional to the displacement and that a force of 6.0 N causes a displacement of 0.030 m.
When the spring balance is remove and attach a 0.50 Kg body to the end, pull it a distance of
0.020 m, then release it and watch it oscillate. ( Source : Workbook in General Physics 1 by
Nipas, M. et al. , pp 135 )
a. Find the force constant of the spring

b. Find the angular frequency, and period of oscillation.
Solution:
a. Find the force constant of the spring using the formula
𝐹𝑥 −6.0 𝑁 𝑁
𝐹 = −𝑘𝑥 𝑘= − = − = 200 = 200 𝑁/𝑚
𝑥 0.030 𝑚 𝑚
The force constant of the spring is 200 N/m
b. Find the angular frequency, and period of oscillation. Using m = 0.50 Kg
Solving for angular frequency:
𝑘 200 𝑘𝑔/𝑠 2
𝜔= √ = √ = 20 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑚 0.50 𝐾𝑔
Solving for frequency:
𝜔 20 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝑓= 2𝜋
= 2𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
= 3.2 𝑠
= 3.2 𝐻𝑧
Solving for period of oscillation:

1 1
𝜏= 𝑓
= 3.2 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒/𝑠
= 0.31 𝑠
Therefore the frequency and period are 3.2 Hz and 0.31 sec. respectively.
2.What is the period of a pendulum of length 0.5 m on the moon where g = 1.6 m/s2?
Solution: Solve for period

118
𝐿
𝜏 = 2𝜋√
𝑔
= 2π√(0.5/1.6)
• 𝜏 = 3.51seconds
Therefore the period is 3.51 seconds.
Damped Motion
● Damping Motion - a decrease or reduction in the amplitude of an oscillation as a result of energy

being drained from the system to overcome frictional or other resistive forces. Shock absorbers in
automobiles, carpet pads and when the child stop pushing the swing are example of damping
devices and damping since the motion slows down until it stops. Damping motion is describe as:
a. Under damped - oscillations are observable in the system but the amplitude
of oscillation is reduced gradually with time this is due to the small amount of
resistive force applied in the system.
b. Critically damped – is an especial case of damped motion that is a large

resistive force is applied resulting the system returns to its equilibrium position
in the shortest period of time without any oscillation.
c. Over damped - The system returns to the equilibrium position very slowly,
without any oscillation. Over damped occurs when the resistive forces exceed
those of critical damping.
If you are trying to stop a swing from moving back and forth (motion in SHM) and you
apply a small amount of resistive force resulting for the swing to slow down for a quiet large time
then it is under damped, but when you apply a large resistive force and you able to stop the
swing in a shortest period of time then it is critically damped. However if you apply a very large
amount of force resulting to sudden stoppage of the swing then it is said to be as over damped.
119
CREATING:
Let’s Do These!!!
1.) Define periodic and simple harmonic motions
2.) What are the different types of damped motion?
3.) A load of 50 N stretches a vertical spring by 0.15 m. What is the spring constant?
4.) What is the frequency (f) of a 3m swing at the North Pole, where g = 9.8 m/s 2?
120
Name: ________________________________________________ Score: ___________
Section: _________________ Instructor: ______________________ Date: ___________
Do These!!!
ACTIVITY 10
Periodic and Simple Harmonic Motions
1. Cite an example of a system in a periodic motion and relate the following; amplitude,
frequency and period.
2. Give an example of an object in simple harmonic motion and relate the different
conditions of SHM.
3. Differentiate the three types of damped motion.
B. Problem Solving. Perform the following:

1. A particle is attached to a spring that creates a vibration with a frequency of 8 Hz.
Determine the period of vibrations and the angular frequency.
121
2. A transducer was used to oscillates a certain frequency for about 50 𝑥 10−6 𝑠𝑒𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑑𝑠.
Find the frequency of the transducer that transmit during its use;
3. If the angular frequency of an object is 6400 radians per second how fast is the
frequency of the object?
4. a.) A simple pendulum has a period of 2.95 seconds in the surface of the earth,
determine its length.
b.) Assuming it is to be taken to the moon, what will be its period if the acceleration
due to gravity is 1.6m/s2 ?
5. A 6.0 Kg block hung on a spring causes a 9.0 m elongation of the spring.
a. What is the restoring force exerted on the block by the spring? (F = mg)
b. What is the spring constant?
122
c. What force is required to stretch this spring 11.5 cm horizontally?
d. Find the elongation of the spring if it acquires a force of 65 N, using the spring
constant computed in (b).
e. Calculate the period of oscillation of the spring.
123
(Weeks 4 to 5 ) cont….

1.Periodic Motion
2. Simple harmonic motion: spring-mass system, simple pendulum
3. Damped and Driven oscillation
4. Periodic Motion experiment
5. Mechanical waves
6. Sound
7. Wave Intensity
8. Interference and beats
10 Standing waves
11. Doppler effect

1. Relate the amplitude, frequency, angular frequency, period, displacement, velocity, and
acceleration of oscillating systems:
2.Recognize the necessary conditions for an object to undergo simple harmonic motion;
3.Calculate the period and the frequency of spring mass, simple pendulum, and physical
pendulum;
4. Differentiate underdamped, over damped, and critically damped motion
5. Define mechanical wave, longitudinal wave, transverse wave, periodic wave, and sinusoidal
wave
6. From a given sinusoidal wave function infer the speed, wavelength, frequency, period,
direction, and wave number
7. Apply the inverse-square relation between the intensity of waves and the distance from the
source.
8. Describe qualitatively and quantitatively the superposition of waves
9. Apply the condition for standing waves on a string
10. Relate the frequency (source dependent) and wavelength of sound with the motion of the
source and the listener
124
CONFIGURING:
‘We are fascinated and amazed the way we communicate to our families
and friends using our cellphones. We’re at fun of using these gadgets every
minute in our daily life, but have you ever ask how your cellphone does received messages or do
you have any idea of how your messages were being sent to your phone in the absence of any
wire connecting your gadget to another.’
DECODING:
‘Base from the above cases, can you imagine how do those messages
(text, audio or visual) travelled through the air or space. Currently we
are now in the wireless technology and as off now we already in fourth
generation (4G). And when we say wireless her comes the word signal,
frequency, amplitude, and period and so on. As we go on with these topics we will be able to
describe the behavior of our messages as these travel in air or in space resembling waves.’
ADVANCING:
MECHANICAL WAVES and SOUNDS
A wave is a disturbance travelling through a medium or in vacuum. Mechanical waves

are waves that require a medium. This means that they have to have some sort of matter to
travel through.
Wavelength denoted by , it is the length of one complete wave pattern.

𝑣
𝜆 = 𝑓.
Where 𝑣 is the ave. speed and 𝑓 is the frequency.
Waves are classified according to their nature and according to their direction of vibration:
● Longitudinal wave is one in which the particles of the medium vibrate parallel to the
direction of the wave propagation. Its waves are composed of compressions (refers to
crest in transverse waves) where particles of medium are closer together and rarefactions
(refers to trough) where they are apart. Example of longitudinal waves are sound waves.
● Transverse wave is one in which the particles of the medium are vibrating perpendicularly
to the direction of wave propagation.
The velocity of transverse wave in a string is;
𝑇
𝑣= √
𝑢
125
Where: v = velocity
T = tension (in N)
u = linear mass density (in kg/m)
Note: a. Linear mass density (u) = mass (m) / length (l),

b.Linear mass density is also equal to to the product of mass density
(ρ) and
cross sectional area of the string (πr2)
𝑇 𝑇𝑙 𝑇
𝑣 = √𝑢 ; 𝑣 = √𝑚 ; 𝑣 = √𝜌𝜋𝑟2
( Source : Workbook in General Physics 1 by Nipas, M. et al. pp138, 2017 )
● Sinusoidal Wave
The value of y depends on which particle we are talking about (that is, y is a function on
x) and on time t when it completes one whole period. Thus, y is a function of both x and
t.
126
2𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡)
𝜆
Where: 𝐴 − 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒 𝜆 − 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ 𝑣 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦
Illustrative Example 1. George is playing with a rope. He knots the other end on a taut, and
wiggles the other end up and down sinusoidally with a frequency of 2.5 Hz and amplitude of 0.5m.
the wave speed is 𝑣 = 12 𝑚/𝑠 at time 𝑡 = 0. Find the angular frequency, amplitude, period,
wavelength and the wave function that best describe the wave.
Solution:
a. 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑣𝑒 𝑓𝑜𝑟 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
𝑟𝑎𝑑 𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒
𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓 = (2𝜋 ) (2.5 ) = 5𝜋 𝑟𝑎𝑑/𝑠
𝑐𝑦𝑐𝑙𝑒 𝑠
𝑏. 𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑢𝑑𝑒, 𝐴 = 0.5𝑚
c. Solve for period
1 1
𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑜𝑑, 𝑇 = 𝑓
= 2.5 = 0.40 𝑠
d. Solve for wavelength
𝑚
𝑣 12
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ, 𝜆 = = 𝑠 = 4.8 𝑚
𝑓 2.5 𝑠 −1
e. Determine the wave function

2𝜋
𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑓𝑢𝑛𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 = 𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 𝑣𝑡)
𝜆
2𝜋
𝑦 = 𝐴𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − (12)(0.4))
4.8
5𝜋
𝑦 = 0.5𝑠𝑖𝑛 (𝑥 − 4.8)
12
Illustrative Example 2.
A string 4 m long has a mass of 0.03 kg. one end is fastened to stop and the other hangs over a
pulley with a 2-kg mass attached. What is the speed of a transverse wave in the string?
Solution: Solve for the speed,
Given: m = 3g; T = mg = (2kg) (9.8 m/s2) = 19.6 N; length (l) = 4m

127
𝑇𝑙
𝑣= √ , substituting all the given in the formula
𝑚
(19.6 𝑁)(4𝑚)
𝑣= √ 0.03 𝑘𝑔
= 51.12 m/s
Sounds
‘Sound is produced when an object vibrates. Sound waves are longitudinal waves produced by
a vibrating body. They travel through a medium, such as solid, liquid or gas. Sound waves need
a medium for the disturbance to travel from one point to another. Sound waves cannot travel
through vacuum. The nature and propagation of sound wave may be demonstrated by a tuning
fork. A tuning fork is a metal object with two prongs. Sound waves can be reflected, refracted,
diffracted and can be combine constructively or destructively.’
‘The speed of sound increases with increase in temperature. As a sound wave moves out from a
source, its energy is spread more and more thinly. Sounds produced by regular vibrations of the
air are musical. Irregular vibrations of the air are classified as unpleasant sounds or noise. The
speed of sound in room temperature is 343 m/s.’
Speed of Sound in different medium (Longitudinal Wave)
For Solids For liquid and gases for ideal gases

