Multiplication Collectors collect many different things like stamps, rocks, postcards, shells and stickers Do you or anyone you know have any interesting collections? How many bookmarks are there in the picture alongside? How many more are needed so that there are 20 bookmarks? y LOOKING BACK [EJ Apoorva has organised his collection of teddies according to colour. How many teddies does Apoorva have? By op GPE ty 5a Bid Bas 3 + 3 + 3 4groupsof3eachis12.) 4 x 3 - 12 Y Y v Number of groups Number in each group Number in all Apoorva has 12 teddies. When each group has the same number, we use multiplication to find out how many are there in all. + Any number multiplied by 1 is that number itself. 5 x 1 = 5 + Any number multiplied by 0 is always 0.5 x 0 = 0 * The order of numbers being multiplied does not matter. {4 x 5 = 20 \sx4=20 The numbers that are multiplied are called the factors. 4x 5 = 20 =~ Product The answer after multiplication is called the product. Factors 1 Multiply the following numbers. a 48x2 b 19*4 c 31*6 d 52«4 New tnjoving Mathematics + NOLLYITd LINWfy USING ARRAYS IN MULTIPLICATION k picks up a rock from every new place that he goes to as a reminder of th, 2. This is his collection of rocks. 2groups of Geach is 12 ry 266 .d ee eet 2 eye Vo : . 4 8 Number of Number in Number Q groups each group _inall He has 12 rocks in all. We can also arrange the rocks in equal rows like this. veoube ee i ' ' Number of Numberin — Numbe % a9 68 Q rows each row inal When you arrange objects or pictures in rows and columns its called an array Arrays help us represent multiplication concepts. Columns This array has 3 rows and 4 columns. Itis called 2 -900@ 3 by 4 array. The rows are equal so we can also us 3 ee@ multiplication to describe it as 3 rows of 4 each, 3 * 00e00@ groups of 4 each or 3 x 4. This is a 5 by 3 array showing us IF we turn it on its side we get a 3 bj 5*3=15, S array showing us 3 x 5 = 15. Cut 4 rectangles of different sizes from squared-lined paper. © Take one rectangle. For example, count one side: 3, Count the other side: 4. Count the total number of squares: 12, Try This! ener: tl Name MULTIPLICATION © Repeat with other rectangles. What do you observe? Is there a eyetreo nat ta eyo ag, relationship between the numbers? ewig tentsa MULTIPLYING BY 7 ow the six a ine i esi times tables very well, You also know the order property of multiplicaci }0, when you learn the seven times table, you learn only three new multiplication facts! és28ese Fertrvect JHTH7T+7+ 7474747" THTH7F747+747— 7 groups of 7 are 8 groups of 7 are Dea 8x7= Pa ERGO THT+ 7+ 7H 7474747475 9 groups of 7 are—__ 9x7= Build the seven times table by counting the number of beads. Vv vu vuY vu VAULULUAG, Se YVuuuYY GOGUUUUU YEE YY Y VUE YY You can learn either table given below. Just remember that if you know one fact like 2 * 7 = 14 you automatically know the other, 7x 2= 14! 1x7-7 ax7=14 3x7= 4x7= 5x7= 6x7- 7x7= 8x75 9x7= 10x7= Using the ew Enjoying Mathematics 3 aif NOILWI1d LINWMULTIPLICATION 1 Action Exercise Shankar built the 7 times table using straws and counting the place where they crossed, 1x7-7 27-14 Complete the table by drawing lines in your notebook like this. 2 Complete. a Sweeks= days b_ 9 weeks = ___ days 3 Compare using >, < or. _ a 7*7(_)50 b 7x7(_)7*2 © 0x7(_-)7 a 7+7@7*7 e 7*1()7 4 Multiply. . 