PR2

12 Quarter 3 Module 1
Presents Written Literature Review
and Conceptual Framework

LEARNER’S MATERIAL
 Module
PR2 Grade 12 1
PIVOT IV-A Learner’s Material
Quarter 3- Module 1
_________________________________________
First Edition, 2020

Published by: Department of Education Region IV-A CALABARZON

Regional Director: Wilfredo E. Cabral

PR2
Quarter 3 Module 1

Development Team of the Module

Authors: Dianne S. Cabigas
Editor:
Reviewers:
Illustrator:
Layout Artist:
Management Team: Elpidia Bergado
SDO Cavite Province
Romyr L. Lazo, EPS In-charge of LR

Department of Education Region 4A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Cainta Rizal
Landline: 02-868-257-73, Local 420/421
Email Address: lrmd.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph

1
Guide in Using PIVOT Learners Material Module

For the Parents/Guardian

As a result of years of teaching among senior high school students, and
through listening to comments of English teachers in almost any available semi-
nars, reading and writing academic texts must be taught intensively if we wish to
achieve the desired goals in teaching English for specific purposes.
For almost half a decade now, reading and writing academic texts are inter-
twined, and have been introduced to the senior high school students. The author
believes that both can be given emphasis and thereby making the students enjoy
both reading and writing academic texts that will certainly provide the senior high
students opportunities in their probable work place soon.

Image of a Parent/
guardian

For the Learner

In this module, it is hoped that after undergoing some texts, you become an expert in under-
standing reading and writing academic texts. /t the same time, you, too, can be part of a successful
work place.

Image of a learner

2
 I What I need to know?

This module was designed and written with you in mind. It is here to help
you master the different ways by which information from everyday life may be ac-
quired. The scope of this module permits it to be used in many different learning
situations. The language used recognizes the diverse vocabulary level of stu-
dents. The lessons are arranged to follow the standard sequence of the course.
But the order in which you read them can be changed to correspond with the text-
book you are now using.

The module is for Lesson 9 titled as follows:

Lesson 9- Present written review of related literature and conceptual frame-
work

After going through this module, you are expected to:

1. Define related literature and conceptual framework

2. Present or write related literature and conceptual framework of the study

3. Appreciate the purpose of related literature and conceptual framework

Strand: /cademic/Technical Vocational Livelihood

Subject: English for /cademic and Professional Purposes
Content Standard: The learner acquires knowledge of appropriate reading strategies for a better
understanding of academic texts.

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 I What is new?

Literature Review Exercise (individual work)

A literature review, is a report of published information pertaining to a topic of interest. It

enables a researcher to determine what is known and what further research can be conducted. A
literature review is not just a compilation of information. It includes the analysis and interpretation of
the significance and implications in light of a problem that the researcher defines. A literature
review may be a complete report or it may be a part of another report.
In this exercise you will do the following:

a) Decide on a topic of interest.

b) Do a quick evaluation of 5 or more articles you wish to use for your literature review. Evaluate
them in the following aspects:

• Relevance to your topic of interest

• Currency of article (published 4-5 years ago preferably) or website (Is it dated? Do not
cite facts or statistics that are not dated.)

• Is the article peer reviewed (a scholarly paper see below “Scholarly vs Popular”)?
• Author’s authority/credibility

• Publisher (For papers and books: commercial or academic? For websites: edu, gov, org,
com or net?)

• Does the article come with a bibliography? This gives you an idea whether the author
has referred to other sources and helps to validate the content of the article. For web-
sites, there should be links or footnotes that list down references and further resources.

• Is the article biased in any way?

c) Your 5 articles should include 3-4 peer reviewed research papers, 1-2 credible website(s)
(excluding PDF files of papers you found on the internet).

d) Read each article and summarise what it says in your area of study.

e) Write a literature review of 500 words on your topic of interest.

Points to note when writing your literature review:

1. be sure to understand your research topic/question before you begin.

2. Select sources that cover all or most sub-areas of your research topic. Do not leave areas unex-
plored as far as possible.

3. Read your sources with an end in mind, making notes on relevant information --- this will help
you compile what you have read in your review.

4. Your review should give the audience an idea of what is already known about your research
topic.

5. Searching for relevant sources takes time, so start early!

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D What I know?
Choose the letter of the best answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate sheet
of paper.

1.________ is a survey of scholarly sources (such as books, journal articles, and

theses) related to a specific topic or research question.