𝑌 𝛽 𝛾𝑅𝑇
𝑣= √ 𝑣= √ 𝑣= √
𝜌 𝜌 𝑀
Where:
𝑌 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑌𝑜𝑢𝑛𝑔′ 𝑠𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝜌 𝑖𝑠 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝛽 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑏𝑢𝑙𝑘 𝑚𝑜𝑑𝑢𝑙𝑢𝑠
𝛾 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜 𝑜𝑓 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑡𝑜 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑖𝑓𝑖𝑐 ℎ𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑎𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒
𝐽
𝑅 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑢𝑛𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑟𝑠𝑎𝑙 𝑔𝑎𝑠 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 (8.314 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾
𝑇 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑎𝑏𝑠𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑡𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑟𝑎𝑡𝑢𝑟𝑒, 273 K
𝑀 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑎𝑟 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠
128
Note: the speed of sound in air at 0 o C is 331 m/s. for every 1 Celsius degree rise in temperature
the speed of sound in air increases by 0.6 m/s.
( Source : Workbook in General Physics 1 by Nipas, M. et al. pp. 143, 2017 )
1. Air is a common medium where sound propagates. What is the speed of sound in air at
0o C? If the molar mass of air is 0.029 Kg/mol and the ratio of heat capacities, 𝛾 is 1.40.
Solution: Solve for the velocity
𝐽
𝛾𝑅𝑇 (1.40)(8.314 𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝐾)(273 𝐾)
𝑣= √ = √ = 331 𝑚/𝑠
𝑀 0.029 𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
2. Compute the speed of sound waves in air at room temperature (T = 20 o C. if the

molar mass is 0.029 Kg/mol and the ratio of heat capacities, 𝛾 is 1.40.
Solution: Solve for velocity. Given; 𝛾 = 1.40 𝑀 = 0.029 𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
𝑇 = 273 + 20 = 293 𝐾
𝐽
𝛾𝑅𝑇 (1.40)(8.314 𝐾)(293 𝐾)
𝑣= √ 𝑀
= √ 𝑚𝑜𝑙
0.029 𝐾𝑔/𝑚𝑜𝑙
= 342.93 𝑚/𝑠
Wave Intensity
Travelling sound waves, like all other travelling waves, transfer energy from one region of
space to another. The intensity of wave (l) is the energy transferred per unit time per unit area
perpendicular to the direction to the direction of the wave or it is equal to the power transferred
per unit are denoted by;
𝑝𝑜𝑤𝑒𝑟
𝑙=
𝑎𝑟𝑒𝑎
The Intensity of Wave can be express as inversely proportional to the square of the distance
from the point of source of the wave known as the Inverse-Square Law.
129
l1 (d1)2 = l2 (d2)2
Note: The Wave Intensity is can be expressed as watts/cm2 or watts/ m2
( Source : Workbook in General Physics 1 by Nipas, M. et al. pp 144, 2017 )
1. Ten meters from the source of the wave an observer measures the intensity as 0.020
watts/m2, if he will going to moves 3 meters towards the source what will be the intensity
he might be measured?
Solution: Let l1 = 0.020 watts/m2 ; d1=10m ; d2 = 10m – 3m = 7m
Solve for l2, applying the inverse-square law
l1 (d1)2 = l2 (d2)2
𝑙1 (𝑑1)2
l2 = (𝑑2 )2
substituting the given
𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡𝑠
(0.020 )(10𝑚)2
𝑚2
l2 = (7𝑚)2
= 0.041 watts/m2
Therefore, the observer might measure the intensity as 0.041 watts/ m 2.
Sound intensity or loudness is more difficult to measure because the amount of energy involved
is small in comparison with other forms of energy and because the potential range of sound
intensity is great.
Sounds audible to humans can vary in intensity from the quietest whisper to a level that is painful
to the ear. The unit used to measure the intensity of sound is the decibel (dB), named after
Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor of the telephone.
The sound intensity level 𝐼𝑑𝐵 of sound wave is defined by the equation
𝐼
𝐼𝑑𝐵 = (10𝑑𝐵) 𝑙𝑜𝑔 𝑙𝑜𝑔
𝐼0
130
Where: 𝐼𝑑𝐵 is the intensity level
𝐼0 is a reference intensity chosen to be 10−12 𝑊𝑎𝑡𝑡/𝑚2 .
This is approximately, the threshold of human hearing at 1000Hz.
Table: Sound Intensity Levels from various sources
Sound Intensity Intensity, I

Source of sound
Level, β (dB) (W/m2)
Military jet aircraft 30m away 140 102
Threshold of pain 120 1
Riveter 95 3.2 x 10-3
Elevated Train 90 10-3
Busy Street Traffic 70 10-5
Ordinary conversation 65 3.2 x 10-6
Quiet automobile 50 10-7
Quiet radio in home 40 10-8
Average whisper 20 10-10
Rustle of leaves 10 10-11
Threshold of hearing at 1000 Hz 0 10-12
1. A ten – minute exposure to a noise pollution will typically shift our threshold of hearing. If
the intensity of sound produces 6.3 x 10 -10 watt/m2. Find the intensity level of sound
produced by the noise pollution.
Solution:
𝐼
𝐼0
6.3 𝑥 10−10 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡/𝑚 2

1 𝑥 10−12 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡/𝑚 2
𝐼𝑑𝐵 = 27.99 𝑑𝐵
131
2. If a person continues to expose himself to noise pollution for years that produce a 1.6 x
10-3 watt/m2 of intensity what is the level of intensity that is produce?
Solution:
𝐼
𝐼0
1.6 𝑥 10−3 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡/𝑚2

1 𝑥 10−12 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑡/𝑚 2
𝐼𝑑𝐵 = 92.04 𝑑𝐵
Interference and Beats
Sound waves of all frequencies in the audible range travel at the same speed in the same medium.
In the audible range, the higher the frequency of the sound the higher is the pitch.
Musical Sounds have three basic characteristics:
● Pitch is determined largely by the frequency of the wave reaching the ear. The
higher the frequency the higher the pitch.
● Loudness depends on the amplitude of the wave reaching the ear. For a given
frequency, the greater the amplitude of the wave, the louder the sound.
● Quality of a sound depends on the number and relative amplitudes of the
overtones present in the wave reaching the ear.
Beats
When two sounds of slightly different frequencies are sounded together, a regular rise and
fall in the loudness may be heard. These alterations in loudness are called beats. The beat
frequency is equal to the difference between the frequencies of two sounds.
Beats may be demonstrated in class by using two tuning forks of the same frequency and
mounted on a wooden box a short distance apart. When these tuning forks are sounded together,
at some instances, the compressions and rarefactions produced by one fork coincide with those
produced by the other resulting in an intensification of sound.
𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑓𝑎 − 𝑓𝑏 𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦
132
1. What must be the frequency of a tuning fork that will produce a beat frequency of 8 Hz
with 512 Hz tuning fork frequency?
Solution: There are possible frequencies that will produce a beat frequency of 8 Hz with
a given tuning fork.
Assuming that the frequency of the tuning fork is higher than 512 Hz,
𝑓𝑏𝑒𝑎𝑡 = 𝑓𝑎 − 𝑓𝑏
8 𝐻𝑧 = 𝑓𝑎 − 512 𝐻𝑧
𝑓𝑎 = 560 𝐻𝑧
When it is lower than 512 Hz, thus, the lower frequency is 504 Hz.
Wave Phenomena
Interference - It occurs when two waves pass through the same portion of the same portion of
the medium at the same time
Superposition
The superposition is a wave phenomenon wherein a two or more waves pass through at
the same region of a medium and resulted to a new wave form. This occurrence is describe by
principle of superposition
The principle of superposition states that:

When two waves interfere, the resulting displacement of the medium at any
location is the algebraic sum of the displacements of the individual waves at that same
location.
The superposition
Standing Waves
‘Standing wave, also called stationary wave, combination of two waves moving in
opposite directions, each having the same amplitude and frequency. The phenomenon
133
is the result of interference; that is, when waves are superimposed, their energies are
either added together or canceled out. In the case of waves moving in the same
direction, interference produces a traveling wave. For oppositely moving waves,
interference produces an oscillating wave fixed in space. (Source: The Editors of
Encyclopedia Britannica)’
(Source: The Editors of Encyclopedia Britannica)
Doppler Effect
‘If there is relative motion between the source of a wave and the observer, the frequency of
vibrations received by the observer will be different from the frequency produced by the source.
Doppler Effect may be noticed when a car approaches you with is horn sounding, the pitch
seems to drop as the car passes. This phenomenon, first described by the 19 th century Austrian
Scientist Christian Doppler. Doppler effect happens to change in change frequency due to
motion of the source. There are three conditions that affect the frequency experiences by the
listener with that of the source.’
1. When the source of sound and the listener are both stationary, the frequency of
vibration reaching the listener in not changing.
2. When the source of the sound is approaching a stationary listener, increasing
frequency can be heard, while a decreasing frequency is heard when the source
of sound is moving away from a stationary listener.
3. When the source of sound and the listener are moving toward each other, an
even higher frequency is heard by the listener. When both are moving away from
each other, listener hears a lower frequency.
The frequency the listener hears is illustrated by the equation:
𝑣 ± 𝑣𝑆
𝑓𝑆 =
𝜆
134
𝑣 + 𝑣𝐿
𝑓𝐿 = ( )𝑓
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑆 𝑆
Where:
+ − 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑦 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟 (𝑏𝑒ℎ𝑖𝑛𝑑 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒)
− − 𝑚𝑜𝑣𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑡𝑜𝑤𝑎𝑟𝑑𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑓𝐿 − 𝑓𝑟𝑒𝑞𝑢𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑣 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑚𝑒𝑑𝑖𝑢𝑚
𝑣𝐿 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑒𝑛𝑒𝑟
𝑣𝑆 − 𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑜𝑢𝑟𝑐𝑒
𝜆 − 𝑤𝑎𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑒𝑛𝑔𝑡ℎ
(Source: Workbook in General Physics 1 by Nipas, M. et al. pp149, 2017)
1. The frequency of the source is 350 Hz and the speed of the waves is 331 m/s. The
wavelength of the waves emitted by the stationary source is 1.5 meters.
a. Compute for the wavelength in front and behind the moving source when the velocity
is 35 m/s
Solution:
𝑚 35𝑚
𝑣 + 𝑣𝑆 331 𝑠 + 𝑠
𝜆= = = 1.05 𝑚
𝑓𝑆 350 𝐻𝑧
b. Find the frequency heard by a stationary listener if the source is moving away from it
at 35 m/s.
Solution:
𝑚
𝑣+ 𝑣 331 +0
𝑓𝐿 = (𝑣+ 𝑣𝐿 ) 𝑓𝑆 = ( 𝑚
𝑠
𝑚 ) (350 𝐻𝑧) = 316.53 𝐻𝑧
𝑆 331 +35
𝑠 𝑠
135
CREATING:
Let’s Do These!!!
Perform the following:
1. Define the following:
a. Mechanical Wave-
b. Longitudinal Wave-
c. Transverse Wave-
d. Sinusoidal Wave-
e. Superposition -
f. Standing Wave -
136
2. A string is 2m long and weighs 500N. It hangs vertically and a load of 5500 N is tied at
the other end. Determine the velocity of transverse wave that propagate in the string.
3. The displacement of an object is given by y = 5.0 cm sin 20πt. What are (a) the
amplitude (b) the frequency and (c.) period of the oscillation? ( Source: JD Wilson and
AJ Buffa)
137
Name: ________________________________________________ Score: ___________
Section: _________________ Instructor: ______________________ Date: ____________
Do These!!!
ACTIVITY 11
Mechanical Waves and Sounds
1. Discuss the definition through an example of the following:

a. Mechanical Wave-
b. Longitudinal Wave-
c. Transverse Wave-
d. Sinusoidal Wave-
2. Describe the characteristics of wave through a string as a medium, with the concepts
of;
a. Superposition
b. Standing Wave
138
B. Problem Solving. Perform the following:
1. Find the angular frequency, amplitude, period, wavelength, and the wave function that
best describe the wave whose frequency is 50 Hz and amplitude of 1.5 the wave speed
is 15 m/s at time of 5 seconds.
3𝜋
2. Given the wave equation y = 3 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑠𝑖𝑛 4 (𝑥 − 5.5), find the wavelength, frequency,
period and angular frequency whose velocity is 8.2m/s.
3. A police siren emits a sinusoidal wave with frequency of a source amounting to 300 Hz.
The speed is 340 m/s.
a. Find the wavelength of the waves if the siren is at rest in the air.
b. If the listener is at rest and the siren is moving away from the listener at 30 m/s, what
is the frequency does the listener hear?
139
c. If the siren is at rest and the listener is moving toward the left at 30 m/s, what
frequency does the listener hear?
d. If the siren is moving away from the listener with a speed of 45 m/s relative to the air
and the listener is moving toward the siren with a speed of 15 m/s relative to the air,
what frequency does the listener hear?
140
FLUID MECHANICS
(Weeks 6)

1. Specific gravity
2. Pressure
3. Pressure vs. Depth Relation
4. Pascal’s principle
5. Buoyancy and Archimedes’ Principle
6. Bernoulli’s principle

