INSTRUCTIONS PARTI PHYSICS DEPARTMENT EXAM Please take a few minutes to read through all problems before Starting the exam. Ask the proctor if you are uncertain about the meaning of any part of any Problem. You are to do seven (7) of the ten (10) problems, The questions are grouped in five Sections. You must attempt at least one question from each of the five (5) Sections. ( E.g. Section 1: one or both of problem 1 and problem 2.) Credit will be assigned for seven (7) questions only. Circle the seven problems you wish to be graded: |” Problems: (Circle your | 12) 3 4] 5 6|7 8 seven choices) | ‘Section: §1 §2 gs |g [5 ‘SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS DURING EXAM 1. You should not have anything close to you other than your pens & pencils, calculator and food items. Please deposit your belongings (books, notes, backpacks, etc.) in a corner of the exam room 2. Departmental examination paper is provided. Please make sure you a. Write the problem number and your ID number on each sheet; b. Write only on one side of the paper; ¢. Start each problem on the attached examination sheets; 4. If multiple sheets are used for a problem, please make sure you staple the sheets together and make sure your ID number is written on each of your exam sheets. “Colored scratch paper is provided and may be discarded when the examination is over. At the conclusion of the examination period, please staple sheets from each Problem together. Submit this top sheet to one of the proctors, who will check that you have circled the correct problem numbers above. Then submit your completed exam, separated into stacks according to problem numberCODE NUMBER: SCORE: 1 #1 (SECTION 1) PROBLEM: A hoop of mass m and radius r rolls without slipping down an inclined plane of mass M, which makes an angle a with the horizontal. Find the Lagrange equations for the hoop and the plane if the plane can slide without friction along a horizontal surface.UE Soe Undergraduate Mechanics Problem 1 A hoop of mass m and radius r rolls without slipping down an inclined plane of mass M, which makes an angle a with the horizontal. Find the Lagrange equations for the hoop and the plane if the plane can slide without friction along a horizontal surface. Solution Let us choose é,$ as our generalized coordinates. The xy coordinates of the center of the hoop are expressed by x=Et+S@satrsina ) a) y= resa+(t-s)sna ‘Therefore, the kinetic energy of the hoop is Fao 5m (2+ +k ae sin [(G+Seosa)’+(-Ssna}']42 y* @ Using r= m2? and S= x, (2) becomes Trae = 30 [ 28+ 4+ 285 cosa] @) In order to find the total kinetic energy, we need to add the kinetic energy of the translational motion of the plane along the x-axis which is 1 2 Tae 938 @ ‘Therefore, the total kinetic energy becomes ames (nom )F +mbscosa 6) ‘The potential energy is U=mgy=md rosa+(t-s) sna] © Hence, the Lagrangian is, Bs F (n+ 0) +mBScosa~mefroosa+(t-s) aha] ®from which the Lagrange equations for and $ are easily found to be or, if we rewrite these equations in the form of uncoupled equations by substituting for Gand 3, we have [am S+mé wsa—mgsin a= (| [a+ )E+msasa=d nota): senaco mee ngsnalosa n+M)—m os a UG) Sou Ccord. ) ® a (10)CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 2 #2 (SECTION 1) PROBLEM: A mass M moves horizontally along a frictionless rail. A pen- dulum is hung from M with a weightless rod and mass m at its end. The length of the rod is . Find the eigenfrequencies and describe the normal modes for small oscillationsUb.2 Sor. pg? Undergraduate Mechanics Problem 2 ‘A mass M moves horizontally along a frictionless rail. A pendulum is hung from M with ‘a weightless rod and mass m at its end. Find the eigenfrequencies and describe the normal modes Solution xextbsind; &=x+i0s0 Wab-bosd; ¥,=Wsnd ‘Thus uitsda(%+H) Mi? +3 m (id + 0 +2058 020) U =mgy, = mgb(1~ 2086)U2 So fee For small 8, cos rf - Substituting and neglecting the term of order 6°8 gives ‘Thus We must solve which gives Thus ioe alo wel Lor(M+m) -o'mb -o'mb — mgb-a'ms| o*(M +m)(o?mt? —mgt)—o'm*d =0 o'[o' #-mat(n+m)]=0 Substituting into this equation gives ‘Thus the equations a =0 (x=2,2=1) a (k=2,2=2) =a. as Me 9= a ht 82Man samp ae Me 02 84m Solving for 7,, 7: in, ocmurswhen ni, = O;orO=0 1p, ocouxsw hen n, = O;0rx=CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 3 #3 (SECTION 2) PROBLEM: A long cylindrical solenoid of radius R is tightly wound with single layer of wire (see figure). The number of turns per unit length is N/L. The wire breaks when the tension in the wire is greater than T. Determine the maximum current that can be carried by the wire. NIL turns/lengthUC 3 Sec SOLUTION ‘The magnetic field in the solenoid is given by te =“*yr,p =X, e ° From the stress tensor, the transverse pressure (radial force/area) on the coil is B#/8n. ‘Net force on top half is given by ‘The tension in each wire is Fy _2LRB?