A. Literature Review
B. Definition of Terms
C. Conceptual Framework
D. Theoretical Framework

2. Why do you need to review the existing literature?

A. You enjoy reading the academic research on your topic.
B. Because without it, you could never reach the required word-count.
C. To find out what is already known about your area of interest.
D. To make sure you have a long list of references.

3. To read the literature critically means:

A. to suggest the previous research was always poorly conducted.
B. skimming through the material because most of it is just padding.
C. evaluating what you read in terms of your own research questions.
D. being negative about something before you read it.

4. ________is used to illustrate what you expect to find through your research, in-
cluding how the variables you are considering might relate to each other. You should construct
one before you actually begin your investigation.

Conceptual Framework
Theoretical Framework
Literature Review
Significance of the Study

5. It is also called the research paradigm.

A. Review of Related Literature
B. Conceptual Framework
C. Research Design
D. Data Collection Procedure

For number 6-10, write T if the statement is TRUE and F it is FALSE.

6. Related Literature composed of opinions to which the present study is related.

7. Literature is an oral or written record of man's significant experiences that are artisti-
cally conveyed in a prosaic manner.
8. Review of Related Literature is a man's written or spoken knowledge of the world.
9. Related Literature helps the reader in searching for or selecting a better research prob-

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 What is in?
D
Working on a research project will obviously be a challenging and reward-
ing experience, provided you put the best of your expertise and skill in it. It is an
opportunity that helps you to pursue an in-depth or deep original study about any
topic which interests you.
The main aim of the goals is to provide the best of the solution to some of
the world problems and also to enhance our knowledge.
To have a good research, the researcher should have the best literature
reviews and conceptual framework.

What is a literature review?

In essence, a literature review identifies, evaluates and synthesizes the
relevant literature within a particular field of research. It illuminates how knowledge
has evolved within the field, highlighting what has already been done, what is gen-
erally accepted, what is emerging and what is the current state of thinking on the
topic. In addition, within research-based texts such as a Doctoral thesis, a litera-
ture review identifies a research gap (i.e. unexplored or under-researched areas)
and articulates how a particular research project addresses this gap.
What is meant by the term literature?
Literature refers to a collection of published information/materials on a par-
ticular area of research or topic, such as books and journal articles of academic
value. However, your literature review does not need to be inclusive of every arti-
cle and book that has been written on your topic because that will be too broad.
Rather, it should include the key sources related to the main debates, trends and
gaps in your research area.
What is meant by the term review?
To review the literature means to be able to identify:
• what has been established, discredited and accepted in your field*
• areas of controversy or conflict among different schools of thought
• problems or issues that remain unsolved
• emerging trends and new approaches
• how your research extends, builds upon, and departs from previous research.
A review of literature presents much more than a summary of relevant
sources. The act of reviewing involves evaluating individual sources as well as
synthesizing these sources in order to gain a broad view of the field. At this ‘field
level’, a literature review discusses common and emerging approaches, notable
patterns and trends, areas of conflict and controversies, and gaps within the rele-
vant literature. When you can clearly observe these things, you will be able to situ-
ate your own research and contribute to ongoing debates within the field.

In other words, when reviewing the literature, “not only do you need to engage
with a body of literature, you also need to be able to compare, contrast, synthe-

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 What is in?
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Conceptual Framework

"Miles and Huberman (1994) defined a conceptual framework as a visual or

written product, one that “explains, either graphically or in narrative form, the main
things to be studied—the key factors, concepts, or variables—and the presumed
relationships among them” (p. 18).1 Here, I use the term in a broader sense, to
refer to the actual ideas and beliefs that you hold about the phenomena studied,
whether these are written down or not; this may also be called the “theoretical
framework” or “idea context” for the study. A valuable guide to developing a con-
ceptual framework and using this throughout the research process, with detailed
analyses of four actual studies, is Ravitch and Riggan, Reason & Rigor: How Con-
ceptual Frameworks Guide Research (2011). (Full disclosure: Sharon Ravitch is a
former student of mine, and I wrote the foreword for the book.)
The most important thing to understand about your conceptual framework
is that it is primarily a conception or model of what is out there that you plan to
study, and of what is going on with these things and why—a tentative theory of the
phenomena that you are investigating. The function of this theory is to inform the
rest of your design— to help you to assess and refine your goals, develop realistic
and relevant research questions, select appropriate methods, and identify poten-
tial validity threats to your 3 Conceptual Framework What Do You Think Is Going
On? 40 Qualitative Research Design conclusions. It also helps you justify your re-
search."