Solve, using experimental and theoretical approaches, multi-concept, rich-content
Energy, Center of Mass, momentum, impulse and collisions.
1. Relate pressure to area and force
2. Relate pressure to fluid density and depth
3. Apply Pascal’s principle in analyzing fluids in various systems
4. Apply the concept of buoyancy and Archimedes’ principle
CONFIGURING
Investigate: Have you tried flying a kite? Why does the kite go up?
Write your brief investigations on what you observed.
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141
DECODING
Explain why a ship that is mostly made of metal floats on water.
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ADVANCING
FLUID MECHANICS
‘In this chapter we will focus on the less rigid states of matter – liquids and
gasses. They are collectively known as fluids, in relation to their flowing
movement. It deals also with the important characteristics of fluids to external forces. (Source:
Villanueva)’
Density and Specific Gravity
● Density is an important property of any material and is define as its mass per unit volume.
It is denoted by the Greek letter rho (ρ). The SI unit of density is Kg/m3.
● different substances have different densities. Gases are least dense because their
molecules are far apart compared to those of solids and liquids.
𝑚 𝐾𝑔
𝜌= ; (𝑑𝑒𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛 𝑜𝑓 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦)
𝑉 𝑚3
𝐾𝑔
Where: 𝜌 − 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦, 𝑚3
𝑚 − 𝑚𝑎𝑠𝑠, 𝐾𝑔
𝑉 − 𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒, 𝑚 3
142
Mass Densities of Common Substances (Source: Villanueva)
Mass Density Mass Density

Substance Substance
(Kg/m3) (Kg/m3)
SOLID LIQUID
Aluminum 2 700 Blood 1 060
Brass 8 470 Ethyl Alcohol 806
Copper 8 890 Glycerine 1 260
Cork 240 Mercury 13 600
Diamond 3 520 Olive Oil 910
Gold 19 300 Turpentine 870
o
Ice 917 Water (4 C) 1 000
Iron 7 860 Sea Water 1 030
Lead 11 300 Air 1.29
Nickel 8 800 Carbon Dioxide 1.98
Platinum 21 500 Helium 0.178
Quartz 2 660 Hydrogen 0.0899
Silver 10 500 Nitrogen 1.25
Tin 7 290 Oxygen 1.43
1. The body of a man whose weight is 690 N contains about 5.2x10 -3 m3 of blood. (a) Find the
blood’s weight and (b) express it as a percentage of the body weight.
Solution: Solving the mass of the blood first;

𝐾𝑔
𝑚 = 𝑉𝜌 = (5.2 𝑥 10−3 𝑚 3 ) (1060 𝑚3) = 5.51 𝐾𝑔 then solving for blood’s weight
a. Blood’s weight
𝑚
𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 = (5.51 𝐾𝑔) (9.80 ) = 54 𝑁
𝑠2
b. Percentage of the body weight

54 𝑁
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 = 𝑥 100% = 7.83%
690 𝑁
2. What is the density of the liquid if a 235mL bottle has a mass of 500g when empty and 670g
when filled with a liquid?
Given:
Volume of bottle = 235 mL Mass of empty bottle = 500g
Mass of the bottle when filled with liquid = 670g
Mass of liquid = 670g – 500g = 170g
Solution:
143
𝑚 170𝑔 𝑔
𝜌= = = 0.72
𝑉 235𝑚𝐿 𝑚𝐿
3. A cylindrical tube whose height is 2.50m and whose diameter is 4.00cm is filled with
olive oil. How many kilograms of olive oil does the tube hold?
Given:
Height – h = 2.50m diameter – d = 4.00cm
radius – r = 2.00cm or 0.02m
Solution:
𝑉 = 𝜋𝑟 2 ℎ = (3.14)(0.02)2 (2.50𝑚 ) = 3.14𝑥10−3 𝑚 3
𝐾𝑔
𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 = (910 𝑚3)( 3.14𝑥10 −3 𝑚 3 ) = 2.86 𝐾𝑔
Pressure
❖ When a fluid is at rest, it exerts a force perpendicular to any surface in contact with it.
❖ Pressure is defined as the force acting perpendicular to a unit area.
𝐹
𝑃= ; 𝑃𝑎𝑠𝑐𝑎𝑙 (𝑃𝑎)
𝐴⊥
Where: F is the force acting perpendicular to a given area, Newtons, N

A is the area, square meters, m2
P is the pressure, Pascal, Pa
Note:
❖ Named after a French Scientist, Blaise Pascal, who gave significant contributions in the
study of pressure.
❖ Pressure is a scalar quantity.
❖ 1 Pa = 1 N/m2. The atmosphere (atm) is a commonly used unit of pressure as is defined
as the average air pressure level.
❖ Atmospheric pressure is the pressure of the earth’s atmosphere, the pressure at the
bottom of the sea of air in which we live. This pressure varies with weather changes and
with elevation.
1. A physics module has a mass of 1.2Kg and its cover measures 22cm by 24cm. it is 3.5cm
thick. What pressure does it exert on your desk when lying (a) flat; (b) on its spine?
(Source: Santos, G.N. & Danac, A.)
Solution:
𝐹 = 𝑚𝑔
9.8𝑚
𝐹 = (1.2𝐾𝑔) ( )
𝑠2
𝐹 = 11.76 𝑁
144
a. Lying flat
𝐴1 = 𝑙𝑤
𝐴1 = (0.24𝑚)(0.22𝑚)
𝐴1 = 52.8 𝑥 10−3 𝑚 2
𝐹 11.76 𝑁
Then, 𝑃1 = 𝐴1
= 52.8 𝑥 10−3𝑚 2
= 222.73 𝑃𝑎
b. When lying on its spine

𝐴2 = 𝑙ℎ
𝐴1 = (0.24𝑚)(0.035𝑚)
𝐴1 = 8.4 𝑥 10−3 𝑚 2
Then,
𝐹 11.76 𝑁
𝑃1 = = = 1 400 𝑃𝑎
𝐴1 8.4 𝑥 10−3 𝑚 2
2. What is the pressure at the bottom of the Marianas trench which is 11.3Km deep?
(Source: Villanueva, F.J.)
Given:
Depth (height) – 11.3Km or 11 300m
Solution:
𝐹 𝑚𝑔
𝑃 = ; 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠 𝑃 = 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 𝑓𝑟𝑜𝑚 𝑑𝑒𝑛𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑦
𝐴 𝐴
Therefore:
𝜌𝑔𝑉 𝜌𝑔(𝑙𝑤ℎ)
𝑃 = 𝐴 𝑡ℎ𝑢𝑠, 𝑃 = 𝑙𝑤
= 𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ
𝑘𝑔 𝑚
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ = (1 030 ) (9.8 2 ) (11 300 𝑚 )
𝑚3 𝑠
𝑃 = 1.14 𝑥 108 𝑃𝑎
3. At what depth in seawater is the gauge pressure 1.00 x 10 5 Pa?
Solution:
𝑃
𝑃 = 𝜌𝑔ℎ ; thus ℎ = 𝑑𝑒𝑝𝑡ℎ 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑎𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
𝜌𝑔
𝑃 1.00 𝑥 105 𝑃𝑎
ℎ= 𝜌𝑔
= 𝐾𝑔 𝑚 = 9.91 𝑚
(1 030 3 )(9.8 2 )
𝑚 𝑠
145
Pressure vs. Depth and Pascal’s Principle
‘French Physicist Blaise Pascal conducted several experiments relating to pressure and
came up with Pascal’s Law, which states that’s that pressure in a confined liquid is transmitted
undiminished by the fluid in all directions. The total pressure at the bottom of a container is equal
to the sum of the pressure due to the weight of the liquid and atmospheric pressure. This is applied
in making devices and equipment that require the use of hydraulics, such as that chairs used in
dental clinics, jack and breaks. (Source: Figueras, G.)’
❖ The hydraulic press is an example of the application of Pascal’s Principle. It is a device of
varying diameters used to create a lifting effect using small force.
❖ Atmospheric pressure is less at high altitude than at sea level.
❖ Normal atmospheric pressure may be measured, however, using simple device called
barometer. A barometer is a thin, strong – walled glass tube, sealed at one end and open
at the other.
❖ The pressure that a liquid exerts on an object immersed in it depends on the depth of the
object and the density of the liquid.
❖ The hydraulic lift is a force – multiplying device with a multiplication factor equal to the
ratio of the areas of the two pistons.
❖ When the smaller piston is pressed down, the amount of pressure on this end of the device
is transmitted undiminished to every part of the fluid even to the walls of the container.
The effect is the same value of the pressure pushing the bigger piston upward.
𝑃1= 𝑃2 , 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑎𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑛𝑔 𝑎𝑡 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑏𝑖𝑔 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛 𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑝𝑒𝑐𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒𝑙𝑦
𝐹1 𝐹2
ℎ𝑒𝑛𝑐𝑒, =
𝐴1 𝐴2
𝑃1 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛,
𝑃2 𝑖𝑠 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑟𝑒𝑠𝑠𝑢𝑟𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑙𝑎𝑟𝑔𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛.
❖ The applied pressure from the smaller piston is transmitted through the connecting pipe
to a larger piston of the larger area.
146
1. A 3 500Kg car rest on 0.9m diameter piston of a hydraulic lift in a car repair shop. How
much force does the smaller piston, with a 0.4m diameter need to exert to lift the car at
equal height? (Source: Villanueva, F.J.)
Given:
Mass of the car, 𝑚2 = 3 500Kg
Diameter of larger piston, 𝑑2 = 0.9m or 0.45m
Diameter of smaller piston, 𝑑1 = 0.4m or 0.2m
Solution:
Let 𝐹1 𝑏𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑚𝑎𝑙𝑙𝑒𝑟 𝑝𝑖𝑠𝑡𝑜𝑛
𝐹1 𝐹2 𝐹2
= ; 𝐹1 = (𝐴 )
𝐴1 𝐴2 𝐴2 1
𝑚
𝐹2 = 𝑚2 𝑔 = (3 500𝐾𝑔) (9.8 ) = 34 300 𝑁
𝑚2
𝐴2 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = (3.14)(0.45𝑚 )2 = 0.64𝑚 2
𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = (3.14)(0.2𝑚 )2 = 0.13𝑚 2
𝐹2 34 300 𝑁
𝐹1 = (𝐴1 ) = (0.13𝑚 2 ) = 6 967.19𝑁
𝐴2 0.64𝑚 2
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle
Ice cubes float in a glass of water. However, pebbles sink. Why does an object sink or
float in water? Archimedes, a Greek philosopher, was the first to study the ability of fluids to
make things float. He stated that,
An object completely or partly submerged in a fluid experiences an upward force

equal to the weight of the fluid displaced.
❖ The buoyant force exists because fluids exert a pressure on submerged objects that
increases with depth.
❖ Buoyant force is an upward force acting on an object due to fluid pressure.
❖ Buoyant force it is the weight of the fluid displaced
𝐹𝐵 = 𝑊 = 𝑚𝑔 thus, 𝑚 = 𝜌𝑉 therefore 𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑉𝑔
❖ Buoyant force results from the difference between fluid pressures on the top and
bottom of an immersed solid.
𝐹𝐵 = 𝐹2 − 𝐹1
147
❖ For a body to float on liquids, such as seawater, that body must be less dense than the
liquid. Ships, boats and submarines are made of materials denser than seawater yet
they do not sink because they are built in such a way that a large part of their surface
area is in contact with the water.
❖ However, balloons are filled with helium gas, which has a density lower than air. This
makes balloon float.
1. An anchor of mass 100 Kg and volume 4.0 x 10 -2m3 is resting on the bottom of a lake with
a rope of negligible mass attached to it. What force must be exerted on the rope to lift the
anchor when it is: totally submerged; halfway out of the water and completely above the
water?
(source: Santos, G.N. & Danac, A.)
Solution:
𝑚
𝐹𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟 𝑔 = (100𝐾𝑔 ) (9.8 ) = 980 𝑁 = 𝐹𝑎𝑛𝑐ℎ𝑜𝑟
𝑠2
a. Totally submerged
𝐾𝑔 𝑚
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = (1030 3
) ( 9.8 2 ) (4.0𝑥10−2 𝑚 3 )
𝑚 𝑠
𝐹𝐵 = 403.76 𝑁
b. Halfway of the water

Hence the volume of the water it displaces is half of the given volume 4.0𝑥10−2 𝑚 3,
or 2.0𝑥10−2 𝑚 3
𝐾𝑔 𝑚
𝐹𝐵 = 𝜌𝑔𝑉 = (1030 3
) ( 9.8 2 ) (2.0𝑥10−2 𝑚 3 )
𝑚 𝑠
𝐹𝐵 = 201.88 𝑁
c. Completely above the water