_ LR [24 | 2N 2N 81 Nex |e LCODE NUMBER: SCORE: 4 #4 (SECTION 2) PROBLEM: A solid piece of dielectric is characterized by a permittivity epsilon and hes the shape of a hemisphere of radius R. The hemisphere is glued flat side down to a grounded conducting plane (see figure). High above the plane, a uniform electric field Ep is directed vertically down. Determine the electric potential in and around the piece of dielectric. Ee. MEY Sot A solid piece of dielectric is characterized by a permittivity epsilon and has the shape of a hemisphere of radius R. The hemisphere is glued fiat side down to a grounded conducting plane (see figure). High above the plane, a uniform electric field Ep is directed vertically down. Determine the electric potential in and around the piece of dielectric. ® = Erie Biee | Air ty)=o QC ty =n ¥ (REI= Qiks) => ER+B=CR Re EM) >ER) al, ° sl, => WCE, ~38 | =€ my 38 = CR+e\ R Ef -5) C= 88 V ve e@lr-%e, 1s eke vers. g, =o Toso Pihe) = 28 fee Vee — Alns) = Srewe + E28 (I-e)en6 —te EE)CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 5 #5 (SECTION 3) PROBLEM: A monatomic classical gas is contained in a rectangular box of base size ws x wy and height A. The N atoms with mass m that make up the gas are subject to the linear potential U)= where z is the vertical coordinate. Assume that the temperature T is uniform in the box. (a) Show that the free energy of this system is . wawykT) | 3 KE F wer [in (Set +5m(5 (b) From the free energy, find the total force exerted on one of the sidewalls, of the box. (©) Find the number density of the system as a function of z. (a) Using the ideal gas law, compute the pressure as a function of z. Show the relation between your result here and that of part (b).UCSF Sor Solution: (@) The molecules in the gas are not interacting, but they do see the external potential. Since they are monatomic, there is no internal energy. Hence the partition function is given by ze+zy N! where Z. is the partition function for a single molecule, which is dx dp 5 3 2.-F ean exp [~B(p' /2m+bz)} Oe My say _ pour = (<5) cry" (1-e™") This yields the free energy Fm -kTInZ =-NEE o(“7) +3in( mir ) +In(1-e"") oN 2 (b) The total force on oite of the sidewalls, e.g., in the x direction, is given by 2. fe wae ah a nae (©) The number density is proportion to the probability of finding a molecule at height between z “L and z+dz. This probability is ‘The number density is then by the mean number between z and z+ dz divided by the volume Adz Np(z)dz Boe ™ mde” vw (12) (d) Using the ideal gas law, we have that the pressure as a function of z is etl P(e)=n(zykr =o _ 3 eae wwe) ‘The average pressure is then The total force is on the wall is just the average pressure times the area of the wall. E.g., in the x- direction, f, = P-w, +h which recovers the result of (b)..CODE NUMBER: ‘SCORE: 6 #6 (SECTION 3) PROBLEM: A man takes a series of steps along a one dimensional line, His motion depends on a series of completely random events: the throws of an ordinary six-sided die, Each time he throws the die, if the number is odd (ie. 1, 3, or 5), he takes that many steps to the left. If the number is even, (ie. 2, 4, or 6), he takes that many steps to the right. All steps are of length a (a) After N throws of the die, what is his average displacement, (Xy)? (b) How many throws of the die are necessary before the magnitude of (X,y) becomes greater than the root-mean-square fluctuation, Ay = (XR) ~ (Xp)?Mo 6 for SOLUTION (a) We have with o, € { —1,42,-3,+4,-5,+6}. Thus, (oj) = 3(—142-344-546)=43, and thus (Xy) = 4Na. _ (b) The root-mean-square fluctuation in Xyy is Vbu ’ Ave Ay = (XR) ~ (Xy)? ” =) {(o;) = Na*{ (0?) ~ (*} Now compute =} =P +242 east ee) 8, and thus a In order for |Xy| > Ay, we must have [Na> /BVNa = N>Ip. ‘Thus, we must have N > 60. (B= 3) we? = Be?CODE NUMBI BR: SCORE: 7 #7 (SECTION 4) PROBLEM: Two atoms are bound together in a potential that only depends on the distance between them, 1 Vr) = spot? where pt is the reduced mass