Ionic Equilibrium 379

1 c 2 b 3 b 4 b 5 b
6 a 7 b 8 d 9 a 10 a
11 c 12 d 13 b 14 b 15 d
16 d 17 b 18 b 19 c 20 c
21 a 22 c 23 b 24 d 25 c
Read the assertion and reason carefully to mark the correct option out of 26 d 27 a 28 d 29 d 30 c
the options given below :
31 b 32 c 33 c 34 c 35 a
(a) If both assertion and reason are true and the reason is the correct 36 c
explanation of the assertion.
(b) If both assertion and reason are true but reason is not the correct
explanation of the assertion. Acids and Bases
(c) If assertion is true but reason is false.
(d) If the assertion and reason both are false.
1 a 2 d 3 a 4 c 5 b
(e) If assertion is false but reason is true.
6 d 7 b 8 c 9 b 10 a
1. Assertion : pH of hydrochloric acid solution is less than that
11 a 12 c 13 a 14 d 15 d
of acetic acid solution of the same concentration.
Reason : In equimolar solutions, the number of titrable 16 b 17 b 18 d 19 a 20 b
protons present in hydrochloric acid is less than 21 d 22 b 23 b 24 c 25 d
that persent in acetic acid.
[NDA 1999] 26 c 27 c 28 d 29 b 30 b
2. Assertion : A ionic product is used fro any types of 31 b 32 c 33 d 34 a 35 a
electrolytes whereas solubility product is 36 a 37 c 38 c 39 c 40 a
applicable only to sparingly soluble salts.
Reason : Ionic product is defined at any stage of the 41 c 42 d 43 c 44 a 45 a
raction whereas solubility product is only 46 c 47 c 48 d 49 a 50 b
appicable to the saturation stage. 51 b 52 a 53 a 54 a 55 d
[AIIMS 2001]
3. Assertion : A solution of FeCl3 in water produce brown 56 b 57 ab 58 a 59 c 60 d
precipitate on standing. 61 a 62 b 63 b 64 b 65 a
Reason : Hydrolysis of FeCl3 takes place in water 66 a 67 d 68 a 69 a 70 b
4. Assertion : BaCO3 is more soluble in HNO 3 than in 71 b 72 d 73 b 74 d 75 b
plain water. 76 b 77 a 78 a 79 b 80 a
Reason : Carbonate is a weak base and reacts with the 81 d 82 b 83 b 84 d 85 bd
H  from the strong acid, casuing the barium 86 a 87 d 88 a 89 d 90 c
salt to dissociate.
91 a 92 a 93 a 94 d 95 b
5. Assertion : CHCl 3 is more acidic than CHF3 .
96 c 97 b 98 c 99 d 100 c
Reason : The conjugate base of CHCl 3 is more stable
101 a 102 a 103 c 104 c 105 a
than CHF3 . 106 a 107 d 108 b 109 c 110 d
6. Assertion : Addition of silver ions to a mixture of aqueous 111 b 112 c 113 c 114 a 115 c
sodium chloride and sodium bromide solution
will first precipitate AgBr rather than AgCl . 116 d 117 d 118 c 119 c 120 c
121 a 122 d 123 b 124 a 125 b
Reason : K sp of AgCl  K sp of AgBr . [AIIMS 2004]
126 c 127 c 128 d 129 c 130 b
7. Assertion : The pKa of acetic acid is lower than that of
131 b 132 c 133 a 134 c 135 a
phenol.
Reason : Phenoxide ion is more resonance stabilized.[AIIMS 2004] 136 c 137 c 138 b 139 b 140 b
8. Assertion : Sb (III) is not precipitated as sulphide when in 141 b 142 a 143 b 144 a 145 a
its alkaline solution H 2 S is passed. 146 a 147 b 148 b 149 c 150 a
Reason : The concentration of S 2  ion in alkaline 151 c 152 c 153 d 154 c 155 a
medium is inadequate for precipitation. 156 b 157 a 158 d 159 b 160 d
[AIIMS 2004]
9. Assertion : Ionic reactions are not instantaneous. 161 b 162 d 163 c 164 d 165 a
Reason : Oppositely charged ions exert strong forces.
Common ion effect, Isohydric solutions, Solubility
product, Ionic product of water and Salt hydrolysis