There is no buoyant force when the anchor is above water.
Continuity Equation and Bernoulli’s Principle
‘When you blow air below the paper, the air there moves fast and produces low pressure
pulling the paper down. This phenomenon is an example of Bernoulli’s principle, in honor of the
Swiss scientist Daniel Bernoulli. It states that the velocity of air increase, the pressure exerted by
the air decreases. (Source: Figueras, G.)’
148
❖ Continuity Equation states that when a fluid is in motion, it must move in such a way that
mass is conserved. To see how mass conservation places restrictions on velocity filed.
❖ For steady and laminar flow of an ideal fluid, the continuity equation and Bernoulli’s
equation hold. The continuity equation is based on conservation of mass and in symbols,
𝐴𝐴 𝑣𝐴 = 𝐴𝐵 𝑣𝐵
❖ Viscosity is the resistance of fluid to flow due to internal friction between fluid particles or
the drag between the fluid and the walls of the container.
❖ Bernoulli’s principle plays a significant role in the development of the structure of
aircrafts, as well as racecars.
❖ Bernoulli’s equation is conservation of energy applied to fluid flow is:
𝑃1 𝑣1 2 𝑃2 𝑣2 2
+ + ℎ1 = + + ℎ2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
1. Water flows through a garden hose of internal diameter 1.5cm at a speed of 2.0 m/s. With
what speed does the water escape from the nozzle if the opening is reduced to a diameter
of 0.50cm?
(Source: Santos, G.N. & Danac, A.)
Solution:
Let A1 be the area of the hose

𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = (3.14)(0.75𝑐𝑚 )2 = 1.77𝑐𝑚 2
Let A2 be the area of the nozzle

𝐴1 = 𝜋𝑟 2 = (3.14)(0.25𝑐𝑚 )2 = 0.20𝑐𝑚 2
Using the continuity equation

𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
Solving for the velocity that comes out the nozzle

𝑚
𝐴1 𝑣1 (1.77𝑐𝑚 2 ) (2.0 )
𝑣2 = = 𝑠 = 17. 7𝑚
𝐴2 0.20𝑐𝑚 2 𝑠
2. Water is flowing through a horizontal pipe of varying cross – section 1, the diameter is
12.0cm at a pressure of 8.0 x 10 4 Pa. at section 2, the pipe has a diameter of 6.0cm and
the pressure 6.00 x 104 Pa. Find the speed of water through section 1 and 2. (Source:
Silverio & Bernas)
149
Given:
Diameter of the pipe, d1 = 12.0cm or 0.12m
At section 1, P1 = 8.0 x 104 Pa
Diameter of the pipe, d2 = 0.60m
At section 2, P2 = 6.0 x 104 Pa
Solution:
Using continuity equation:
𝐴1 𝑣1 = 𝐴2 𝑣2
𝜋𝑟1 2 𝑣1 = 𝜋𝑟2 2 𝑣2 𝜋(6.0𝑐𝑚)2 𝑣1 = 𝜋(3.0𝑐𝑚)2 𝑣2

Solving 𝑣2 𝑣2 = 4𝑣1
Using Bernoulli’s Equation:
𝑃1 𝑣1 2 𝑃2 𝑣2 2
+ + ℎ1 = + + ℎ2
𝜌𝑔 2𝑔 𝜌𝑔 2𝑔
Since ℎ1 = ℎ2 , 𝑠𝑖𝑛𝑐𝑒 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑝𝑖𝑝𝑒 𝑖𝑠 ℎ𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑧𝑜𝑛𝑡𝑎𝑙
8.0𝑥104 𝑃𝑎 𝑣12 6.0𝑥104 𝑃𝑎 (4𝑣1 )2

+ 𝑚 = + 𝑚
𝐾𝑔 𝑚 𝐾𝑔 𝑚
(1 000 3 )(9.8 2) 2(9.8 𝑠 2) (1 000 3 )(9.8 2 ) 2(9.8 𝑠 2)
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠
8.0𝑥104 𝑃𝑎 6.0𝑥104 𝑃𝑎 (4𝑣1 )2 𝑣12
− = 𝑚 − 𝑚
𝐾𝑔 𝑚 𝐾𝑔 𝑚
(1 000 3 )(9.8 2) (1 000 3 )(9.8 2 ) 2(9.8 𝑠 2 ) 2(9.8 𝑠 2 )
𝑚 𝑠 𝑚 𝑠
𝑁 2 2 𝑁
8.16 2 𝑚 𝑠 6.12 2 𝑚2 𝑠 2
𝑚 − 𝑚 = 0.82𝑣12 − 0.05𝑣12
𝐾𝑔 𝐾𝑔
0.77𝑣1 2
2.04𝑚 = 𝑚 𝑣1 2 = 2.65
𝑠2
𝑣1 = √2.65 = 1.63 𝑚/𝑠

𝑚 𝑚
Solving for 𝑣2 = 4𝑣1 = 4(1.63) = 6.52 𝑠
the velocity from the first end, 𝑣1 𝑖𝑠 1.63 𝑠
and
𝑚
the second end, 𝑣2 𝑖𝑠 6.52 𝑠 .
150
CREATING
Let’s Do These!!!
Explain as briefly the following questions.
1. Why is mercury used instead of water as the liquid in the construction of a

barometer?
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
___________________________________________________________________
2. What downward force exerted on a small piston of radius 2.0cm would lift a 2 000Kg
car, if the radius of the large piston is 12cm?
3. A sample of rock has a mass of 12.4Kg. When submerged in water it has an

apparent mass of 8.6Kg. What is the density of the rock sample. (source: Santos,
G.N. & Danac, A.)
151
Name: ___________________________________________________ Score: ___________
Section: _________________ Instructor: __________________________ Date: __________
Do These!!!
ACTIVITY 12
Fluid Mechanics
A. Conceptual Questions
Write T if the statement is correct and F if not.
________ 1. The force exerted by a fluid on the walls of its container must always by
congruent to the walls.
________ 2. Fluid pressure is a vector quantity.
________ 3. At any particular depth, the fluid pressure is the same in all directions.
________ 4. The greater the weight of the submerge object, the greater the pressure it
experiences.
________ 5. Pressure is force applied per unit volume.
B. Problem Solving: Perform the following:
Specific Gravity and Pressure

1. What is the volume of an iceberg whose mass is 3.6 x 105 Kg?
2. A barrel contains a 0.120m layer of oil floating on water that is 0.250m deep.
a. What is the material inside the barrel if the gauge pressure is 1 070.16 Pa?
Pressure vs. Depth and Pascal’s Principle
1. A nurse pushes the plunger of a hypodermic syringe with a force of 4.0N. If the internal
radius of the cylinder is 0.80cm and the radius of the core of the needle is 0.20mm,
with what force is the vaccine ejected from the needle?
152
2. A force of 400N is applied to a small piston of a hydraulic press whose diameter is
4.50cm. What must be the diameter of the large piston if it is to lift a 250Kg load?
Buoyancy and Archimedes Principle

1. A crown that is supposed to be pure gold has a mass of 850g. its apparent mass when
immersed in water is 798g.
a. What is the volume of the crown?
b. Is it pure gold?
2. The weight of a piece of rock is 9.8N in air. When totally submerged in an 875Kg/m 3
density fluid, its apparent weight is 8.4N. What is the density of the rock?
153
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
(Weeks 7)

1. Zeroth law of thermodynamics and temperature measurement
2. Thermal expansion
3. Heat and heat capacity

Solve multi-concept, rich context problems using concepts from rotational motion, fluids,
oscillations, gravity and thermodynamics.

1. Explain the connection between the Zeroth law of thermodynamics, temperature, thermal
equilibrium and temperature scale.
2. Convert temperatures and temperature differences in the following scales : Fahrenheit,
Celsius and Kelvin.
3. Define coefficient of thermal expansion and coefficient of volume expansion.
4. Calculate volume or length changes of solid due to changes in temperature.
5. Solve problems involving temperature, thermal expansion, heat capacity, heat transfer
and thermal equilibrium in context such as but not limited to the design of bridges and
train rails using steel, relative severity of steam burns and water burns, thermal insulation,
size of stars and surface temperature of planet.
CONFIGURING
FIGURE A steel plate situation 1 :

100
Steel cylinders ᵒC two steel cylinders are apart and a square
steel b
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100 ᵒC a plate are in contact with one
another
situation 2 :
100 ᵒC Hot chocolate on the table during

FIGURE B breakfast in the dinning room.
Hot choco
DECODING
1. Analyze figures A and B, In what aspect are they the same ? Why. Explain.
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2. What are the different factors common to figure A and Figure B ? Elaborate.
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3. Are the two figures the same ? explain.
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ADVANCING
TEMPERATURE AND HEAT
Zeroth Law of Thermodynamics
⮚ Temperature and heat are two most important factors in the study of Physics.
⮚ There are cases that the two are related to another in different aspect.
⮚ When two bodies of different temperature have made contact with one another,
heat will flow from higher temperature to the colder temperature of the body.
⮚ At one time or instance, the two bodies will have the same temperatures.
⮚ These bodies with same temperature are said to be in THERMAL
EQUILIBRIUM.
⮚ Thermal equilibrium: no more heat flow on the two bodies, with same
temperature
⮚ Like the hot cooking pan and the cold meat you fried, the hot coffee and the
cold spoon : That at one point, their temperature will be the same
The Zeroth law of Thermodynamics
States that “ When two contacting bodies or system are at the same temperature and are
in thermal equilibrium with a third body, the two resulting bodies or system will be in thermal
equilibrium with one another..” . Situation 1 in figure A above explain this statement: The two steel
cylinders are in thermal equilibrium with one another to a third body, the steel plate. It means that
the three materials are in thermal equilibrium with one another. Based in the meaning of thermal
equilibrium, they have the same temperature and no heat flow. The cylinders and steel plate is a
good example of contacting materials and for a system, hot chocolate is the example.
Temperature Measurement
Temperature
⮚ is the hotness or coldness of a body.

⮚ it is the effect of heat
⮚ average kinetic energy of all molecules in a body.
Thermometer – device to measure temperature.

Degree – temperature unit or scale.
The fixed point of a thermometer
1. Freezing point ( for water = 32 ᵒF or 0 ᵒ C )

2. Boiling point ( for water = 212 ᵒF or 100 ᵒ C )
Three commonly used temperature scale
156
1. Celsius ᵒC
2. Fahrenheit ᵒ F
3. Kelvin K
Absolute zero – temperature in which molecular motion

Stops and it is equal to – 273 ᵒ C
Temperature difference ( substance: water )
Unit / scale Boiling point Freezing point Difference

Fahrenheit 212 ᵒ 32 ᵒ 180 ᵒ
Celsius 100 ᵒ 0ᵒ 100 ᵒ
Kelvin 373 ᵒ 273ᵒ 100 ᵒ
Different formula to change one scale to another.
1. ᵒC = 5/9 ( ᵒ F ̶ 32 )
2. ᵒF = 9/5 (ᵒ C ) + 32
3. K = ᵒ C + 273
Note : In using the formula, the following must be observed
1. Select the correct formula to change the scale