of the two atoms. Due to the spherical sym- metry of the problem, the energy eigenstates can also be eigenstates of the L? and L, operators. One can solve the radial equation in the usual way, using & power series and obtain a recursion relation. VF) = R(r)¥im(4,9) id Rly) = Sany!the V2 io (264 2k +3) - #B (e+ 20+ b+ 3) a=0 The last equation above is derived along with the recursion relation and indicates that all the odd terms in the series must be zero. (a) Show that the power series must terminate. Now let az, be the last nonzero coefficient in the power series (which has only even terms). (b) Show that the energies are quantized and derive an expression for E in terms of the quantum numbers n and £. (0) Now consider the four lowest energies of this system. What are these energies and how many degenerate states are there at each energy. (a) Give the quantum numbers n, é, and m for all of the degenerate states at each energy.U7 Joe Solution The wavefunction must be normalizable for any physical solution to the problem, however, the recursion relation gives coefficients that do no fall off rapidly enough for large k. (26+ 2k +3) — 22 ao (E+ 2 (2E+ k+ 3) ~ EH Ohio = 2 \ Note that this is the power series for e*¥" so the wavefunction will diverge at large r. ‘To avoid this divergence we must terminate the series at some k. We can do this simply by making the numerator zero in the recursion relation, 2E (28+ 2k +3) — = = z- (2€ + 2k +3) e=(e+K+3)nw * B= (e423) hw aw The value of k at which we terminate is 2n according to the problem so we make that replacement in the last step. ‘The ground state energy is E = $hw. We can get this if £= 0 and n = 0. Of course m = 0. This 2 would be called the 0s state. —— The first excited state na is E = $fw. We can get this if £= 1 and n = 0. There are three states since m = —1,0,+1 are allowed. This would be called the Op state. There are 3 degenerate states, a. The second excited state energy is We can get this if £= 0 and n = 1. Of course m= We can also get his if £ = 2 and n=". There are five states since m = —2,—1,0,+1,+2 are allowed. These ‘would be called the 1s and Od states. There are 6 degenerate states. ‘The third excited state energy is E We can get this if = 1 and n = 1. There are three states since m = —1,0,+1 are allowed. We can also get his if £ = 3 and n = 0. There are seven states since m = ~3, 2, —1, 0, +1, +2, +3 are allowed. These would be called the 1p and Of states. There are 10 degenerate states. ta oe \CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 8 #8 (SECTION 4) PROBLEM: HCl is a diatomic molecule with a distance between the atoms of about 1.3 Angstroms. Calculate the rotational absorption spectrum for pho- tons incident upon HCl at room temperature. You may assume the molecule remains in the vibrational ground state and that the distance between the ‘atoms remains constant. Only consider the transitions which are lowest or- der in a and hence appear as strong lines in the spectrum. Give the lowest 6 absorption energies in eV. Assume the HCI molecule is made of regular Hydrogen with a mass of 939 MeV/c? and Chlorine 35 with a mass of 32872 MeV/c.Wo€ Soe Solution Under the assumptions given, energy due to rotation is simply # classically. Similarly the angular term in the Schédinger equation is ;i, which amounts to the same thing, We know the eigenvalues of the L? operator so the rotational energies are simple. &(0+1)n? aT At room temperature, many of the rotational levels are populated, however, the strong absorp- tion lines are for 1 since they are the Electric Dipole transitions. So the photon energies corresponding to thong absorption lines are pu MEADE +2) ~ e+? _ 200+ 1A? ~ Qur? Qur? for the ¢ of the initial state 0,1,2,3,4.. We now need to plug in the numbers, The reduced mass is about 913 MeV/c2. (E+ 1) fic)? _ (+1) (1973eV_A)? pe eta) (ne) ae "Gas thar 2 cara = 0.0025(€+ 1) eV a (Note that at room temperature, these exitations are about a factor of 10 less than kt.) ‘The lowest energy absorption lines are then at 0.0025, 0.0050, 0.0076, 0.0101, 0.0126 and 0.0151 LX E eV. They are evenly spaced.CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 9 #9 (SECTION 5) PROBLEM: An early experiment to accurately measure the speed of light was based on a rapidly rotating mirror. As shown in the somewhat simplified diagram below, a light source emits light through a narrow, vertical slit, the image of which is