1 b 2 c 3 b 4 b 5 b
6 d 7 c 8 a 9 c 10 a
11 b 12 b 13 a 14 d 15 d
Electrical conductors, Arrenius theory and
16 b 17 c 18 c 19 d 20 c
Ostwald’s dilution law
21 d 22 d 23 d 24 b 25 a
 380 Ionic Equilibrium
26 d 27 a 28 d 29 b 30 b 131 c 132 d 133 c 134 c 135 a
31 a 32 d 33 a 34 c 35 d 136 c 137 c 138 c 139 c 140 b
36 b 37 b 38 c 39 b 40 a 141 b 142 a 143 d 144 b 145 b
41 a 42 d 43 b 44 a 45 b 146 d 147 c 148 b 149 a 150 d
46 d 47 b 48 c 49 c 50 c 151 b 152 d 153 b 154 b 155 c
51 b 52 d 53 a 54 d 55 c 156 d 157 c 158 a 159 c 160 d
56 d 57 b 58 c 59 d 60 c 161 c 162 d 163 b 164 a 165 d
61 b 62 b 63 a 64 bc 65 d 166 a 167 d 168 b 169 c 170 a
66 a 67 d 68 a 69 d 70 c 171 c 172 c 173 d 174 b 175 a
71 c 72 d 73 d 74 d 75 a 176 c 177 a 178 c 179 a 180 b
76 c 77 b 78 d 79 b 80 d 181 c 182 b 183 b 184 b 185 c
81 c 82 c 83 d 84 c 85 d 186 b 187 b 188 a 189 a 190 b
86 d 87 b 88 c 89 b 90 a 191 d 192 b 193 b 194 b 195 a
91 a 92 a 93 c 94 c 95 a 196 b 197 b 198 b 199 a 200 ad
96 d 97 d 98 b 99 b 100 ab 201 ac 202 a bc 203 c 204 c 205 b
101 d 102 c 103 c 104 a 105 c 206 b
106 c 107 c 108 a 109 b 110 b
111 b 112 a 113 a 114 a 115 b Critical Thinking Questions
116 a
1 b 2 a 3 b 4 a 5 d
Hydrogen ion concentration - pH scale and 6 a 7 c 8 a 9 a 10 a
Buffer solution 11 b 12 d 13 c 14 d 15 c
16 d 17 d 18 b 19 b 20 d
1 a 2 c 3 d 4 b 5 b
21 a 22 b 23 a 24 b 25 a
6 d 7 a 8 c 9 b 10 d
26 c 27 d 28 d 29 b 30 d
11 a 12 d 13 c 14 a 15 b
31 b 32 a 33 c 34 a 35 a
16 d 17 b 18 c 19 c 20 d
36 b 37 c 38 b 39 a 40 b
21 b 22 c 23 a 24 d 25 b
41 a 42 a 43 a 44 a 45 a
26 a 27 a 28 d 29 b 30 b
46 c 47 b 48 b 49 b 50 c
31 d 32 b 33 a 34 a 35 c
51 d 52 c 53 b 54 c 55 a
36 c 37 c 38 a 39 a 40 d
56 d 57 d 58 c 59 a 60 a
41 a 42 a 43 b 44 d 45 b
61 a 62 c 63 d 64 b 65 a
46 a 47 b 48 a 49 c 50 a
66 a 67 b 68 b 69 d 70 b
51 a 52 c 53 c 54 c 55 d
56 a 57 c 58 b 59 b 60 c 71 a 72 c 73 a 74 c 75 c

61 b 62 c 63 b 64 b 65 c 76 a 77 b 78 a

66 a 67 b 68 d 69 a 70 c
71 d 72 a 73 b 74 a 75 b Assertion & Reason
76 a 77 a 78 c 79 b 80 a
81 b 82 c 83 b 84 b 85 c 1 c 2 b 3 a 4 a 5 a
86 b 87 a 88 a 89 a 90 d 6 c 7 c 8 a 9 e
91 b 92 c 93 a 94 a 95 c
96 b 97 b 98 b 99 b 100 b
101 c 102 c 103 a 104 a 105 c
106 a 107 c 108 c 109 d 110 b
111 d 112 d 113 b 114 a 115 c
116 d 117 b 118 b 119 d 120 c
121 d 122 b 123 c 124 d 125 b Electrical conductors, Arrhenius theory and
126 b 127 a 128 c 129 b 130 d Ostwald's dilution law
 Ionic Equilibrium 381