2. Simplify formula using the PEMDAS rule .
3. Also use transposition and the cross multiplication.
Temperature Difference or Change (∆t )
⮚ Objects is sometimes heated from its starting temperature (t 1 ) to a final

temperature.(t2 ). Difference can computed by the formula :
∆t (temperature change) = final temperature.(t 2 ) – initial temperature (t1 )
∆t = t2 – t1
1. The steam temperature in the steam boiler is 85 ᵒ C. What is its equivalent in the
a) Fahrenheit scale, b) Kelvin scale.
157
Solution:
a) Convert 85 ᵒ C to Fahrenheit
Given: Temperature, T = 85 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in Celsius )
ᵒ F = 9/5 (ᵒ C ) + 32 = 9/5 ( 85 ᵒ C ) + 32 = 153 + 32 ( follow PEMDAS rule )
Step 3 ᵒ F = 185 ᵒ F ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, the equivalent of 85 ᵒ C is 185 ᵒ F in the Fahrenheit scale ( conclusion )
b) Convert 85 ᵒ C to Kelvin
Given: Temperature, T = 85 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in Celsius )
K = ᵒ C + 273 = 85 ᵒ C + 273 ( follow PEMDAS rule )
Step 3 K = 358 K ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
Therefore, the equivalent of 85 ᵒ C is 358 K in the Kelvin scale ( conclusion )
2. An aluminium plate when heated increase its temperature from 29 ᵒF to 72 ᵒF. What is the
temperature difference of the aluminium plate?
Solution:
a) Find the temperature difference
Given: Temperatures, T1 = 29 ᵒ F and T2 = 72 ᵒ F (all unit/scale are in Fahrenheit )
Step 2. Write the formula and substitute the given with correct unit
∆t (temperature change) = t 2 – t1 = 72 ᵒ F – 29 ᵒF
Step 3 ∆t = 43 ᵒ F ( Answer contains correct numerical value and scale ).
158
Therefore, the difference in temperature of the aluminum plate is 43 ᵒ F (
conclusion )
Thermal Expansion
⮚ When material is heated (like steel, aluminium), the molecules in the material
will move faster and kinetic energy or the thermal energy also increases.
⮚ The effect of heat is to expand the material ( our topic )
⮚ Temperature increase and change in physical appearance of the material are
the effect of heat on the material or substance.
⮚ When heat is added to solid, it normally expand but change in physical
appearance.
Linear Expansion ( ∆L )
⮚ When a certain material is heated (like steel, aluminium) and the change in
physical
appearance is its length ( ∆L), it is called linear expansion.
⮚ Only one side of the material increases by its length.
⮚ Coefficient of linear expansion, usually represented by α , is the amount
wherein the material will change its unit length for a degree rise in temperature.
( table value )
⮚ Example : steel rod, train rails, concrete road pavements, distribution wire.
T1 solid object T2
Illustration : where: L = original length
L ∆L ∆L = increase in length
Final length Lf = final length
t1, t2 = initial & final temp.(∆t)
Formula : Increase in length (∆L) = Lα ( t2 – t1 ) or ∆L =

Lα∆t
For the final length : Lf = L + ∆L
Lf = L + ∆L
Lf = L + ∆L
Note : the formula can be derived
Coefficient of Linear expansion per ᵒC of some solids ( α )
159
Aluminium 2.55 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
Brass 1.80 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
Iron 1.02 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
Copper 1.70 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
Steel 1.05 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
1. An aluminum solid ( α = 2.55 x 10 – 5 / ᵒ C ) has a length of 1.28 meters. a) What is the

change in length when it is heated from 32 ᵒC to 98 ᵒ C b) What is the final length ?
Solution:
a) Find the change in length of the solid
Given: Solid = Aluminum T1 = 32 ᵒ C T2 = 98 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in

Celsius )
α = 2.55 x 10 – 5 / ᵒ C L = 1.28 meters
∆L = Lα∆t = (1.28 meters )( 2.55 x 10 –5

/ ᵒ C )( 98 – 32 ) ᵒ C
Step 3 ∆L = 0.00215 meters ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit ).
Therefore, the increase in length (∆L) = 0.00215 m after the addition of heat ( conclusion )
b) Find the final length of the solid
Given: Solid = Aluminum L = 1.28 meters ∆L = 0.00215 meters ( all units in meters )
Lf = L + ∆L = 1.28 meters + 0.00215 meters
Step 3 Lf = 1.28215 meters ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit ).
160
Therefore, the final length (Lf) after the addition of heat is 1.28215 m ( conclusion )
For area ( ∆A ) and volume ( ∆V ) expansion of solids.
⮚ When we said area expansion of solid, the two sides of the material will expand
( length and width for a rectangular solid or the two sides in case of a square )
⮚ When we said volume expansion of solid, the three sides of the material will
expand
( length, width and height for a rectangular solid )
⮚ The coefficient of expansion will be : coefficient of area expansion = ( 2 )( α )
and
for coefficient of volume expansion = ( 3 )( α ) .
Formula : ∆A = Aα∆t ( for area ) and ∆V = Vα∆t ( for volume )
For Volume Expansion of Liquid
⮚ Volume and density of the liquid changes but its mass will not change.
⮚ Examples : water coolant in car engine, the thermometer, dentist tooth fillings.
Formula : Increase in Volume (∆V) = Vβ ( t2 – t1 ) or ∆V=

Vβ∆t
For the final length : Vf = V + ∆V
Lf = L + ∆L
Lf = L + ∆L
Note : the formula can be derived
Coefficient of Volume Expansion per ᵒC of some Liquids ( β )
Alcohol 110 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC

Mercury 18 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
Acetone 149 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
Water 37 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
Glycerine 50 x 10 – 5 /ᵒC
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1. The volume of mercury ( β = 19 x 10 – 5 / ᵒ C ) is 5 cm3. a) What is the

increase in volume when it is heated from 14 ᵒC to 36 ᵒ C b) What is the final volume ?
Solution:
a) Find the change in volume of the liquid
Given: Liquid = mercury T1 = 14 ᵒ C T2 = 36 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in Celsius

)
β = 18 x 10 – 5 / ᵒ C V = 5 cm3
∆V = Vβ∆t = (5 cm3 )( 18 x 10 – 5 / ᵒ C )( 36 – 14 ) ᵒ C
Step 3 ∆V = 0.0198 cm3 ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit ).
Therefore, the increase in volume (∆V) = 0.0198 cm3 after the addition of heat (
conclusion )
b) Find the final volume of the liquid
Given: Liquid = Mercury V = 5 cm3 ∆L = 0.0198 cm3 ( all units in cm )
Vf = V + ∆V = 5 cm3 + 0.0198 cm3
Step 3 Vf = 5.0198 cm3 ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit ).
Therefore, the final volume (Vf) after the addition of heat is 5.0198 cm3 ( conclusion )
162
Heat and Heat Capacity
Heat ( Q )
⮚ is the measure of the total internal energy of the molecules of a body .

⮚ it is the energy that is given off ( release ) or absorbed by a body.
⮚ The motion of the molecules in the body (KE) creates a form of energy called
thermal energy
Calorimetry – process of measuring heat.
Unit use to measure the amount of heat, Q
1. Calories ( Cal. ) – amount of heat needed to change the temperature

of 1 gram water 1 ᵒ C.
2. Kilocalories ( Kcal ) - amount of heat needed to change the temperature
of 1 kg water 1 ᵒ C.
3. British thermal unit (BTU) - amount of heat needed to change temperature
of 1 lb. water 1 ᵒ F.
4. Joules is related to calories
1 calorie = 4.18 joules

* 1 Kcal = 1000 calories
Specific Heat ( c )
⮚ amount of heat needed to change temperature of a unit mass a unit degree.

⮚ Unit of specific heat : cal./g ᵒC or BTU/lb ᵒF or Kj/kg ᵒ C
⮚ It is a table value. Usually given in the problem.
Example . Cwater = 1 cal./g ᵒC ( for water;memorize )
Csilver = 0.056 cal./g ᵒC
Caluminum = 0.22 cal./g ᵒC
To Find the amount of heat absorb or release
Formula : Q = mc ( t2 ̶ t1 ) or Q = mc∆t
Where : Q = amount of heat absorbed or release

m = mass of the substance, g ,kg ,lb
c = specific Heat , cal/g ᵒC or Btu/lb ᵒ F
t = temperature, ᵒC or ᵒF
∆t = ( t2 ̶ t1 ) or change in temperature.
(Source : Olfu Physics 2 lecture guide, pp 11 )
A 25 grams silver ( 0.056 ) is heated from 23 ᵒC to 35 ᵒC. How much heat is absorbed?
163
Solution :
Find the Heat absorbed, Q by the substance : silver
Given: substance : silver T1 = 23 ᵒ C T2 = 35 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in

Celsius )
C = 0.056 calorie /g ᵒ C m = 25 grams
Q = mc ( t2 ̶ t1 ) = ( 25 g ) (0.056 calorie /g ᵒ C )( 35 – 23 ) ᵒ C
Step 3 Q = 16.8 calories ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit ).
Therefore, the heat absorbed by the substance is Q = 16.8 calories ( conclusion )
*Law of Heat Exchange
⮚ “ Heat given off by the hot body is equal to the heat absorbed by the colder body.”
⮚ In terms of temperature, the two bodies are in thermal equilibrium ore sometime
called temperature mixture ( Tmix )
Formula : Qlost == Qgain Q = mc ( t2 ̶ t1 ) substitute to the formula
The resulting equation :
mHot cHot ( tHot ̶ tmix ) = mcold ccold ( tmix ̶ twater )
Illustrative example : A metal having a mass of 60 grams at 92 ᵒC Initial temp. is placed in

100
grams water at 25 ᵒC . If the final temperature of the mixture is 30 ᵒC, calculate the
specific heat of the metal.?
Solution :
Find the specific heat ( c ) of the substance : metal
164
Given: substance : metal m = 25 grams Cwater = 1 cal./g ᵒC

Thot = 92 ᵒ C Twater = 35 ᵒ C Tmix = 30 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in Celsius )
Qlost = Qgainex
mHot cHot ( tHot ̶ tmix ) = mcold ccold ( tmix ̶ twater )
60g ( c ) ( 92 – 30 ) = 100g (1 cal./g ᵒC )( 30 – 25 )
3720 c = 500
Step 3 c = 0.134 cal./g ᵒ C ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit
).
Therefore, the specific heat of the substance is c = 0.134 cal./g ᵒC ( conclusion )
Change of Ρhase
⮚ change in the aррearance of a substance due to addition or removal of heat.
The three рhases : 1. Solid 2. Liquid 3. Gas
Terminologies :
Melting or fusion – substance change from solid to liquid.

Freezing or solidification – substance change from liquid to solid.
Vaрorization – substance change from liquid to vaрor .
Condensation – substance change from vaрor to liquid.
Sublimation – substance change from solid to vapor without рassing the liquid state.
Heat of fusion (hf) – amount of heat needed to change a unit mass from solid to liquid (vice
versa)
without the change in temрerature.
Note: h for ice = 80 calories / gram. and
Amount of Heat Required (Q) = mass x hf
Heat of vaрorization (hv) – amount of heat needed to change a unit mass from liquid to vaрor
(vice versa) w/o the Change in temрerature.
Note: hv for water = 540 calories / gram. and

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Amount of Heat Required (Q ) = mass x hv
Illustrative example. How much heat is absorbed to melt 50 grams of ice at 0 ᵒC and raise the
temperature to 20 ᵒC.
Solution :
Find the total heat absorbed, Q in the process
Given: substance : ice to water T1 = 0 ᵒ C T2 = 20 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in Celsius )

Cw = 1 calorie /g ᵒ C Hf ice = 80 calories / gram. m = 50 grams
Step 2. Write the formula and substitute the given with correct units ( analyze )
from 0 ᵒ C ice to 0 ᵒ C water, there is a phase change and heat,Q is
Q1 = mass x hf = 50g x 80 cal /g = 4000 calories
from 0 ᵒ C water to 20 ᵒ C water, the heat,Q needed is
Q2 = mc ( t2 ̶ t1 ) = ( 50 g ) ( 1 calorie /g ᵒ C )( 20 – 0 ) ᵒ C
Q2 = 1000 calories
Total heat, Qtotal = Q1 + Q2 = 4000 cal + 1000 cal = 5000 calories
Step 3 Qtotal = 5000 calories ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit ).
Therefore, the heat absorbed in the process is Q = 5000 calories ( conclusion )
Thermal or Heat Capacity
⮚ The required heat needed that will raise the temperature of the material by
1ᵒ C.
⮚ Heat capacity is equal to product of mass and specific heat of the material
⮚ Heat capacity is the ratio of the heat supplied to the substance and
temperature change.
Formula : Heat capacity = mass x specific heat of substance or
Heat capacity = heat supplied / temperature change.
1. A 25 grams silver ( 0.056 ) is heated from 23 ᵒC to 35 ᵒC. a) How much

166
heat is absorbed ? What is the heat capacity of the substance ?
Solution :
a) from the above solution : Q = 16.8 calories
b) What is the heat capacity of the substance
Given: substance : silver T1 = 23 ᵒ C T2 = 35 ᵒ C ( unit/scale is in

Celsius )
C = 0.056 calorie /g ᵒ C m = 25 grams
Heat capacity = mass X specific heat = 25 grams x 0.056 calorie /g ᵒ C
Step 3 Heat capacity = 1.4 cal./ᵒ C ( Answer contains correct numerical value and
unit ).
Therefore, the heat capacity of the substance is 1.4 calories / ᵒ C ( conclusion )
Checking : using the other formula
Heat capacity = heat supplied / temperature change
= 16.8 calories / ( 35 – 23 ) ᵒ C
= 1.4 calories/ ᵒ C
Heat Transfer
⮚ energy transmitted from one body to another body.
Three methods of heat transfer from one body to another.