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 What is it?
D

A literature review is a comprehensive summary of previous research

on a topic. The literature review surveys scholarly articles, books, and other
sources relevant to a particular area of research. The review should enumer-
ate, describe, summarize, objectively evaluate and clarify this previous re-
search. It should give a theoretical base for the research and help you (the au-
thor) determine the nature of your research. The literature review acknowledges
the work of previous researchers, and in so doing, assures the reader that your
work has been well conceived. It is assumed that by mentioning a previous work
in the field of study, that the author has read, evaluated, and assimiliated that
work into the work at hand.
A literature review creates a "landscape" for the reader, giving her or him a
full understanding of the developments in the field. This landscape informs the
reader that the author has indeed assimilated all (or the vast majority of) previous,
significant works in the field into her or his research.
"In writing the literature review, the purpose is to convey to the reader what
knowledge and ideas have been established on a topic, and what their strengths
and weaknesses are. The literature review must be defined by a guiding concept
(eg. your research objective, the problem or issue you are discussing, or your ar-
gumentative thesis). It is not just a descriptive list of the material available, or a
set of summaries.
In general, the literature review should:
• provide a context for the research
• identify seminal works and scholars in the field
• acknowledge existing theories, points of view, hypotheses, etc. in the field of
research
• justify the research
• clear up misconceptions about previous research
• ensure the research has not been done before (or if it is repeated, that it is
marked as a "replication study")
• show where the research fits into the existing body of knowledge
• enable the researcher to learn from previous theory on the subject
• illustrate how the subject has been previously studied
• highlight flaws in previous research
• outline gaps in previous research
• show that the work is adding to the understanding and knowledge of the field
• help refine the topic, refocus the topic, or even contribute to the topic's evolu-
tion

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 What is it?
D

Purpose of the literature review

The purpose of the literature review is to provide a critical written account

of the current state of research on a selected topic:

Identifies areas of prior scholarship

Places each source in the context of its contribution to the understanding of the
specific issue, area of research, or theory under review.
Describes the relationship of each source to the others that you have selected
Identifies new ways to interpret, and shed light on any gaps in, previous research
Points the way forward for further research.
Components of the literature review

The literature review should include the following:

• Objective of the literature review

• Overview of the subject under consideration.
• Clear categorization of sources selected into those in support of your
• Particular position, those opposed, and those offering completely different ar-
guments.
• Discussion of both the distinctiveness of each source and its similarities with
the others.
Steps in the literature review process

Preparation of a literature review may be divided into four steps:

• Define your subject and the scope of the review.

• Search the library catalogue, subject specific databases and other search
tools to find sources that are relevant to your topic.
• Read and evaluate the sources and to determine their suitability to the under-
standing of topic at hand (see the Evaluating sources section).
• Analyse, interpret and discuss the findings and conclusions of the sources you
selected.
Evaluating sources

In assessing each source, consideration should be given to:

• What is the author's expertise in this particular field of study (credentials)?

• Are the author's arguments supported by empirical evidence (e.g. quantitative/
qualitative studies)?
• Is the author's perspective too biased in one direction or are opposing studies
and viewpoints also considered?
• Does the selected source contribute to a more profound understanding of the
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10
11
 What is it?
D

CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

A conceptual framework represents the researcher’s synthesis of literature on how to

explain a phenomenon. It maps out the actions required in the course of the study given his
previous knowledge of other researchers’ point of view and his observations on the subject
of research.

In other words, the conceptual framework is the researcher’s understanding of how

the particular variables in his study connect with each other. Thus, it identifies the variables
required in the research investigation. It is the researcher’s “map” in pursuing the investiga-
tion.

As McGaghie et al. (2001) put it: The conceptual framework “sets the stage” for the
presentation of the particular research question that drives the investigation being reported
based on the problem statement. The problem statement of a thesis presents the context
and the issues that caused the researcher to conduct the study.
The conceptual framework lies within a much broader framework called theoretical
framework. The latter draws support from time-tested theories that embody the findings of
many researchers on why and how a particular phenomenon occurs.