1. (c) C12 H 22 O11 is a sugar and non-electrolyte. 2

2. (b) It is a weak electrolyte since it is slightly ionized. K ;   KV  1  10 5  10 ;   1  10 2
V
3. (b) It is a weak electrolyte since slightly ionized.
4. (b) Because the degree of dissociation is inversely proportional to 29. (d) MgCl2 ⇌ Mg   2Cl  in aqueous solution it is dissociated
the concentration of the electrolyte. into ions.
5. (b) Electrolytes are those substances which on dissolving in water
give ions. 30. (c) Ostwald’s dilution formula is  2  K(1   ) / C but for weak
 2C 0 .01  0 .01 
2
electrolyte  is very small. So that (1   ) is neglected for
6. (a) K ;   1  K   2C    1 weak electrolytes. So for weak electrolyte the dilution formula
1  100  100 
 1  10 8 . K
is   .
7. (b) As NaCl ionises completely to yield free ions. C
8. (d) CH 3 COONa ⇌ CH 3 COO   Na   32 
2
31. (b) Ka  C  2  0 .2     2 .048  10  4 .
H 2 O ⇌ H   OH   100 
CH 3 COOH  NaOH 32. (c) H 2 SO 4 ⇌ H   H SO 4 ⇌ H   SO 4 
9. (a) NaCl , being a salt, is a strong electrolyte. Because of it is completely ionised.
10. (a) We can determine by measurement of very dilute HF solutions.
33. (c) Colour of electrolyte depends on the nature of both ions.
K(1   )
11. (c) According to the Ostwald’s dilution formula  2  . e.g. CuSO 4 is blue because Cu 2  ions are blue.
C
But for weak electrolytes  is very small. So that (1   ) can 34. (c) Ionisation depends upon dilution, when dilution increases then
ionisation is also increased.
Ka
be neglected. So that   . 35. (a) More is K a , lesser is pKa (pKa   log Ka ) more is acidic
C strength.
12. (d) Arrhenius proposed the theory of ionisation.
13. (b) higher the dielectric constant of a solvent more of its ionising
power.
14. (b)   dilution of solution. Acids and Bases
15. (d) Generally ionic compound are conduct electricity in fused state.
16. (d) According to Ostwald’s dilution law because degree of 1. (a) CO doesn’t have a vacant d-orbital.
ionization is directly proportional to the dilution.
2. (d) HClO4  H 2O ⇌ H 3 O   ClO4
17. (b) The degree of ionisation of a solute depends upon its nature,
concentration, and temperature. Conjugate acid and base pair
18. (b) Mathematical form of Ostwald’s dilution law.
19. (c) It is a weak electrolyte because it’s ionization is very less. 3. (a) FeCl3  3 H 2O ⇌ Fe (OH )3  3 HCl . Strong acid and
20. (c) When we add NH 4 OH in NH 4 Cl solution ionization of weak base.
NH 4 OH is decreased due to common ion effect. 4. (c) Na2CO3  2 H 2O ⇌ 2 NaOH  H 2CO 3
2 
21. (a) BaCl 2 ⇌ Ba + 2Cl 5. (b) Those substance accept the proton are called Bronsted base
Initially 1 0 0 and which is donate the proton are called Bronsted acid.
After dissociation a    2 HCO3  H  ⇌ H 2CO 3 Bronsted base.
Total = 1      2  1  2
HCO 3 ⇌ H   CO 3  Bronsted acid.
1.98  1 0.98
   0 .49
  7. (b) The value of pK a for strong acid is less.
for a mole   0.49 8. (c) Because it is a salt of strong base and weak acid.
0 .49 9. (b) Because it is conjugate base of weak acid.
For 0.01 mole    49
0 .01 CH 3 COOH ⇌ CH 3 COO   H  .
22. (c) It is an ionic salt.
11. (a) Those compound which accept H  is called bronstad base
23. (b) Due to common ion effect of H  .
24. (d) Current does not affect the degree of ionization. NO 3 accept H  and form HNO 3 . So it is a base.
25. (c) Polar solvent facilitate ionisation of strong electrolytes due to 13. (a) Larger the size of halogen atom less is the back donation of
dipole-ion attraction. electrons into empty 2p orbital of B.