.
1. Conduction – transfer of heat from molecules to molecules or with direct contact between
the two bodies like the arm and the arm chair. Metal is the best conductor of
heat
2. Convection - transfer of heat by means of moving molecules of liquids and gas. A good
example
Is when you boil water.
167
3. Radiation – transfer of heat in sрace without the aid of material medium like the heat that you
feel near the gas stove. .
Heat transfer by conduction through a slab of material:
⮚ when heat flow ( enters and goes out of the a given surface ), the heat
can be computed using the equation :
KA ( t2 – t1 )
Formula : Q/t = ---------------------
d
Where : Q/t = rate of heat of conduction , J /s or watts

K = coefficient of thermal conductivity, J/sec.m.ᵒ C ( table value)
A = area of the surface, m2
d = thickness of the substance, m
t2 – t1 = temperature difference , ᵒ C
Illustrative Example: Heat is passing through an ice ( k = 5 ) having an area of 0.82 m 2.

The heat passes through the 0.02 m ice thickness at 35 ᵒC and goes out at 38 ᵒC.
Calculate the rate of heat conduction ?
Solution :
Find the rate of heat of conduction
Given: substance : ice T1 = 35 ᵒ C T2 = 38 ᵒ C ( given units is compatible )

K = 5 J/sec.m.ᵒ C A = 0.82 m2 thickness = 0.02 m
KA ( t2 – t1 ) ( 5 J/sec.m.ᵒ C ) ( 0.82 m2 )( 38 – 35 ) ᵒC
Q/t = --------------------- = ------------------------------------------------------------
d 0.02 m
Step 3 Q /t = 615 Joules/sec ( Answer contains correct numerical value and unit ).
Therefore, the rate of heat of conduction is 615 joules/sec ( conclusion
168
CREATING
Let’s do these!!!
1. Figure A ( introductory topic above ) Compare how temperature and heat affects the
thermal equilibrium of the two steel cylinders and the steel plate.
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2. Why is it called Linear expansion of solid when train rails changes in temperature
especially during summertime ? elaborate.
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3. What do you mean by coefficient of thermal expansion ? explain
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Solve the following problems using the different steps.
1. Change 45 ᵒ F to the following scale
Step 1 Given : T = 75 ᵒ F to ᵒC Given : T = 75 ᵒ F to Kelvin
Step 2 Solution : Solution :
Step 3 Answer : Answer :
169
2. A certain brass ( α = 1.8 x 10 – 5 / ᵒ C ) is heated from 18 ᵒC to 65 ᵒ C if its length is 1.35 m.
a) Calculate the change in length ? b) Find the final length of the material ? c) What is
the change in temperature ?
a) solution : ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
b) solution : ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
c) solution : ___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
3. Aluminum ( 0.22 ) is heated from 18 ᵒC to 42 ᵒC. Its mass is 36 grams. a) What is the
heat absorbed? b) Find the heat capacity of aluminum ?
a) solution : ___________________________
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b) solution : ___________________________
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4. A 2800 grams water in a plastic container has a temperature of 16 ᵒC. A newly boiled
hot water has temperature of 94 ᵒC . How much hot water will be poured so that the water
mixture become 35 ᵒ C ?
solution : ___________________________
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____________________________
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Name: _____________________________________________ Score: _________
Section: ______________ Instructor: ___________________ Date: __________
DO THESE!!!
Activity 13
Temperature and Heat
1. We use the freezer of our refrigerator to produce ice. We place water to the plastic ice
molder and place it in the freezer overnight. How do you relate this situation to zeroth
law of thermodynamics ?.
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2. Compare : coefficient of thermal expansion and coefficient of volume expansion.

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3. Which is more severe : steam burn or water burn. Explain

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4. Give at least five (5) heat insulators

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5. To avoid buckling of train rails, the standard gap is about .5.0 mm and length of a rails
is about 40 ft.. The average temperature change during that summer is 35 ᵒC, are the
rail safe? explain.
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B. Problem Solving
1. PAG-ASA predicted that tomorrow the heat index for metro manila is 34 ᵒ C . Find the equivalent
scale of this temperature in a) Fahrenheit and b) Kelvin .
2. A certain brass ( α = 1.8 x 10 – 5 / ᵒ C ) is heated from 17 ᵒC to 66 ᵒ C if its volume

is 7.94 m3. a) Calculate the change in volume of the solid ? b) Find the final volume of
the solid ? c) What is the change in temperature ?
3. a) What mass of brass (0.090) will raise the temperature. from 15 ᵒC to 55 ᵒC to produce
465 calories of heat ? b) Find the heat capacity of aluminum ?
4. A certain metal having a mass of 65 grams at 105 ᵒC is place in a 125 grams water at
25ᵒ C. If the final temperature of the mixture is 32 ᵒC, Calculate the specific heat of the metal ?
5. The wall is made up of asbestos ( k = 0.16 ) having a thickness of 0.01 m and the
surface area of 0.34 m2. Entering sunlight is at 30 ᵒC and pass through at 33 ᵒC . Calculate
the rate of heat conduction of the asbestos ?
172
IDEAL GASES AND THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
(Week 8)

1. Ideal gas law
2. Internal energy of an ideal gas
3. Heat capacity of an ideal gas
4. Thermodynamics system
5. Work done during volume change
6. 1st law of thermodynamics
7. Thermodynamics processes : adiabatic, isothermal, isobaric, isochoric
8. Heat engines
9. Engine cycle
10. Entropy
11. 2nd law of thermodynamics
12. Reversible and irreversible process

Solve multi-concept, rich context problems using concepts from rotational motion,
fluids, oscillations, gravity and thermodynamics.

1. Enumerate the properties of ideal gas law.
2. Solve problems involving ideal gas law in context such as, but not limited to the design
of metal container for compressed gas.
3. Interpret PV diagram of a thermodynamic process.
4. Compute the work done by a gas using dw = Pdw .
5. State the relationship between changes in internal energy, work done, and thermal
energy supplied through the first law of thermodynamics.
6. Differentiate the following thermodynamics processes and show them on a PV diagram :
Isochoric, isobaric, isothermal, adiabatic and cyclic.
7. Calculate the efficiency of a heat engine.
8. Describe reversible and irreversible process.
9. Explain how entropy is a measure of disorder.
10. State the 2nd law of thermodynamics.
11. Calculate the entropy changes for various process. e.g. isothermal process, free
expansion, constant pressure process, etc. Source : https://tinyurl.com/yywoy9nm
173
CONFIGURING •
• •
• • • • •
• • cologne fragrance
• • •
• •
• • •
Space or the
• Surrounding area
Spray cologne
DECODING
1. Look and analyze the figure : Describe the fragrance when you spray the cologne. a)
if you are near the spray cologne and b) when you are far from the spray cologne.
2. Yes ,your answer is correct . Look again at the figure. How will you relate the dots in
your answer In question # 1.
3. Base on our previous lesson, chapters discussed : Can you remember the name of
those dots being represented in the figure. ?
174
ADVANCING
IDEAL GASES AND THE LAWS OF THERMODYNAMICS
‘Understanding the behavior of molecular motion ( molecular arrangement ) in the three

state or phase. Molecules are represented by the dots The illustration gives us an idea how
molecules move and behave in this phase or state.’
a. solid phase or state

● molecules are completely arrange closely with one
another
•••••••••••••• ● molecules move around or vibrate in one position
••••••••••••••••••• making them solid.
••••••••••••••••••••• ● forces between them holds them together
••••••••••••••••••••
b. Liquid phase or state

● molecules move in any direction not as close to one
• • • •••• another.
•• • • • •••• ● When molecules vibrate, some forces between are
offset
• •• • ••••• ● The reason liquid fits the shape of its vessel
• •• • •• ••
c. gaseous phase or state.

● molecules are very far from one another
• • • • ● forces between molecules have no effect and they move
• • • rapidly far apart.
• • ● The reason gas can fill any surrounding much faster.
• • •
Ideal Gas Law ( Perfect gas law )
⮚ Ideal gas is a theoretical gas and non - ideal gas is the real gas like oxygen.
⮚ good approximation of the behaviour of different gases
⮚ It consist of gas particles of very tiny molecules inside a cylinder ( shown
below ).
⮚ Gas molecules in the vessel exerts pressure on the wall that increase the
pressure
⮚ For any gas, Kinetic molecular theory is applied
⮚ Ideal gas law formula is the combination of the different gas law.
Formula : Where : P = pressure of the gas, atmosphere, mm

of Hg PV = nRT
175
V = volume or space occupied by the gas,
liters
n = number of moles of gas, moles
T = temperature, Kelvin
piston T P R = molecular gas constant
Figure • • .• = 0.0821 L.atm / ᵒK. mole
gas •
gas V
cylinder and gas molecules inside
Properties of an Ideal Gas
1. The ideal gas follows certain gas laws relating the pressure, volume and temperature of gas.
2. The volume occupied by the gas molecules very small and can be negligible.
3. In any condition, the molecular force of attraction of molecules is also negligible.
Below are some of the gas law related to the ideal gas property that can be measured.
a. Boyle’s law
o Shows the relationship between volume and pressure of the gas.
o State that at constant temperature, the volume of the gas is inversely
proportional
to the gas pressure.
P1V1 = P2V2 P
then, PV = T or Formula :
( T = constant ,isothermal process)
b. Charles law V
o Shows the effect of temperature on the volume of gas.
o State that at constant pressure, the volume of the gas is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature.
V1
V
so that ------ = P or Formula : V2
T ----- = ---
( P = constant , isobaric process) --
T1
C. Gay Lussac.s law T2
o Shows the effect of temperature on the pressure of gas.
o State that at constant volume, the pressure of the gas is directly proportional
to the absolute temperature.
P1
P
so that ------ = V or Formula : P2
T ----- = ---
( V = constant ,isometric process) --
T
1 called the ideal gas law.
Note: • these gas laws were combine that result to a single equation
T
• It also shows the relationship between pressure, volume
2 and temperature when
Ideal gas changes from different state or phase.
176
• The relationship can be drawn in a P, V, T diagram.
• formula can be written: PV = mRT, where is the mass of air in Kg, R = 8.314
J/mole.K
( Source : College Physics by Sears, F, et al pp. 278 )
Illustrative Examples: How to use the different gas formula and unit awareness.
1. A 60 liters metal cylinder contains 45 number of moles of Hydrogen gas. Find pressure
inside the metal cylinder when gas temperature is 298 K?
Solution:
Given: Gas = hydrogen V = 60 liters and T = 298 K n = 45 moles
R = 0.0821 L.atm /K.mole (constant ) Find : P = ? (units are compatible )
Step 2. Write the formula ( ideal gas equation ) and substitute the given with correct
units
PV = nRT ( modify the formula : divide both sides by V to find P )
𝑛𝑅𝑇 (45 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒)( 0.0821 𝐿..𝑎𝑡𝑚 /𝐾𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒)( 298 𝐾 )

P = =
𝑉 60 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠
Step 3 P = 18.35 atmosphere. ( Answer contains correct numerical value and

units ).
Therefore, the pressure inside metal cylinder is 18.35 atm. (conclusion)
2. 120 ml of a certain gas is inside an enclosed cylindrical tank under a pressure of 840
mm of mercury. What will be the volume of the gas when the pressure is 1450 mm of
Hg?
Solution:
Given: V1 = 120 ml , P1 = 840 mm of Hg ( units are compatible )
V2 = ? , P2 = 1450 mm of Hg (Temperature = constant, use Boyle’s law )
Step 2. Write Boyle’s law formula and substitute the given with correct units
P1V1 = P2V2 ( modify the formula : divide both sides by P 2 to find V2 )
P1V1 ( 840 mm of Hg )( 120 ml )