29 b 9 8! ‘(4 7\ x 7 x 7\ Ee pease aa 5 a. 7 limes are needed to make one jug of lime juice. How many limes are needed to make 8 jugs of lime juice? b There are 24 buttons in a packet. How many buttons are there in 7 such packets? ‘What is so special about number 7? a There are 7 days in a week and 7 colours in the rainbow. What else is connected t0 the number 7? Are you 7 years old? Does your birthday fall on the 7th month of the year? Write what do you find special about the number 7. b Make a multiplication word problem of your own using the number 7. njoying Math ematics? Newiy MULTIPLYING By g similarly, when you learn the eight times table, you learn only 2 new multiplication facts. : EB B Bl E i ecoeee aa Be De pese cers a BAe Bae §x8=__ Fr i q : | Using the order Build the eight times table by ber of petals. Sie, g' le by counting the ae petals. ia oeeeiel ® 1x8-8 8x1-8 RS 2x8-16 8x2= ERS suse ae SESS oe add ERED bee bass RELERS cae ee REPEPSE mete gare ERELEHRE ce age SESSSSSES ox8- sx9- ESSRSSSSSS 10x8- 8x10= Look for the pattern and fill in the blanks. 1x8= 8 (10-2) 6x8= 2x8=16 (20-4) 7*8- : 3x8=24 (30-__) 8x8- ( 4x 8=32 (_— -8) 9x8- ( SxBi= (—-—) 10x8= ( New Enjoying Mathematics 3 a" NOLLWIId | LINWMULTIPLICATION Exercise 48 pemiee #2 else 5 1 Action Exercise Build the table of 8. Use rajma seeds and ten sections of an ice tray. Complete the activity and record the table in your notebook. 2 Solve. Keep the rules of multiplication in mind. a Sx8-64= b 1x8x1x8x1=_ © Sx8x8x8x0= d 9x8x1-0- 3. Complete. a 8 spiders have _ legs. b 9 octopuses have _ legs. 4 Fillin the blanks. a - x4=32 b 8x 72 «x 8=56 5 Use the first fact to find the second product. a 8x4=32 8x4=32 8x5=? So, 8x5=32+8=40 8x5=40 b 8x3=24 © 8x7=56 Bx4=___ 8x8=_ 6 Multiply. = 3.8 b 9 3] ef 47 8 x 8 x 8 fr 1 a Les Ei : : 7 a There are 8 bottles in a carton. How many bottles are there in 12 such cartons? b There are 20 buttons in a packet. How many buttons are there in 8 such packets? New Enjoying Mathematics 3yi x & MULTIPLYING BY 9 [J so also, when you learn the nine times table, you are learning only one new multiplication fact. 9:9+9-9+9-9.9. RP Seay Sapp See syopsc(eiche SB ep ae Se SB ox9= Build the nine times table by counting the beads. ; ¢ ®S 1x9=9 9x1-9 ep 2x9= 9x2= @ea2) 3x98 9x3 B22 ang ona @S22D Sxg- oxS> Q®DQ2Q®a®D ex 9m 65 ®BQD®DADD®2®®D 1x9 el! QD®DDQADD®D®eD 8x9- oxs= BDODQQDOAD2ODDSDOD oro = 920% BD®Q®D@D®DADD®D 0*:- 9*10- Look for the pattern and fill in the blanks. 1x9= 9 2x9=18 (1+8=9) 3x9=27 0 (2+7=9) 4x9 =36 (C9) The nine times table has another interesting pattern, Look at all the digits in the ones place of the | | 5x9= (+ =9) products. What do you notice? | = 6x9= (on =9) Look at the digits in the tens { ¢ lace. Wh: i } g ion ( : =9) place. What do you notice? 3 a (+. 79) ~ S 9x9= (Ce) ) S 10x 9 = ( + =9) New Eryoying MathematicsMULTIPLICATION ACTIVITY Use your fingers to help you remember the nine times table, Number your fingers To find 4 * 9, fold down from 1 to 10. finger number 4 23 89 a A 7010 A Al), » / p axO~ M6 1 56 wit in Che tens place (4) Count the number of fingers before the folded finger to get the d Count the number of fingers after the folded finger ro get the digit in the ones place (6). So, 4 «9 = 36, Try this for other multiplication facts of 9. Exercise 4C . Lae bee yee! 1 Action Exercise a Build the 9 times table. ‘Tendulkar’ is a surname with 9 letters. Write it continously in a hundreds grid. Colour the box everytime the name is complete (on ‘R’). 