26. (d) HA ⇌ H   A  14. (d) H 2O  NH 3 ⇌ NH 4  OH 
K  Ca 2  0.1  (10 4 )2  10 9 16. (b) NH 2 ⇌ NH 2  H 
28. (d) Degree of dissociation  = ? Conjugate acid, base pair.
1 17. (b) Those substances which lose proton are called acid.
Normality of solution = 0.1 N  N
10 e.g. strong acid have a strong tendency to donate a proton.
Volume = 10 litre 18. (d) Electron donating species called nucleophile. NH 3 have a lone
Dissociation constant K  1  10 5 pair of electron.
 382 Ionic Equilibrium

19. (a) H 2 O acts as acid as it provides H  to NH 3 . 2  0.2 M

52. (a) M.eq. of 0.2M H 2 SO 4   100  0 .04 m/l
1000
20. (b) CH 3 COOH  HF ⇌ CH 3 COOH 2  F  . HF gives H 
0 .2
to the CH 3 COOH . So it is a conjugate base of HF. M.eq. of .2M NaOH   100  0 .02 m/l
1000
22. (b) Ba(NO 3 )2 does not undergo hydrolysis. left [H  ]  .04  .02  .02 .
23. (b) H 2 SO 4 is a mineral acid. .02
Total volume  200   .0001  10 4 M
24. (c) Because it is a electron pair acceptor it’s central atom have a 200
vacant d-orbital.
pH  4 .
25. (d) HClO4 is a acid and their conjugate base is ClO4 . 53. (a) H 3 BO 3 is a weak monobasic acid it does not act as a
26. (c) It is completely ionised because their ionization is very high. H  donor but behaves as a Lewis acid.
27. (c) NaHCO3 in water is alkaline in nature due to hydrolysis of 54. (a) Because SnCl 2 is a electron acceptor according to Lewis
HCO 3 ion. NaCO 3 ⇌ Na   HCO3 concept.
55. (d) ROH is a Lewis base because it has an lone pair of electron.
28. (d) In this reaction H 2 O acts as a acid.
56. (b) H 2 SO 4  2 H 2 O ⇌ 2 H 3 O   SO 4 
29. (b) The basic character of hydride decreases down the group.
30. (b) Its ionization is very less. NaOH ⇌ Na   OH 
2 
32. (c) Hydrolysis of Cu produces H ions in solution. 1 mole of H 2 SO 4 acid gives 2 moles of H 3 O  ions. So 2
2 
Cu  2 H 2O  Cu(OH )2  2 H moles of OH  are required for complete neutralization.
33. (d) Both possess the tendancy to accept proton. 57. (ab) Diprotic solvents give 2 H  ions or OH  ions.
34. (a) HF does not give proton easily.
58. (a) N NaOH  1  1  1 N
35. (a) In weak electrolyte the degree of dissociation is very small. So it
increases with increasing dilution. N H 2SO 4  2  10  20 N
36. (a) Because it is a electron pair acceptor. M.eq. of NaOH  1  100  100
I step

37. (c) H 3 PO4 H  H 2 PO4 M.eq. of H 2 SO 4  20  10  200
II step Thus M.eq. of acid are left and therefore pH< 7, so the
H 2 PO4 H   HPO4  resulting mixture will be acidic.
III step
HPO4  H   PO4   60. (d) PH 3 is a Lewis base.
61. (a) Because of CH 3 COONa is a salt of weak acid and strong
38. (c) Na 2 HPO4 on hydrolysis of HPO42  ion produces free
base.
OH  ion in solution.
62.  H
(b) Acid 

 conjugate base.
39. (c) H 2 SO 4 ⇌ H   HSO 4 .
 H
Base 

 conjugate acid.
40. (a) Fe3   3 H 2O  Fe(OH )3  3 H 
 63. (b) HCl  Cl 
41. (c) H 2 PO4 ⇌ H   HPO42 action. Acid Base
Conjugate acid
65. (a) HClO4  H 2 SO 4  HCl  HNO 3 .
42. (d) H   OH  ⇌ H 2 O, it is a neutralization reaction. Aciedic character decreases