V2 = ------------- = --------------------------------------
P2 1450 mm Hg
177
Step 3 V2 = 69.52 ml ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
Therefore, the volume at P = 1450 mm of Hg inside the cylinder is 18.35 atm. ( conclusion)
3. The volume of a certain gas in a metal tank at 25 ᵒ C is 105 cm3. Find the gas volume, in
ml when it is heated to 90 ᵒC ?
Solution:
Given: V1 = 105 cm3 or 105 ml , T1 = 20 ᵒC + 273 = 293 K (convert units )
V2 = ? , T2 = 98 ᵒC + 273 = 371 K ( Pressure = constant, use Charles law )
Step 2. Write Charles law formula and substitute the given with correct units
V1 V2
-------- = ------- ( modify the formula : divide both sides by P 2 to find V2 )
T1 T2
V1 T 2 ( 105 ml)( 371 K )

V2 = ------------- = --------------------------------------
T1 293 K
Step 3 V2 = 132.95 ml ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
Therefore, the volume at T= 98 ᵒC in the metal is 132.95 ml or cm3 ( conclusion )
Internal Energy ( symbol “ U “ ) of an ideal gas
⮚ Is the sum of the total energy Kinetic energy + potential ) of the molecules
in the gas or substance.
⮚ The molecules are always in constant motion in any direction and.are far apart
producing kinetic and potential energy ( thermal energy ) in the system.
⮚ It is the total energy present in the system
⮚ Formula : (change in internal energy) ∆U = U2 - U1 or ∆U = mcv ( t2 - t1 )
Heat capacity of an ideal gas
⮚ is the total amount of heat the substance can receive before changing its
temperature.
⮚ it means that a certain gas or substance needs a bigger amount of heat ( make
it hotter). That its capacity to increase its temperature.
⮚ The kinetic energy of an ideal gas is dependent on the temperature
⮚ Mercury has 140 J/Kg ᵒC heat capacity to increase its temperature
178
Thermodynamics System
⮚ Thermodynamics is branch of science that deals with the study of relating heat
and work including its transformation in various forms.
⮚ In the study of thermodynamics, it is important to understand system and
the surrounding which is normally stated but cannot be seen in the problems.
⮚ A situation where we temporarily divide the universe into a system and its
surroundings.
⮚ We draw an imaginary line as boundary between the system and surrounding.
⮚ Like the engine and the car, a glass of water, air con room or building . . . . .
Illustrative Example: glass of water ( Illustration of a system and surrounding )
Note : We want to study water ( system )

( water ) alone. So that it will not be affected by
System the surrounding, the glass serves as
boundary of the system.
surrounding
Work done during volume change
Final position of
Initial position piston P1
of piston 1 ∆L 2 P
piston T P P2
F Area W = Area
P
gas V
V1 V2 V
Figure : piston and cylinder PV diagram
From the figure, when a force is use to push the piston of a cylinder, gas inside the
cylinder expands and is push to the boundary. The gas exert a positive work. For the work done
by the
system. The force on the cross sectional area of the piston, F = Pressure x area ( PA ). and
the
piston gives a small movement , L from point 1-2. The work done is
WorK = F x S or dW = F x L , substitute from the given

179
dW = ( Pressure x Area )( dL )
but Area x L = Volume, substitute ( if volume has slight change, pressure is

constant )
2
dW = P x dV or Formula : W = ∫1 p ( dV ) , W = p ( V 2 – V1 )
2
W = ∫1 p ( dV ) reads “ the integral of P (pressure) x by dV ( change in volume ) “
When both the pressure and volume changes,
Work = Area of the curved PV diagram
1. A certain gas change its volume from 18 m3 is to 21 m3 inside a metal cylinder .Find the
work done when the piston pressure remains constant at 1 atmosphere . ?
Solution:
Given: V1 = 18 m3 , P1 = 1 atmosphere ( 1.013 x 105 N/m2 ( use equivalent unit )
V2 = 21 m3 , Find W = ?
Step 2. Write formula and substitute the given with compatible units
2
W = ∫1 p ( dV ) = p ( V2 – V1 ) ( modify formula and substitute given )
W = P (V2 – V1 ) = 1.013 x 105 N/m2 ( 21-18 ) m3
Step 3 W = 303,900 N.m or Joules ( Answer contains correct numerical value and
units ).
Therefore, the work done in the cylinder is 303,900 J or 303.9 KJ ( conclusion )
First Law of Thermodynamics
⮚ A repetition of the law of conservation of energy.

⮚ It also show relationship between heat, temperature and internal energy.
⮚ State that a form of energy can be transform to another form of energy.
⮚ Which means we transform heat ( Q ) into work ( W ) and vice versa.
⮚ When heat is added to a system, it is equal to the sum of the internal energy(U)
and the work (W) done by the system. or Qadded = ∆U + W
180
⮚ James Joules discovered the Mechanical equivalent of heat, symbol “ J “
⮚ It is the ratio of the same amount of work (W) to the same amount of heat (Q)
produce is constant ( J ).
W where : W = work J = constant

Formula : J = ------ Q = heat J = 4.18 Joule / calorie
Q = 4.18 x 107 erg / calorie
1. a) A certain process produce 2.5 KCal of heat . How much work is done? b)
Solution:
Given: Q = 2.5KCal x 1000 Calories / KCal = 2,500 Calories. ( convert unit )
Find W=?
W
J = ------- ( modify formula and substitute given )
Q
W = JQ = 4.18 joules / calorie x 2500 calories
Step 3 W = 10,450 joules ( Answer contains correct numerical value and

units ).
Therefore, the work needed in the process is 10,450 joules ( conclusion )
2. A 45 kg SHS student riding an electric bike in going to school has a speed of 12 m/s ?
a) calculate the work done in riding the bike. b) heat developed in the process ?
Solution:
Given: m = 45 kg , Find KE = Work = ? ( use equivalent formula )
V = 12 m/s , Find Q = ?
181
Find KE = Work = ?
a) KE = 1/2 mv2 = ½ ( 45 kg ) ( 12 m/s )2 = 3240 joules
KE = Work = 3240 joules
b) W
J = ------- ( modify formula and substitute given )
Q
Q = W/J = 3240 joules / 4.18 joules /calories
Step 3 Q = 775.1 joules ( Answer contains correct numerical value and

units ).
( Therefore, the required heat is 775.1 Joules ( conclusion )
The Thermodynamics Processes
Note : to understand the different processes, always refer to the figure of piston, cylinder
and PV diagram of topic : Work done during volume change.
a. Adiabatic Process
⮚ It is a process there is no heat flow into the system or out of the surrounding..
⮚ The process should have a perfect heat insulator so that the system has the same
temperature.
⮚ For gas expansion, the adiabatic process is rapid and require a short period of time.
⮚ In adiabatic process , Heat, Q = 0, so that The change in internal energy, ∆U = –
W.
⮚ Example is steam pipeline with asbestos insulation.
PV diagram Q=0
pressure
volume line is a curve
but not equal to the isothermal
curve
volume
182
b. Isothermal Process
⮚ It is a process in which the temperature is constant. ( T = constant )

⮚ In P, V, T relationship : PV = constant
⮚ In this process, Heat, Q = work (W )
⮚ So that the temperature in the process remains constant, the other variable must
done slowly so that heat can be process.
PV diagram P1 T =Constant (isothermal)

P2
pressure
curve pressure line is a curve
area
V1 V2 volume
c. Isobaric Process
⮚ It is a process in which the pressure is constant. ( P = constant )

⮚ In P, V, T relationship : P = constant
⮚ Piston move up and down, cylinder pressure is same
⮚ In isobaric process, work, W = p(V2 – V1 )
⮚ Example is changing water into vapour at constant pressure and temperature.
Pressure
PV diagram
P1 P2
Pressure is constant (isobaric)
curve
area pressure line is a straight line
V1 V2 volume
d. Isochoric Process
⮚ It is a process in which the volume is unchanged. ( V = constant )

⮚ In P, V, T relationship : volume = constant
⮚ Piston does not move, volume of gas in the cylinder is constant.
⮚ The change in internal energy, U2 – U1 = Q,heat
⮚ Example is the non expanding chamber ( pressure and temperature rises )
PV diagram V = Constant ( isochoric)
pressure
volume line is a vertical line
no area
V volume
183
Note : The different thermodynamics processes shows how heat goes in and out of a
certain system related to the different factors affecting the system.
( Source : College Physics by Sears, F, et al pp. 299)
Illustrative Examples: How to use and interpret the PV diagram
1. In the given PV diagram of the gas cycle below . Identify and Interpret the different
Thermodynamics process Involve in the cycle.
Given: PV diagram 2
pressure
1 3
volume
Solution : refer you answer in the Pressure-Volume : PV diagram above.
Process Curve description Thermodynamics process interpretation

1–2 Line is upward Isochoric process V = constant
2–3 Line is a curve Isothermal process T = constant
3–1 Line is straight Isobaric process P = constant
2. In an Isobaric process, the pressure of a certain gas is 2.1 x 105 Pa when the volume
changes from 0.18 m3 to 0.25 m3 . Calculate the work done in the process ?
Solution:
Given: P = 2.1 x 10 5 Pa V1 = 0.18 m3 V2 = 0.25 m3 ( convert : 1 Pa = 1N/m2 )
Process = isobaric Find W=?
A good way to analyze is to draw the PV diagram
184
Pressure
PV diagram P
P1 P2 = 2.1 x 10 5 Pa ( constant )
curve
area V
V1 = 0.18m3 V2 = 0.25m3
W = p (V2 – V1 ) = 2.1 x 10 5 N/m2 ( 0.25m3 – 0.18 m3 ) (substitute given )
W = 14,700 Nm or Joules
Step 3 W = 14,700 joules ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
Therefore, the work needed in the process is 14,700 joules ( conclusion )
Heat Engines
⮚ are engines use to convert thermal or heat energy into mechanical work’
⮚ heat comes from different fuels like gasoline, oil , wood, bagasse which
undergo combustion process.
⮚ inside the engine, it uses a working substance like water or steam, bunker oil,
or the mixture of a certain fuel and air..
⮚ The working substance changes after receiving heat at high temperature in a
cycle.
⮚ In that cycle, the heat is converted to work.
⮚ Entering heat is the useful work, discharging heat is the heat lost ( unused work)
⮚ Example of heat engines : gasoline engine, diesel engine, steam engine or boiler.
( Source : Physics 2 lecture guide pp. 23 )
Illustrative Diagram : Heat ( Q 1) in at T1

( Total heat input )
Work done by the engine

Heat engine
Heat ( Q 2) discharge at
T2
( heat exhaust )
Work done ( W ) = Q1 – Q2
185
Formula : ( heat transform to useful work )
T1 – T2
Work ( W ) or E = ---------------- x 100%
Engine efficiency , E = ----- T1
----------
Heatformula
Illustrative Example : ( How to use the different ( Q1) )
1. A certain heat engine receives a heat input of 12,400 Calories.at 450 K. and
exhaust at 2780 calories. Find a) work done by the heat engine b ) its efficiency
Solution: a ) Find work done by the heat engine
Given: Q1 = 12,400 calories T1 = 450 K Q2 = 2780 calories ( units are

compatible)
Find W = ? and Eff =
A good way to analyze is to draw the heat engine diagram
:
Q1 = 12,400 calories
T1 = 450 K
W=? , E= ?
Heat engine
Q 2 = 2780 calories
W= Q1 – Q2 = 12,400 – 2780 calories (substitute given )
W = 9,620 calories
Step 3 W = 9,620 calories ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
Therefore, the work done by the heat engine is 9.620 calories ( conclusion )
186
Solution: b) find the efficiency of the heat engine
Given: Q1 = 12400 calories Wl = 9,620 Calories. (unit are compatible)
Find Efficiency = ?
W 9620 calories
E = ------- = -------------------------- ( substitute given )
Q1 12,400 calories
E = 0.7758 x 100 % 77.58 %
Step 3 E = 77.58 % ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units