STEP BY STEP GUIDE ON HOW TO MAKE THE CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Before you prepare your conceptual framework, you need to do the following things:
Choose your topic. Decide on what will be your research topic. The topic should be within your
field of specialization.
Do a literature review. Review relevant and updated research on the theme that you decide to
work on after scrutiny of the issue at hand. Preferably use peer-reviewed and well-known
scientific journals as these are reliable sources of information.
Isolate the important variables. Identify the specific variables described in the literature and
figure out how these are related. Some abstracts contain the variables and the salient find-
ings thus may serve the purpose. If these are not available, find the research paper’s sum-
mary. If the variables are not explicit in the summary, get back to the methodology or the re-
sults and discussion section and quickly identify the variables of the study and the significant
findings.
Generate the conceptual framework. Build your conceptual framework using your mix of
the variables from the scientific articles you have read. Your problem statement serves as a
reference in constructing the conceptual framework. In effect, your study will attempt to an-
swer a question that other researchers have not explained yet. Your research should address
a knowledge gap.

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 What is it?
D

EXAMPLE OF A CONCEPTUAL FRAMEWORK

Thesis statement: Chronic exposure to blue light from LED screens (of computer
monitors and television) deplete melatonin levels thus reduce the number of
sleeping hours among middle-aged adults.
The study claims that blue light from the light emitting diodes (LED) inhibit
the production of melatonin, a hormone that regulates sleep and wake cycles.
Those affected experience insomnia; they sleep less than required (usually less
than six hours), and this happens when they spend too much time working on
their laptops or viewing the television at night.

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 What is it?
D

Notice that the variables of the study are explicit in the paradigm presented
in Figure 1. In the illustration, the two variables are 1) number of hours devoted in
front of the computer, and 2) number of hours slept at night. The former is the in-
dependent variable while the latter is the dependent variable. Both of these vari-
ables are easy to measure. It is just counting the number of hours spent in front of
the computer and the number of hours slept by the subjects of the study.
Assuming that other things are constant during the performance of the
study, it will be possible to relate these two variables and confirm that indeed,
blue light emanated from computer screens can affect one’s sleeping patterns.
(Please read the article titled “Do you know that the computer can disturb your
sleeping patterns?”) To find out more about this phenomenon) A correlation
analysis will show whether the relationship is significant or not.

Designing a conceptual framework

Now that we have identified both an independent variable and a dependent vari-
able, we can begin constructing a conceptual framework. The basic design com-
ponents are boxes, arrows, and lines:
Create a box for each variable. Use arrows to indicate cause-effect relationships.
Each arrow should start from the variable that has causal influence and point to
the variable that is being affected. Use a line when you expect a correlation be-
tween two variables, but no cause-effect relationship.
These components can be summarized as follows:

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 What is it?
D
Expanding the conceptual framework
A conceptual framework doesn’t have to be limited to just independent and dependent
variables; other types of variables can be incorporated as well. Depending on your re-
search, you may wish to show additional facets of a cause-effect relationship by introduc-
ing one or more of the following:

Moderator variables

Mediator variables

Control variables

Next steps

Once your conceptual framework is complete, you’re ready to start undertaking scientific research that
will prove the relationships you have illustrated. You can select from a number of qualitative and quanti-
tative research methods, including:
• Literature reviews
• Interviews
• Surveys

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 What is more?
E

Activity 1 Review of Related Literature. Choose the letter of your answer.

1. What’s the difference between literature review and a review of a literatura

topic?

a) The review of a literature topic makes people aware of a masterpiece and contrib-
ute to a contemporary debate, while the literature review has a personal dimension
that aims to develop the skills and abilities of the researcher as well as having a pub-
lic dimension.

b) The literature review makes people aware of a masterpiece and contribute to a

contemporary debate, while the review of a literature topic has a personal dimension
that aims to develop the skills and abilities of the researcher as well as having a pub-
lic dimension.

c) The review of a literature topic makes people learn information about a research
topic, while the literature review makes people learn information about a masterpiece.

d) The literature review makes people learn information about their subjects and the
review of a literature topic makes people learn information about novels, romance,
e t c

2. What’s the purpose to do a literature review about your research topic?

a) To show command of the subject area and understanding of the problem, to learn
information about a literature topic, to be informed of your results.
d) To demonstrate skills on library searching, to find information about your subjects,
to identify your sample.
c) To form the foundations of the research, to show command of the subject area and
understanding of the problem, to justify the research topic, design and methodology.
d) To justify the research topic, design and methodology, to justify your selection of
the topic, to justify your academic studies.