43. (c) It is a conjugate base of the strong acid. 66. (a) Those substances which accept the H  are called conjugate
base.
44. (a) Because those acid have higher pKa value are weak acid.
67. (d) NH 3 is a Lewis base, which donate a lone pair of electron.
45. (a) Conjugate acid is obtained from the base by gain of H  .
69. (a) FeCl 3  3 H 2 O ⇌ Fe(OH )3  3 HCl . Strong acid have
46. (c) CH 3 COOH is weak acid shows dissociation equilibrium as
less than 7 pH.
CH 3 COOH ⇌ CH 3 COO   H  70. (b) It donates their e  pair.
1 71. (b) The strength of the acid will depend upon the proton donation.
47. (c) pKa  log10
Ka 73. (b) Because it is a salt of strong acid and strong base.
48. (d) A weak acid and strong base. H  (aq)  Cl  (aq)  Na  (aq)  OH  (aq) ⇌
49. (a) In NaH 2 PO2 both hydrogen are bonded with ‘P ,’ so it is
not replaceable. H 2 O(l)  Na  (aq)  Cl 
50. (b) Aqueous solution of Na2CO 3 is alkaline due to hydrolysis of 74. (d) CCl 4 is not a Lewis or bronsted acid. It does not contain
CO 3  . H.
51. (b) Because they give CO 3  in solution.
 Ionic Equilibrium 383

75. (b) NH 4 Cl  H 2 O ⇌ NH 4 OH  HCl . So it is acidic in 109. (c) Conjugate base of H 2 SO 4 is HSO 4 .

Weak base Strong acid

nature. 110. (d) Presence of lone pair.

76. (b) Cu(II) complexes are blue. The four water molecules are 111. (b) According to Bronsted principle HNO 3 is acid they give H  in
attached with secondary valencies of the metal atom e.g.
aqueous solution and form NO 3 .
[Cu(H 2 O)4 ] SO 4 . H 2 O .
77. (a) The species which can accept as well as donate H  can act 112. (c) H 2 O  H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O   OH  .
both as an acid and a base.
113. (c) NH 4 is a conjugate acid;
HSO 4  
H ⇌ H 2 SO 4
base NH 4 ⇌ NH 3  H 
HSO 4 ⇌ SO 42   H  114. (a) AlCl3  3 H 2 O ⇌ Al(OH ) 3  3 HCl
acid Stron acid

78. (a) NH 4 is the weakest acid. So its conjugate base is strongest. 116. (d) HCl is a strong acid its conjugate base means Cl  is a weak
base.
79. (b) Ag  is an electron deficient compound and hence is a Lewis
acid. 117. (d) Hydrazoic acid (HN 3 ) is a Lewis acid.
80. (a) H 3 PO4 ⇌ H   H 2 PO4 118. (c) Smaller the pK a value than. Stronger the acid.
Conjugate acid
120. (c) BF3 is acidic because due to Lewis concept it accept a lone
81. (d) HS 2 O 8 ⇌ H   S 2 O 8  pair of electron.
Conjugate acid Conjugate base
122. (d) Because it is a weak electrolyte.
82. (b) PH3 donates electron pair to BCl 3 . 126. (c) AlCl3 and SO 2 both are example of Lewis theory.
83. (b) The conjugate base of weak acid is a strong base.
127. (c) Na 2 CO 3  2 H 2 O ⇌ 2 NaOH  H 2 CO 3 . It is a strong
84. (d) OH   O 2  H 
Conjugate base of OH  base and weak acid so it is a basic.
85. (bd) Presence of lone pair of electron and they donate two electron 129. (c) H 2 O  NH 3 ⇌ NH 4  OH  .
pairs. Acid base
86. (a) On increasing oxidation number Acidic strength increases.
In this reaction H 2 O acts as acid because it donate a proton.
87. (d) H 3 PO4 is shows +5 maximum oxidation state.
88. (a) C 2 H 5 is a strongest base. 130. (b) H 2 SO 4  H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O   HSO 4
89. (d) NaOCl is a mixture of strong base and weak acid.
Conjugate acid and base pair
90. (c) NH 4 OH gives minimum OH  ion. So it is a weak base. 131. (b) Al2 (SO 4 )3 ⇌ 2 Al 3   3 SO 4
2