).
Therefore, the efficiency of the heat engine is 77.58 % ( conclusion )
Engine Cycle
⮚ Heat engine are use to transform thermal or heat energy into mechanical energy.
⮚ The heat energy come from the combustion or explosion of mixture of fuel and air
⮚ Example is the internal combustion engine like the gasoline or diesel engine.
⮚ Internal combustion means transformation of heat is done inside the system
The Four Stroke Cycle : gasoline engine ( common engine cycle )
cylinder head
exhaust valve intake valve
gas cylinder piston
● crankshaft
dead center
The Four Stroke Cycle ( gasoline engine )
1.Intake Stroke
● exhaust valve is closed, intake valve is open
● piston is at the upper dead center
● as piston move down, fuel-air from the intake valve enters the cylinder.
187
2. Compression stroke
● exhaust and intake valve are both closed

● as the piston goes up, fuel-air mixture is compress in the cylinder
3. Power stroke
● As the piston reaches the top dead center, spark plug ignites mixture
● causing combustion and pushing the piston to the lower dead end
4. Exhaust stroke
● exhaust valve is open, intake valve is closed

● as the piston moves up, it push the burned gas to the exhaust valve
The four cycle ( ideal otto cycle ) using the PV diagram
P 1–2 adiabatic compression

3 •
2–3 constant volume combustion (heat
addition)
• 4
2 • 3–4 adiabatic expansion
• 1 4–1 constant volume exhaust (heat rejection)
Entropy ( S )
⮚ property of a material that remains constant when there is no heat that enters or
leave the material when it is doing work or changing in volume but increases or
decreases if small amount of heat enter or leave the material.
⮚ Sometimes called as the measure of disorder in a system
⮚ the larger space the molecules can move, more disorder in the system and needs
more entropy.
⮚ entropy is expressed in Joules/ K
⮚ ∆S = S2 – S1 ( change in entropy )
Different formula for solving change in entropy ( ∆S )
1. ∆S = Q/T
2. ∆S = mcv ln T2/ T1 ( isochoric process )
3. ∆S = mcp ln T2/ T1 ( isobaric process )
4. ∆S = mR ln V2/ V1 ( isothermal process)
188
Where :
∆S = S2 – S1 ( change in entropy ) cp and cv relation
Q = heat,joules
T = absolute temperature, K c p = cv + R K = cp/cv
m = mass of gas , kg
R = gas constant, J/Kg•K c v = R / ( K -1 )
cv = constant volume specific heat,KJ/Kg•K
cp = constant pressure specific heat,KJ/Kg•K c p = KR / ( K -1 )
V = volume of gas,m3
note : cp , cv , R are table values and normally given in the problem.
Illustrative Examples : A 6 kg mass of a certain gas undergoing a flow process has R = 305
J/kg.K ,
T1 = 485 K and T2 = 560 k , cv = 0.80 KJ/Kg.K. Calculate : a ) Cp , b) ratio K c) ∆S if
the
gas undergo isochoric and isobaric process .
Solution:
Given: R = 305 J/kg.K m = 6 kg ( 1KJ = 1000 Joules )
T1 = 485 K T2 = 560 k cv = 0.80 KJ/Kg.K
a) cp = cv + R = 0.80 KJ/Kg.K + 0.305 KJ/kg.K
cp = 1.105 KJ/kg.K ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
b) cp 1.105 KJ/kg.K
K = ------- = ---------------------- ( no unit )
cv 0.80 KJ/Kg.K
K = 1.38 ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
c) For isochoric process
. ∆S = mcv ln T2/ T1 = 6 kg (0.80 KJ/Kg.K) ln (560K / 485K)
189
.∆S= 0.69 KJ/k ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
For isobaric process
. ∆S = mcp ln T2/ T1 = 6 kg (1.105 KJ/Kg.K) ln (560K / 485K)
∆S= 0.955 KJ/k ( Answer contains correct numerical value and units ).
Step 3 Answer contains correct numerical value and units .
Second Law of thermodynamics
⮚ State that “ Heat normally flows or pass from hot bodies to a colder bodies
unless
some external mechanism will perform the reverse process.”
⮚ means that heat flow cannot be from colder body to hot bodies.
⮚ Heat engine is required this heat from colder to hot bodies
Reversible process
⮚ When a certain object or system undergo some process from initial state to its
final state and returns back to the original state from the final state without any
property change, it is called reversible process.
⮚ Example : Water to steam , spring stretch
irreversible process
⮚ When a certain object or system undergo some process from initial state to its
final state and can not return back to the original state, it called reversible
process
⮚ Example is cooking : food undergo some process but can not be returned back.
⮚ Other examples like melting of ice, rusting of iron, LPG burns.
190
CREATING
Let’s do these!!!
Answer the following questions:
1. What is the difference between ideal gas and non – ideal gas. Explain & give example
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
2. Describe and explain how to use a ( Pressure-Volume ) PV diagram .
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Explain .The First law of Thermodynamics “

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4..In a ( Pressure-Volume ) PV diagram , explain the Isobaric process.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
5. What is a an irreversible process of thermodynamics ? Explain using example.

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6.. Explain .The second law of Thermodynamics “

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
Solve the problem using the different steps.
1. The gas volume in a metal cylinder is 15 liters. The gas inside has 38 number of moles
and an inside pressure of 21.56 atmosphere. Calculate the gas temperature ?
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
191
2. The initial pressure of the gas in an enclosed cylindrical tank is 75 KPa at 305 K. What
is the pressure of the gas when the temperature becomes 398 K ?
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
3. The gas volume in a metal tank is 500 ml at 32 ᵒ C .Find the gas temperature when
the volume is 890 cc ?
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
4. A certain gas has its initial volume of 0.38 m3 inside a metal cylinder . If work done is
1200 joules and having a constant of 0.1 x 10 5 Pa . Calculate final volume of the gas.?
( 1 Pa = 1N/m2)
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
5. A certain heat engine receives a heat input of 33,275 Calories.at 380 K. and
exhaust at 24,560 calories. Find a) work done by the heat engine b ) its efficiency
solution a)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
solution b)
___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
solution c)
___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
6. A 4 kg mass of a certain gas undergoing a flow process has Cp = 0.878 KJ/kg.K ,

T1 = 365 K and T2 = 430 k , cv = 0.8 KJ/Kg.K. Calculate : a ) R , b) ratio K
c) ∆S if the gas undergo isochoric and isobaric process
solution a)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
192
solution b)
___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
solution c)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
solution d)
___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
193
Name: _____________________________________________ Score: __________
Section: ______________ Instructor: ___________________ Date: ___________
DO THESE!!!
ACTIVITY 14
Ideal gases and The laws of Thermodynamics
A. Conceptual question : Answer the following questions
1. What do we relate pressure, volume and temperature of gas inside a cylinder.
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________
2. Interpret the given ( Pressure-Volume ) PV diagram . below.
PV diagram
pressure
volume
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
3. Using the First law of Thermodynamics, relate internal energy, work done and
thermal energy when you boil water in a kettle.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
4..Differentiate Isobaric process and isothermal process in a PV diagram. Diagram :

____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
194
5. Give an example of reversible process of thermodynamics ? Explain ..
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
6.. How important is the second law of Thermodynamics in our life. Explain
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
7.. Explain the compression stroke in the four stroke cycle gasoline engine.
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
____________________________________________________________________________
B. Problem Solving
1. Determine the number of mole of a certain gas in a metal cylinder occupying a space of
85 liters. . The gas is at 12.5 atmosphere and the temperature is 37 ᵒ C.
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
2. The initial temperature of a certain gas in a metal vessel is 88 ᵒC. and the pressure is
75 N/m2.. Calculate its pressure when the temperature reaches 110 ᵒ C ?
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
3. The gas volume in a metal tank is 270 cm3 at 45 ᵒ C .Find the gas temperature when
the volume is 625 cc ?
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
195
4. A certain gas change its volume from 25 m3 is to 48 m3 inside a metal cylinder .Find
the work done when the piston pressure remains constant at 320 Pascal .? ( 1 Pa = 1N/m2)
solution : ___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
5. A certain heat engine receives a heat input of 25,670 Calories.at 17 ᵒ C and exhaust
temperature is at 637 ᵒC. Find a) Efficiency the heat engine b ) The work done.
solution a)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
solution b)
___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
solution c)
___________________________
__________________________
___________________________
6. A 3 kg mass of a certain gas undergoing a flow process has R = 0.38 KJ/kg.K ,

T1 = 380 K and T2 = 420 k , K = 1.25 Calculate : a ) Cv , b) Cp
c) ∆S if the gas undergo isochoric and isobaric process
solution a)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
solution b)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
solution c)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
solution d)
___________________________
___________________________
___________________________
196

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LEARNING PACKET

ARMANDO CAMANA JR.

◻ Presents ◻ Presents ◻ Ideas are too ◻ Ideas are vague

◻ Appropriate ◻ Appropriate ◻ Inappropriate ◻ No concept or

◻ Presents ideas ◻ Presents ◻ Ideas are too ◻ Ideas are vague

◻ Appropriate ◻ Appropriate ◻ Inappropriate ◻ No concept or

◻ Solution is ◻ Solution is ◻ Solution is ◻ Solution is not

100 % correct correct answer incorrect answer No answer

Grading Period: First Quarter

References: E-book Workbook in General Physics 1

What do I know? What do I want to find out?

How can I found out what I learn? What did I learn?

1. Length of a sheet of a notebook page.

‘In Physics, measurement is very essential. It is the process of comparing

Rules to determine number of significant figure

2. Zeroes in a measured quantity are significant figure.

THE TWO SYSTEMS OF MEASUREMENT

1. British or English system

Step 3. Multiply any of the two ratio to the given quantity.

3. Conversion when unit to change contains an exponent.

4. Conversion of unit in both numerator and denominator.

5. Conversion of unit using the prefixes for the power of ten.

The Least Count Concept (LCC)

Statistics in Multiple Measurement

❖ Variance is use to get the exactness of multiple measurement.

Uncertainty of Derived Quantity

where: ∆𝑢 – total change of uncertainty

NOTE: derived measurement & change of uncertainty = m ± ∆𝑢

1. Consider: diameter reading of 25 centavo coin measured by 5 students.

No. of trials Measured Diameter

b) Solve for the variance.

VECTORS AND ITS PROPERTIES

Vectors – quantities expressed by magnitude and direction. (⇀).

What is the total distance covered? _12 m

Fundamental Direction and Representation of Vectors

RESULTANT DISPLACEMENT VECTOR ( 𝑅⃑ )

4cm, N + 2 cm, N = 6 cm, N

2. When two given vectors are acting in the opposite direction.

*If two given vectors

**If two or more given vectors

Horizontal Component Vertical Component

𝑅2 = 𝛴𝐹𝑥 2 + 𝛴𝐹𝑦 2 : use the formula on how to solve the resultant

For angle of reference (along x-axis)

𝜃 = 44.508° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸 : round your answer up to three decimal places. For

Therefore, the resultant vector is 172.216 𝑁, 44.508° 𝑆 𝑜𝑓 𝐸

CREATING (LET’S DO THESE!)

1. How do you convert one unit factor to another unit factor?

1. 31 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑠 𝑡𝑜 𝑐𝑚 3 2. 10, 000 𝑐𝑚 2 𝑡𝑜 𝑚 2

II. Uncertainty of derived quantity

No. Measurement (x)

SOURCE: Workbook in General Physics 1 by: Nipas, M. et al.; ; 2017

B. Conversion Factor. Convert the following to indicated unit of measurement. Use

1. 48 miles / hr to ft/sec. 6. One week to second

2. 0.015 gal to cc 7. 405 m to yards

3. 125 km/hr to m/s 8. 35, 000 seconds to minutes

5. 2, 500 kg/m3 to g/cc 10. 45 ml to liter

2. Vectors in Component Method

Horizontal Component Vertical Component

Grading Period: First Quarter

Situation: Basketball Game!

Kinematics: Motion on a straight line.

Example: 1. Vehicles on the road

DIFFERENT TERMINOLOGIES USE IN THE STUDY OF MOTION