viewed in the experiment. Light from the slit is reflected by the rotating mirror shown at the right of the diagram. A key clement of the experiment is the lens L which has a focal length f = 10 m and a diameter d= 0.1 m. The distance between it and the rotating mirror is set to be f as is the distance between the slit and the rotating mirror. A fixed mirror is placed at a distance of 2f from L so that there is an image of the slit at the location of the fixed mirror. The fixed mirror is carefully alligned to be perpendicular to the line from the center of the mirror to the center of the lens All together, with the rotating mirror held fixed, light travels from the slit to the the rotating mirror, through L, to the fixed mirror, back through L, back to the rotating mirror, and finally it is reflected by a half silvered mirror onto a fine glass scale which is used to measure the position of the image. The scale is at the same distance from the half silvered surface as is ‘the slit. With the rotating mirror fixed, there is an image of the slit on the glass scale. (a) As the rotating mirror is turned back and forth slightly by hand, the image of the slit on the glass scale does not move. Explain how this can be true. ‘The mirror is now set to rotate with a frequency of rotation set to 440 Hz using a tuning fork () How does the image of the slit on the glass scale change as the mirror rotates rapidly? (c) What is the intensity of the image relative to the original intensity Jo when the mirror is not rotating? (4) Derive a formula for the speed of light in terms of the parameters given in the problem and a quantity measurable on the glass scale. ag Seale Ligh eee ed Mir Source fo fr ts ey ns tating ene\ Ub-F Sor Solution Light from the rotating mirror that passes through the lens is returned to the rotating mirror going in exactly the opposite direction from which it came. Since the xotating mirror is one focal Jengt} bh from the lens, light with different angles from the rot: arellel_bv_ the lens, t Teturns parallel from tnirror, and is focused back to the p from which it came on the ) Because of this property, the image of the slit remains fixed as the rotating mirror is turned by Q hand. ” b) If the mirror rotates rapidly, all the light passing through the lens is still focussed onto a single image on the glass scale, however, the image is displaced because the rotating mirrors angle changes between the first and second reflections from that mirror. The size of the displacement can be 2 calculated. The image also becomes less intense because light is only returned when the rotating mirror is pointing at the lens. ©) The new intensity is 5470. (It could be twice that if the rotating mirror is two sided.) QL 4) During the time the light is traveling to and from the fixed mirror, the rotating mirror’s angle changes. This light reflected back toward the scale, changes by twice the angle of the mirror. We 3 will compute the displacement 6 at the glass scale. =ut += of 6=26f 24m (440)(10)? _ 3.3175 x 10° 62 Sea = c € ‘The displacement should be about 1 cm. We can then calculate the speed of light in terms of the displacement. 3.3175 x 10° \ : 5CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 10 #10 (SECTION 5) PROBLEM: In this question, you are asked to make order of magnitude es- timates. Do any three of the four parts (any threo of parts a, b, ¢, or d), stating which three you want graded. You may need the numbers: Boltzmann constant (k = 1.4 x 10-*° J/K), mass of @ proton (mp = 1.7 x 10-2" kg), Avogadro's number (N= 1 gm/m,), electron charge (e = 1.6 x 10-° C), permittivity of free space (eo = 8.8 x 10-!? F/m), permeability of free space (1g = 4m x 10-7 H/m), ‘the energy in an electron volt (eV = 1.6 x 10~ J), and the intensity of the solar radiation incident at the upper atmosphere of the earth (= 1 kW/m?). (2) Using a simple microscopic picture, estimate Young’s modulus for steel. Recall that the modulus is defined as stress __ (F/A) 7 (4r/0) Strain Stress a(n co AL (b) Estimate the collision frequency for the molecules in the air of this room. (©) Estimate the number of solar neutrinos that pass through your body during the course of this exam. (4) In an amusing demonstration, a frog is Roated (suspended against gravity) in the diverging magnetic field at the upper end of a vertical solenoid. Given that the field strength is about 10T and the bore of the solenoid is about 3 inches, estimate the magnetic susceptibility of the frog (i.e., Xm where M = ymFL). Be sure to state the sign of Xm, that is, state whether the frog is diamagnetic or paramagnetic.