91. (a) Solution become acidic and methyl orange act on acidic pH. Al(OH )3  H 2 SO 4
92. (a) Larger is bond length, more is acidic nature (for halogen acids). Weak base Strong acid
HF bond length is small. Neutralization
132. (c) NaOH  HCl NaCl  H 2 O
93. (a) HCl is accepting proton in HF medium and acts as weak base. Reaction Salt

95. (b) For oxoacids of the same element, the acidic strength increases 133. (a) Conjugate acid is obtained from the base by gain of H  .
with increase in the oxidation number of that element. 134. (c) KCl is a ionic compound .
1 3 5 7
HClO  HClO2  HClO3  HClO4 135. (a) H 3 BO 3  H 2 O ⇌ [B(OH )4 ]  H 
96. (c) Because their conjugate base and conjugate acids are strong. H 3 BO 3 is a weak monobasic acid if does not act as a H 
97. (b) HCl is a strong acid and their conjugate base is a very weak donor but behaves as a Lewis acid.
base. 136. (c) Because it is not accept the proton.
100. (c) NH 3 ⇌ NH 2  H  137. (c) NH 4 Cl is a salt of weak base ( NH 4 OH )and strong acid
(HCl).
101. (a) H 2 SO 4 ⇌ H   HSO 4 ⇌ H   SO 4 
138. (b)Because it accept electron pair from the PH 3
HSO 4 is conjugate base. But it is also an acid because it lose 139. (b) NH 4 ⇌ NH 3  H 

H .
141. (b) Hydrolysis of Fe 3 
102. (a) BF3 is a Lewis acid because ‘B’ has incomplete octet.
Fe 3   3 H 2 O  Fe(OH )3  3 H 

104. (c) H 3 O , however it exists as H 9 O 4 . 142. (a) According to the Lewis concept.
105. (a) Al 2 (SO 4 )3 is a salt of weak base Al 2 (OH )3 and strong acid 143. (b) Conjugate base is obtained from the acid by loss of H  .
H 2 SO 4 . 144. (a) BF3 accept electron pair from NH 3 so it is Lewis acid.

106. (a) Al    of AlCl3 undergoes hydrolysis. 145. (a) CH 4 has almost no acidic nature and thus CH 3 is strongest
base.
107. (d) H 2 SO 4 ⇌ H   HSO 4
 384 Ionic Equilibrium
146. (a) CuSO 4 is a salt of weak base, (Cu (OH ) 2 ) and strong acid K sp 1  10 11
(H 2 SO 4 ) . S 3 3  1 .35  10  4
4 4
147. (b) Weak acid consists of highest pK a value and strongest acid 8. (a) Mg(OH )2 ⇌ Mg    2OH2 
(X ) (2 X )
consist of less pK a value.
149. (c) Because it gain and also lose the proton K sp  4 X 3

 
H 2 O  H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O  OH 9. (c) BaSO 4 ⇌ Ba    SO 4 
(S ) (S )
150. (a) H 2 O  H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O   OH  0 .01 5