'T 7E 3N 4D SU SL 7K SA OR OT {'9)) fae) { ) ( ay to ME PNB MUL 1% MA RUT 9 9 9 fy fem Cs EE I t no BD MB we oF ww ow Complete: Ske g 6x9- 41042043 a4 asta aay gy NO IS 7NO- 3xoe Sro- $1 $2 SB SASS SHOT SH 4xo- 9x08 Cn 1ox9* An Ww Hw mw mH wo Hy gi 82 BS Ba BS Hw 91 92 93 94 9S 9H owt y Hew Enjoying Mathematics 3b Do the same with your n ame. Which table have you built? (Be careful to colour only the |, last letter of your name.) 1% gegen geen ym 2 : Ag gpg Tae 21 2 a a 23 a 25 26 7 28 2» 30 ay . HRs ea ae Ss a a a2 a3 4g 45 46 47 48 49 50 6% . SPE BB ge ge ao 7% si Ce a 8 = i i i ee a a 9x s ee a ae : 10 x I a a i a a 2 a Which two numbers have a product of 72 and a difference of 1? b Which two numbers have a sum of 18 and a product of 81? 3. Multiply. 4° Solve. Answer in the form of a sentence. a One box of tennis balls has 15 balls. How many tennis balls are there in 9 boxes? b There are 9 CDs in a box. How many CDs are there in 25 boxes? Electric poles are placed at gaps of 2 km each. If Ray counted 30 electric poles on a car drive how far had he driven? Refer to Maths Lab Activity on page 90. all NOLL LLINWiy MULTIPLYING 3-DiGIT NUMBERS [EJ Multiplying without Regrouping Example: Sameer’s coin collection is kept in 3 coin albums. ff each album holds 132 coins, how many coins does Sameer have? 132x3= 2? Step 1: Multiply the ones. Step 2: Multiply the tens. Step 3: Multiply the hurdrec, 3 = 2 ones = 6 ones 3 = 3 tens = 9 tens 3% 1 hundred = 3 hund,, 13 2 13 2 13 2 x 3 x 3 43 6 9 6 39 6 Answer: Sameer has 396 coins in his collection. Multiplying with Regrouping Regrouping once Example: At an exhibition there were 4 large glass cases each displaying 123 rare stamps. How many stamps were displayed in all? 123x4= ? Step 1: Multiply the ones Step 2: Multiply the tens and regroup. and regroup. 4 x 3 ones = 12 ones 4 * 2 tens = 8 tens 12 ones =1 ten 2 ones 8 tens + 1 ten = 9 tens Write 2 in the ones place and carry over 1 to the tens place. Step 3: Multiply the hundreds. 4% 1 hundred = 4 hundreds MULTIPLICATION | | J 4 Answer: There were 492 rare stamps on display at the exhibition. Hes Enoying Mathematics? EB aeMULTIPLICATION fy MULTIPLYING 3-DIGIT NUMBERS [EJ Multiplying without Regrouping Example: Sameer’s coin collection is kept in 3 coin albums. If each album holds 132 coins, how many coins does Sameer have? 132x3= ? Step 1: Multiply the ones. Step 2: Multiply the tens. Step 3: Multiply the hundred, 3 x 2 ones = 6 ones 3 3 tens ~ 9 tens 3.* 1 hundred ~ 3 hundreg, é SIs ate 13 2 13 2 13 2 x 3 x 3 x 3 6 6 39 6 Answer: Sameer has 396 coins in his collection. Multiplying with Regrouping Regrouping once Example: At an exhibition there were 4 large glass cases each displaying 123 rare stamps. How many stamps were displayed in all? 123x4= ? Step 1: Multiply the ones Step 2: Multiply the tens and regroup. and regroup. 4 x 3 ones = 12 ones 4x2 tens = 8 tens ten 2 ones 8 tens + 1 ten =9 tens <<) Write 2 in the [sisi 1°92. 3. ones place and e Nn 3] x 4 Garryoveritothe =x 4 2 tens place. | 9 2] Step 3: Multiply the hundreds. 