= teas) [5 ON ZA saxon O.% jenn lt (aad re an ee lo? ~R OSUG jo Be OZ “ew bao aks = gO 2.8 Sates “had r A 0) 17 - oNcA Pos esas tee i . 9} WA B xia aR YA Sy aeetUbe er 3)UG 12 Soe Ct) we) : La di Weg ae Swe — _ Lig Aa ~ ee 7 Eo REO PSs Im E q < ve = 1h E gee 7 oe — gE. 4d, = 4g” NZad ‘ 210 KP = ? = + = Se _ 10INSTRUCTIONS PART Il PHYSICS DEPARTMENT EXAM Please take a few minutes to read through all problems before starting the exam. The proctor of the exam will attempt to clarify example questions if you are uncertain about them. You are to do seven (7) of the ten (10) problems. The questions are grouped in five Sections. You must attempt at least one question from each of the five (5) Sections. ( E.g. Section 1: problem 1 or problem 2.) Partial credit will be given for partial solutions for seven (7) questions only. Circle the seven problems you wish to be graded: Section: [| §1 §2 93 §4 §5 Problems: (Circle your | 11 12 |13 14/15 16/17 18/19 20 seven choices) ‘SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS DURING EXAM 1. You should not have anything close to you other than your pens & pencils, calculator and food items. Please deposit your belongings (books, notes, backpacks, etc.) in the corner of the exam room. 2. Departmental examination paper is provided. Please make sure you: ‘a. Write the problem number and your ID number on each sheet; b. Write only on one side of the paper; ©. Start each problem on the attached examination sheets; d. If multiple sheets are used for a problem, please make sure you staple the sheets together and make sure your ID number is written on each of your exam sheets. *Colored scratch paper is provided andymay be discarded when the ‘examination is over. At the conclusion of the examination period, please staple each problem together and place completed exams on the table, separated in stacks according to problem numbers.CODE NUMBER: SCORE: iv #11 (SECTION 1) PROBLEM: A particle of mass m moves in the central potential c 32 In this problem you may assume C > 0. (a) Find and sketch the effective potential Uyg(r). (b) Find the equation for the shape of bound orbits, r(d), in the orbital plane, Hint: You might consider deriving a differential equation for the quantity s = 1/r. (c) Find the precession Ag in the angle of periapsis (i.e. the distance of closest approach to the force center) over one radial cycle,Cl 7 SS GRADUATE MECHANICS A particle of mass m moves in the central potential ke roe Tn this problem you may assume C > 0. ur) (a) Find and sketch the effective potential Usg(r) (b) Find the equation for the shape of bound orbits, r(), in the orbital plane. Hint: You might consider deriving a differential equation for the quantity s = 1/r. (c) Find the precession Ag in the angle of periapsis (i.e. the distance of closest approach to the force center) over one radial cycle. SOLUTION (a) The effective potential is where ¢ = mr?¢ is the angular momentum. The sketch follows. (®) We know that total energy is conserved, with B= fi? + U(r) ma? sie 2 Sar he + p(B +meys?, where = 1/r. Conservation of angular momentum allows us to write hence aOD” S20 ye We can integrate this directly, or, what is somewhat simpler, differentiate to obtain fe (me), _ mk ag ey eB ‘This is instantly recognized as the equation of a harmonic oscillator under 4 constant force, with @ playing the role of time. The solution is 5(@) = 89(1 ~ eos 88) , where 4) = mk/(@ +mC) and 6 = /1+ 38. Thus, ye ee O) = Tees * With ro = 95" = (# + mC)/mk. For the orbit to be bound, el <1. (c) We have chosen the zero of ¢ to correspond to apoapsis, In fact, apoapsis occurs for 4 = 2m and periapsis for 6 = 2n(n + }). The difference Dotween angles at successive periapses in M6 = Ogu1— by ~ 20 = 2x9"! ~1) IEC > 0 then 6 > 1 and Ag <0, ie. periapsis lags from one orbit to the next.