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 What is more?
E

3. What are the three input that can be made by a thorough research and reading of related
literature?

a) Specialize in scholarship, demonstrate originality, and demonstrate a high level of scholarship.

b) Specialize in scholarship, make a new contribution to an area of knowledge, and demonstrate a

high level of scholarship.

c) Show in-depth understanding of the Tepic area and work realted to the research, make a new
contribution to an area of knowledge, and make a new contribution to an area of knowledge.

d) Specialize in scholarship, make a new contribution to an area of knowledge, and have the abil-
ity to develop the capacity and personal carácter to intellectually manage the research.

4. Which one is an example of an inside reference?

a) Robert Stevens Branson

b) Leki, I. (1998). Academic writing: Exploring processes and strategies. (2nd Ed). UK: Cam-
bridgeUniversity Press.

c) Academia writing

d) (Silva and Matsuda, 2002 p.259.)

5. Which one is an example of a quotation?

a) As Eguchi & Eguchi (2006) and Icassatti (2006) mentioned students showed enthusiasm while
using these strategies.

b) This tool focuses on ‗creative expression‘since students have the opportunity to express their
ideas.

c) “Privileging linguistic features over ideas” (Silva and Matsuda, 2002 p.259.)

d) Students had to fulfill the elements a magazine should include (see appendix A)

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 What I can do?
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Identifying the Independent Variable and Dependent Variable of the following exam-
ples:

1. Identify the independent variable

A professor analyzed whether female or male nursing students achieved higher grades in medical-
surgical nursing courses.

Female or male nursing students

2. Identify the dependent variable

A professor analyzed whether female or male nursing students achieved higher grades in
medical-surgical nursing course.

Higher grades

3. Identify the independent variable

A researcher explored the effect of critical care nurses' work schedules on the incidence of medi-
cation errors in the ICU.

Work schedules
Critical care nurses' work schedules

Identify the independent variable

A researcher plans to test the following hypothesis: Post-menopausal women who take calcium
supplements and exercise three times per week will have fewer hip fractures compared to women
who take only calcium and do not exercise three times per week.

Exercise three times per week

Exercise

Identify the dependent variable

A researcher plans to test the following hypothesis: Post-menopausal women who take calcium
supplements and exercise three times per week will have fewer hip fractures compared to women
who take only calcium and do not exercise three times per week.

Fewer hip fractures

Hip fractures

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 What edse can I do?
E

Multiple Choice. Choose the letter of your answer. Write the chosen letter on a separate
sheet of paper.
1. Review of Related Literature is a man's written or spoken knowledge of the
world.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
2. Related Literature helps the reader in searching for or selecting a better re-
search problem or topic.
A.TRUE
B. FALSE
3. RRL helps the researcher understands his/her topic or research better.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
4. RRL provides information about research methods used.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
5. RRL provides findings and conclusions of present investigation.
A.TRUE
B. FALSE
6. Conceptual framework is a description or depiction of any given system that
illustrates the key relationships between the elements of that system.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
7. The purpose of conceptual framework is to facilitate an understanding of a net-
work of ideas in accessible terms.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
8. Conceptual framework is a tool with no several variations and context. It can be
applied in different categories of work where an overall picture is not necessarily
needed.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
9. The main reasons for developing an agreed conceptual framework are that it
provides a framework for setting accounting standards, a basis for resolving ac-
counting disputes, fundamental principles which then do not have to be repeated
in accounting standards.
A. TRUE
B. FALSE
10. One of the ways in making a conceptual framework is to conduct an interview.
A. TRUE

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 What edse can I do?
E

Literature Review Worksheet

Introduction: What is the topic of my literature review?

Example: Gun control in the USA

Topic sentence:

Example: The number of gun deaths in the USA is directly related to the country’s gun
laws.

My sources (works to be read, analyzed and cited):

1.

2.

3.

Example:
Lott, John R. More Guns, Less Crime: Understanding Crime and Gun-Control Laws. 7th
ed. University of Chicago Press, 2010.

Body: What are the main points/arguments of my sources? How are these points sup-
ported?
Source 1
a.

b.

c.

Source 2
a.

b.

c.

Sources 3
a.

c.

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 What edse can I do?
E

Example:
Source 1: Smith argues that stricter gun laws will mean fewer guns in society and fewer
murders. His statistics show that cities that have lower incidences of murder also have a
lower number of gun sales.