4* 1 hundred = 4 hundreds [ 2] | 172 3 * 4 | Answer: There were 492 rare stamps 2 49 2 j on display at the exhibition. few Enjoying Mathematics 3 "- ye aegrouping Twice gxample: 239 x 3 = 2 [2% 9| iS 5 x 3 [3x3 942-11 x 323964197 Hultiplication Where the Product is More Than 3 Digits Sometimes, when you multiply a 3-digit number you may get a 4-digit answer. Example: 7 3, 2, 7 |e 3 3 8 7| 1. Multiply without regrouping. hw AW a 221%4 b 231«2 © 210%3 @ 243 x2 2 Multiply. Regroup once, Mw tw a 205«3 b 127%3 © 218«4 @ 108 «8 3. Multiply. Regroup twice. WW tk | a 135%6 b 142x7 © 278%2 @ 1685 4 Multiply. Regroup as required, You will get a 4-digit product. a 723x3 b 4119 c S95x2 d 318x4 "@ 384x6 © 234%7 @ 3658 @ 417«5 5 Mixed practice. a 2833 b 258%4 © 227%3 d 126 %6 no 198 x4 ® 3033 @ 934%4 @ 2493 BO nax3 j) 682%5 (©) 236*3 © 1488 Hew Enjoying thathemetics 3 ei NOILYDITdLINWA fy MULTIPLYING BY TENS AND HUNDREDS Multiplying by Ten ° * Amar'collects key chains of his A 5 rt favourite comic characters. f 3 groups of 10 = 30 3x 10=30 He Look at the pattern. 39-0 8-0 ao 35-0 £2-O2Y-0 D-~O o9-09-0 w-O |Th uw T Oe oF . ‘0 multiply by 10, Se 3 write ‘0’ in the ones 12 x 10 = 12 place and chen mukply Pea Ala the number by 1. 200 x 10= 200 357 x 10= 3 5 7 Multiplying by Tens To multiply by tens, write one zero at the end H and then multiply the remaining numbers. 1 You can do the same with bigger numbers. 14 Let us multiply 18 by 20. Thy T : 7x100- 7 0 z Multiplying by Hundred 12 x 100= 1 2 0 a . a x 100= 4 6 0 & To multiply by 100, move the digits two places - s to the left and write two zeros at the end. Pi a tat. 5 Multiplying by Hundreds 20x 3- 60 2 To multiply by hundreds, write two zeros atthe 600% 4= 2 4 0 . , end and then multiply the remaining numbers. 11 x 300= 3 30 ecooco oc oo), ee XN exercise 4E 1 Multiply. Telia b 10% 86= e101 d 700% 10° © 88x 10~ £4010 ee h 10x 900 = i 607 «10 2. Find the products. a 80*6= b 7x 40= © 50x7- d 3*60= e 9*30= f 20*8- g 70x6- ho Sx90- i 80x9- 3. Solve. "42 2 er c 4 x 3.0 x70 x 9 0 Pal ee) (ae ecall syns Sole these in your notebook. 9 37x50=__ @ 82x60=____ (f) 76x30 __— @ 85% 40- i 4 Fillin the blanks. a 8x100- b 100x6= © 15% 100=_ d 100x21= e 87x 100= f «100+ 400 g ——*100= 7500 h —*100=1700 i 26x = 2600 # Take 3 consecutive numbers, e.g., 4, 5 and 6. Multiply the middle number by itself. Numbers that are next to each 5x 5=25 —) other on the © Multiply the other two numbers. |_number line are as 6 = 24 called consecutive \ numbers. © Subtract the two products. \ 25-24=1 Pia Find out what happens when you work with other consecutive numbers too. ef NOLLYOIId LINWoN ay MULTIPLYING BY E-OVGIT NUMBERS d AS SORAYA WR Ragronging © SNameme Koages cnvltos small toy animals, She Ye Sthem io boveSBF12 each, She ha, DS Rawr oF ama Haw many toy animals doo Xanee! have in her collection? BN A= 2 See Muday & de al aes. bans and add both she predicts, 23 23 ~ v2 28 Amswer: Kaneer has 276 toy animals in her collection. collaction of marbles. He keeps old 32 marbles each. How many 28 28 x 320000 * x 32 6 56 ' 28 28 x 3200 x32 56 56 3 40 0 = , g ; : = 28 x 5 x 32 x Wa 32 2 7 8 4 0 28530-8400 2 SE ag = OO 56 20 8 9 6 28*32-896 840 tee. Leama oy wo so o Answer: Roshan has $96 marbles. tere Een Restemanes 3 |example 2:73 x 48 = > step 1 Multiply by the ones. the tens, Add. se 4 7 3 7 3 x 48 ears xe) x 4 8 4 ——— 5 8 58 4 (73*40) +29 20 eee (73 « 48) SuSHON 4 number multiplied | bya2-digit number | cannot give you [Pitipreducetnatts \\ more than 4 digits. (Usea Shortcut to Multiply by 11 2 ax © — 2 (2 from 42 in the ones place.) 6 2 (4+2-6in the tens place.) 46 2, 4 from 42 in the hundreds place.) 42% 11 = 462 Step 2: Multiply by been solved incorrectly. Find the mistake in each and correct them 4 7 728 x 4 3 » § 9 91 1 8 2 1280 +100 ieee 2 8 b 68x11 b° 67 «41