(SCORE: aeseeeeeeae 12 #12 (SECTION A mass m is affixed at position z = 0 to a string, as shown in the figure below. The tension in the string is + and its linear mass density is. As ‘the mass moves, it scrapes along a surface parallel to the string, hence it experiences a frictional force —ymv, where v is the (vertical) velocity of the ‘mass, in addition to the forces it is subjected to from the string. A pulse of shape f(x ~ ct) is incident from the left at large negative values of the time #4, where c is the speed of wave propagation in the string. incident transmitted reflected (a) Find the transmission coefficient t(k) as @ function of wavevector. You may find it convenient to define Q = 7/c and ¢ = m/2u. (b) An incident pulse (i.e. a wavepacket) is made up of Fourier compo- nents with wavevectors k < Q. If the incident pulse shape is described by Vin (,t) = f(e — ct), what is the reflected pulse yeg¢(x,t)?CRAD {2 Soe fl GRADUATE MECHANICS ‘A mass m is affixed at position x = 0 to a string, as shown in the figure below. The tension in the string is + and its linear mass density is p. As the mass moves, it sctapes along a surface parallel to the string, hence it experiences frictional force —-ymv, where v is the (vertical) velocity of the ‘mass, in addition to the forces it is subjected to from the string. A pulse of shape /(z ~ ct) is incident from the left at large negative values of the time +, where ¢ is the speed of wave propagation in the string, incident, transmitted reflected " (a) Find the transmission coefficient t(k) as a function of wavevector. You may find it convenient to define Q = y/c and ¢ = m/2p. (b) An incident pulse (i.e. a wavepacket) is made up of Fourier compo- nents with wavevectors k 0. Continuity at x =0 requires x(k) = ¢(k) ‘The second equation comes from Mr. Newton: —(me?k? + iymck) t() = ike [t(ke) — 1 +2(k)] . Substituting r = % —1 into the second equation and solving for t(k) yields ame 2 +) [+ ee “Tana” where Q = 7/e and ¢ = m/2y. (®) The reflection coeficient is = ik x(k) = e(&) - tk Assuming k < Q, we have r(k) ~ ~f>, so the reflected pulse is QC tral!) = 7A se + at. ‘Thus, the reflected pulse is an inverted, attenuated version of the incident pase.CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 13 #13 (SECTION 2) PROBLEM: An infinite slab of copper occupies the region z = —d to x = +d, where (x,y,z) is a rectangular coordinate system. The slab carries the os- cillating current/length K(t) = RegKo e~*, where Ko is a constant. Note that the current density in the slab, Jy(x,t) = Re Jy(2) e~™*, is not uniform and not specified; only the integral [“fdx Jy(z) = Ko is specified. Deter- mine the magnetic field in all of space and determine the current density Jy(z) in the slab. You may assume that the conductivity of copper is much larger than the oscillation frequency (i.e., ¢ > w ).a y CeAd 13 Soe -3- can Set The magnetic ti to en tle E-duuchin Rg) =-EREM et fo xXé-d B06) = Hh c XSd &&)= “als Fon ed SK 6,>0 E = 7 (E+vag) 5 Be¥(G-yxr) eS © a © © — wm 1 < x D = xB = \*{Bsyxs x 0 is the strength of the ferromagnetic interaction, is the external magnetic field, and (i,j) denotes nearest neighbor sites. (a) Apply the Weiss mean-field approximation, i.e., replace the spin vari- able for each of the 6 nearest neighbors of a site by the thermodynamic average, Wi = (6), and write down the mean-field Hamiltonian Hue in terms of ri (b) Using the mean-field Hamiltonian, derive a self-consistent equation of state describing how the average magnetization m = [yf depends on Hat temperature T. (Hint: You may assume that ris in the direction of A) (c) Find the critical temperature 7. in the absence of external field, ie, for =Brad iy sot Solution: (@) The average magnetization per site i = (6,) is clearly independent of the location of the site i. The mean-field approximation amounts to replacing the spin &, neighboring site i by the average magnetization. Summing over the 6 nearest neighbors of each site in a simple cubic lattice, we have Hyp = 65, HDS, (b) Assuming that /7i points in the direction of the extetnal field , then the spin variable G,, can be represented simply by the angle @ it makes with A. Denoting the magnitude of # and H by mand H respectively, the mean-field Hamiltonian becomes Hyg: = ~61' meos6, ~ HY cos6, The mean-field partition function is then Ze = S45,-dGy eM = Z* where Nis the number of sites in the system, and Z, = fao2msind enor? 1 JIm+h (en where J = 6BJ and h= BH. ‘The mean-magnetization is then a =—h magne (©) In the vicinity of 7, (and with h = 0), we expect the magnetization to be small. Expanding the self-consistent equation above for m, we find my , my tet a | Sm 3 1 mn-—— + + Sm yin my 3! Critical point occurs when the self-consistent equation begins to admit multiple solutions, ie., when spontaneous symmetry breaking appears. This occurs at J = 3 of T. = 2 / kyCODE NUMBER: SCORE: 16 #16 (SECTION 3) PROBLEM : A three-dimensional system of spin-0 bosonic particles obeys the dispersion relation nk? 2m ‘The quantity is the formation energy and m the mass of each particle. ‘These particles are not conserved ~ they may be created and destroyed at the boundaries of their environment. (A possible example: vacancies in a crystalline lattice.) ‘The Hamiltonian for these particles is e(k) = A+ N= Deat M, r where fy, is the number operator for particles with wavevector k, N= Sy fy is the total number of particles, V is the volume of the system, and U is an interaction potential. (a) Treat the interaction term within mean field theory. That is, define (N) + 6N, where (1) is the thermodynamic average of N, and derive the mean field self-consistency equation for the number density p = (N)/V by neglecting terms quadratic in the fluctuations 6N. Show that the mean field Hamiltonian is Hye = —}VU 2 +Dle (k) + Up] ys (b) Derive the criterion for Bose condensation. Show that this requires <0. For A=—|Ag|, find an equation relating Tc, U, and Ao.CRAD IG Soe py! GRADUATE STATISTICAL MECHANICS A three-dimensional system of spin-0 bosonic particles obeys the dispersion relation oo 1k? ek) A+ >=. ‘The quantity A is the formation energy and m the mass of each particle. These particles are not conserved - they may be created and destroyed at the boundaries of their environment. (A possible examp! crystalline lattice.) The Hamiltonian for these particles is u. H= Deh t oN, Feat ay where fi, is the number operator for particles with wavevector k, N= Sy fiy is the total number of particles, V is the volume of the system, and U is an interaction potential (a) Treat the interaction term within mean field theory. ‘That is, define N= (NW) + 6N, where (N) is the thermodynamic average of N, and derive the mean field self-consistency equation for the number density p = (N)/V by neglecting terms quadratic in the fluctuations 6. Show that the mean field Hamiltonian is Hur = ~]VU— + [elk + Up] my , z (b) Derive the criterion for Bose condensation. Show that this requires <0. For A = —|Ao], find an equation relating Te, U, and Ag SOLUTION (a) We write WP = ((N) +N)? (NY? + 200) 5N + (6N)? = —(N)? +2(N) N+ (SN)? .COrD Ie foo PEE ‘We drop the last term, (5N)?, because it is quadratic in the fluctuations. ‘This is the mean field assumption. The Hamiltonian now becomes Her = -4VUp? + YO [e(k) + Up] fy F where p = (N}/V is the number density. This, the dispersion is effectively changed, to +A+Up ‘The average number of particles in state |) is given by the Bose function, (ig) = : = exp [E(k)/keT] — 1 Summing over all k states, and using cl oe vo fee we obtain De e ) Bose condensation requires A+Up=0, which clearly requires A <0. Writing A = —|Ag], we have, just at T= Te, oi.) = Bol = [ee o Qn) eB /amkeTe 1? since pp(T-) = 0. This relation determines Te. Although this is as far as you ked to go, it is useful to note that the integral can be done and an were explicit expression obtained for Te: . [ol _ 7, SS eciolon aun forw ye a 3 = ‘mksTe\ 9? -(8)"en. where ¢(€) = 792, n~ is the Riemann zeta function. Thus, m2 (Ag \%/% = ae (av)CODE NUMBER: SCORE: wv #17 (SECTION 4) PROBLEM: An electron is initially spin up along the 2-axis. This state is then rotated by an angle a about an axis @, where & = ad = a, + ayi) + oi and a = (a-a)¥/2, (@) What is the probability that the electron is still spin up along the original Z-axis? Spin down along this axis? () Now suppose that an electron initially spin down along the 2-axis is sequentially rotated first by a: about 2, then by ay about g, and finally by az about @. What is the probability that the electron is spin down along the original z-axis?© Qvecsue ¢ CRADIZ wed apie we wea Me FOC py Vere co} bed by AY cob, nw tltekno. fs jr akis. mrseG cee tq Ooo Argle @ ret on axis 6, 0-08 = & Fre 5+QS ond C2 (3-8. a) uM the cree ldy Whee Fu dae Ye SHW sei we alens The erigc al Bete Ae cee lee dens Wis aets? sy Now Saepese Wad Or. tlecdeer sacay 70% MEP alors Ha Se anrs ve rehab bby Watt aad te a 7 Se eee t Pu down alee sg The onl gre al Sania ? Po sy (ore, >)" cae ( » 23.24 <3) ARK 8 [tree ae SaINY see Sean > lose. & $.9¥ E> | (28. ro KY ey eb > 8 fovred Fae (Br. 2g, oatGRAD 17 SY mu te adende ee io, Gay & Ton ae OAR TR Seg Men Ce Te Zoe lectus Ds . ite (“2 fo seu, $4) rotoon S84 toy OE : wor toy Oe rity ae \ , sn 8s a Oy + tor ay