Source 2: Lott states that if citizens have the right to protect themselves with their own
guns, that there will be less incidences of random murder. He argues that potential shoot-
ers will be deterred if they know that potential victims could also be carrying guns to pro-
tect themselves.
Body: Similarities in (comparing) two or more of the articles:

Example: Smith and Lott both agree that private citizens need to go through mandatory
checks to determine whether or not they are psychologically fit to be carrying firearms.

Body: Differences in (contrasting) in two or more of the articles:

Example: Smith and Lott disagree on the level of security felt by guns owners.
Conclusion: Summarizing

Example: This literature review was conducted to analyze opposing perspectives on gun
laws and gun ownership in the United States.
Why is the topic of this literature review important and/or what should be the next step of
this study?

Example: Further research is needed to examine recent statistics on gun control, gun
ownership and gun deaths in other countries compared with that in the United States.

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 What I have dearned?
A
1. The literature review is a written overview of major writings and other
sources on a selected topic. Sources covered in the review may include
scholarly journal articles, books, government reports, Web sites, etc. The
literature review provides a description, summary and evaluation of each
source. It is usually presented as a distinct section of a graduate thesis or
dissertation.

2. The purpose of a literature review is to provide foundation of knowledge

on topic. Identify areas of prior scholarship to prevent duplication and give
credit to other researchers. Identify inconstancies: gaps in research, con-
flicts in previous studies, open questions left from other research.

3. The literature review is generally in the format of a standard essay made up

of three components: an introduction, a body and a conclusion. It is not a
list like an annotated bibliography in which a summary of each source is
listed one by one.

4. A conceptual framework is a structure which the researcher believes can

best explain the natural progression of the phenomenon to be studied
(Camp, 2001). It is linked with the concepts, empirical research and impor-
tant theories used in promoting and systemizing the knowledge espoused
by the researcher (Peshkin, 1993).

5. A conceptual framework is a description or depiction of any given system

that illustrates the key relationships between the elements of that system.
Their purpose is, generally speaking, to facilitate an understanding of a

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B What I can do? do?
In your own understanding define the following words:

1. Review of Related Literature

2. Conceptual Framework

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 Answer

What I Know

A
C
C
A
B
False
True
False
False
True

What's More

A
C
B
D
C

Assessment

A
A
A
A
A
A
A
B
A
B

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 Reference

Booth, A., Papaioannou, D., & Sutton, A. (2012). Systematic approaches to a successful
literature review
Fink, A. (2010). Conducting research literature reviews : from the Internet to paper
Galvan, J. (2006). Writing literature reviews: a guide for students of the behavioral sci-
ences ( 3rd ed.). Glendale, CA: Pyrczak Publishing.
Galvin, J. (2006). Writing literature reviews: A guide for students of the social and be-
havioral sciences
Machi, L. A., & McEvoy, B. T. (2012). The literature review: Six steps to success
Ruben E. Faltado III, EdD, Medardo B. Bombita, DPA, Helen B. Boholano, LIB, EdD,
Angeline M. Pogoy, EdD. (2016) Practical Research 2 Quantitative Research. Loremar
Publishing Inc.

https://libguides.uwf.edu/c.php?g=215199&p=1420520#s-lg-box-4297567
http://cheminnerweb.ukzn.ac.za/Files/Honours/CHEM751/LitReview%
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https://alexander.mywconline.com

http:// library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php

http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review

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literaturereview

(http://www.writing.utoronto.ca/advice/specific-types-of-writing/literature-review)
https://library.concordia.ca/help/writing/literature-review.php
https://guides.library.bloomu.edu/litreview
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c04b0a4030509001bfe96f0/rrl
https://global.oup.com/uk/orc/busecon/business/brymanbrm4e/student/mcqs/ch05/
https://quizizz.com/admin/quiz/5c4e5e47277bdc001a47fc23/pr2-rrl-conceptual-
framework-and-methodology
https://www.scribbr.com/dissertation/mediator-variables/
http://www.math.montana.edu/jobo/phdprep/documents/phd6.pdf
https://libguides.unf.edu/c.php?g=177129&p=1163732
http://writing.msu.edu/how-to-write-a-good-introduction/

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Para sa mga katanungan o puna, sumulat o tumawag sa:

Department of Education Region 4A CALABARZON

Office Address: Gate 2 Karangalan Village, Cainta Rizal

Landline: 02-8682-5773 local 420/421

Email Address: lrmd.calabarzon@deped.gov.ph

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