oy =D Peowasiidy Mek wa ene sj) Se down & eon Se a 2 Ee sr By ae 7 ae ee ae o> o's wa hase ws A y Vet Sy Bs cd We 434 weCODE NUMBER: SCORE: 18 #18 (SECTION 4) PROBLEM: A. spinless charged particle (charge e) in free space moves under ‘the influence of a uniform magnetic field B. Determine the energy levels for this particle.Gerad Qwertu teoblen CeAD fb Sol. ; O spinn\ags Charged gecdivte [ohonge e) vu Free space movas wader See places ee ee ee Vind ard dvzeass Yor tnergy lavas fon MMs perYrvde. Wry. data saw wantebler ele Bra Cowan celdy tor du gate A cdvenwisn eke Wee Haw Howie, Sade Feple Then Uae BRA Su swar bay 1H pA CHT, Seldon 5 Chaese Gr akis Jo Ve eleng %, ey BE BL Wan andy Ron vain g Cepeda on VA ton BebrnL) Gre Ae, by > Boe. wm Bt 2 Aym @y Dy Ax Ce vad= le ey ey) Pee et ee Ole ley [een Bley (B- % 9) ob Vicre nau tarelag ie bs 2 LBs es ee yes ee ea Lan, fo > tx, asy \ D Wealden Ae 3 bey Werildeaven fe Jerey eek wea vadcds Ct, EUS: 3 BE, s Ts, P)s-% 4 2 - RPA 2h : ; si Be Wee en ig mms ot bonne OF Reagesucy how SER eld a Fee WE dere, D : . trie gy eyiewilees em Es Oy SEB (ed) VS eB,CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 19 #19 (SECTION 5) PROBLEM: A nucleus has a ground state with angular momentum quantum number Jo = 0 and energy Ep, a first excited state with excitation energy above the ground state Ey ~ Ey = 0.1 MeV and angular momentum Jj = 1, and a second excited state with excitation energy Ez — Eo = L0MeV and angular momentum Jz = 2. In the laboratory at zero temperature this nucleus is known to have a mean lifetime (inverse decay rate) of 107s. The first excited state is known to decay 10® times as fast as the ground state, while the second excited state decays 10" times faster than does the ground state ‘What is the lifetime of this nucleus inside a massive star at temperature AT = 0.1MeV? (Assume that thermal equilibrium obtains and that the populations of the states of the nucleus are thermal.)cope NumBER: _S© SCORE: 19 #19 (SECTION 5) PROBLEM: A nucleus has a ground state with angular momentum quantum number Jp = 0 and energy Ep, a first excited state with excitation energy above the ground state E; — Ey = 0.1 MeV and angular momentum J = 1, and a second excited state with excitation energy Ez — Ey = 1.0MeV and angular momentum J) = 2. In the laboratory at zero temperature this nucleus is known to have a mean lifetime (inverse decay rate) of 10’s. The first excited state is known to decay 10® times as fast as the ground state, while the second excited state decays 10" times faster than does the ground state, ‘What is the lifetime of this nucleus inside a massive star at temperature kT = 0.1MeV? (Assume that thermal equilibrium obtains and that the populations of the states of the nucleus are thermal.) Nz oy MeyCoE NuBER: _S© SCORE: 19 #19 (SECTION 5) PROBLEM: A nucleus has a ground state with angular momentum quantum number Jo = 0 and energy Eo, a first excited state with excitation energy above the ground state Ey — Ey = 0.1 MeV and angular momentum J = 1, and a second excited state with excitation energy Ey — Ey = 1.0MeV and angular momentum Jp = 2, In the laboratory at zero temperature this nucleus is known to have a mean lifetime (inverse decay rate) of 107s. The first excited state is known to decay 10° times as fast as the ground state, while the second excited state decays 10! times faster than does the ground state. ‘What is the lifetime of this nucleus inside a massive star at temperature kT = 0.1MeV? (Assume that thermal equilibrium obtains and that the Populations of the states of the nucleus are thermal.)CODE NUMBER: SCORE: 20 #20 (SECTION 5) PROBLEM: Evaluate the integral 1 12)= [ Are Lz using contour integration methods for real ¢, [2| > 1. Make sure your result applies both for positive and for negative «.GAD Fo Soe ! Pablen: Evaludle He integcal raeS Bee weing Contour imbegeation rateds for rat x, |xl>d. Mabe Sure youy fesult applies both for positive and for negative X- Solutim : Congr xr chest, We have t ‘ ae z Tb = $ & (ee © 2464 ¢ 2a eu, SS = clove eputour C goes around Hee a brane cut tet ed as shown mF. t ae Deforminy C into Cy (See Fy. 2), we Ped Ce Th = 0s ee Coe ee Glee Ha Wezrand ao Plows + Vie wt (4 &)*= ~t(4-th+.), ae 4 4 we TEC EH), sy ‘ x ae FEL (ue) 5 (AUR Ase ae Kier @ = =% (cone lixd = TX ® - er, Thus, Th) = t&-VET) . Foe waggle x, we em wie the easy + prove wlte ICQ =-IG) & IW = T [k= signs) (ee) fo ak Ixia 4.