151. (c) HBr  H 2 O ⇌ H 3 O   Br  Ksp  S 2  S  S  0.01  S

152. (c) Because both are strong acid and strong base. K sp 1  10 9
153. (d) LiAlH4 is a nucleophilic and capable of donating electron S (SO 2  )    10 7 mole/litre
4 S ( Ba  ) 0 .01
pair, thus acts as a Lewis base.
154. (c) The solvent which neither accept proton nor donates. 10. (a) AB2 ⇌ A   2B 
110 5 210 5
155. (a) Because of F  is a highly electronegative. So it is easily lose the
electron and reaction occur rapidly. K sp  [1  10 5 ] [2  10 5 ]2  4  10 15
156. (b) Strong acid can be used titrate both strong and weak base.
11. (b) CaF2 ⇌ Ca   2 F2 ; K sp  4S 3
159. (b) For a weak acid value of pKa will be vary high but in case of (S ) (2 S )

strong acid value of pKa will be vary low. 12. (b) Due to common ion effect.
160. (d) Boron halides behave as Lewis acid because of their electron 13. (a) Ag 2 CrO4 ⇌ [2 Ag  ]  [CrO4  ]
deficient nature eg., as
F Hence K sp  [ Ag  ]2 [CrO4  ]
(Deficiency of two electron for inert configuration)
B 14. (d) K sp for CaF2  4 s 3  4  [2  10 4 ]3  3.2  10 11 .
F F 15. (d) The concentration of S 2  ions in group II is lowered by
161. (b) Gaseous HCl does not give H  but liquid HCl gives H  in
aquous solution there for gaseous HCl is not a Arrhenius acid maintaining acidic medium in the presence of NH 4 Cl . The
due to covalent bonding in gaseous condition. ionization of H 2 S is supressed due to common ion effect. So
162. (d) H 2 O  H   OH  [Acid due to donation of proton] the ionic product is less than solubility product.
NH 4 Cl is hydrolysed and give [H  ]
Acid
16. (b)
H 2 O  H   H 3 O  [Basic due to gaining of proton]
Base NH 4 Cl  H . OH ⇌ NH 4 OH  HCl

163. (c) F strongest conjugate base due to it smallest size in a group NH 4   H . OH ⇌ NH 4 OH  H 
and gain proton due to most electronegative capacity.
H   F   HF 17. (c) FeCl 3 is a salt of weak base (Fe(OH )3 ) and strong acid
(HCl).
164. (d) H 2 PO4  H   HPO42  18. (c) For the precipitation of an electrolyte, it is necessary that the
Conjugate acid Conjugate base
ionic product must exceed its solubility product.
165. (a) HSO 4 H  SO 42  19. (d) K sp  [ Ag  ]2 [Cro 4  ]  [2S ]2 [0.01]
Conjugate acid Conjugate base

= 4 S 2 [0.01]  4[2  10 8 ]2  0.01  16  10 18 .

Common ion effect, Isohydric solutions, Solubility 20. (c) Complex salts contain two different metallic elements but give
product, Ionic product of water and Salt hydrolysis test for only one of them. e.g. K 4 Fe(CN )6 does not give test
for Fe 3  ions.
1. (b) Solubility of Al 2 (SO 4 )3
21. (d) 10 3 N KOH will give [OH  ]  10 2 M
Al 2 (SO 4 )3 ⇌ 2 Al     3 SO 4 
pOH  2
K sp  [ Al 3  ] 2 [SO 42  ]3
 pH  pOH  14 , pH  14  2  12
2. (c) Due to common ion effect.
22. (d) It is FeSO 4 (NH 4 )2 SO 4 . 10 H 2 O .
3. (b) MX 2 ⇌ M 2   2 X 
S 2S
23. (d) Salt of a strong base with a weak acid.
K sp  (2S )2 (S )  4 S 3 24. (b) NH 4 CN is a salt of weak acid and weak base and thus for it
K sp 4  10 12 25. (a) Because it is a salt of strong base with a weak acid.
 S 2 3 3  1 .0  10 4 M . 26. (d) Because CCl 4 is a organic solvent and AgNO 3 is insoluble in
4 4
  organic solvent.
5. (b) MX 2 ⇌ M  2 X 2 ; K sp  4S 3
(S ) (2 S ) 27. (a) SnS 2 ⇌ Sn 4   2S 2 
 Ionic Equilibrium 385

K sp  [Sn 4  ] [S 2  ] 2 1.20  10 10  0.2a

28. (d) It does not dissociate much or its ionization is very less. 1 .20  10 10
a  6  10 10 mole
29. (b) NaHCO 3 has one replaceable hydrogen. 0 .20
47. (b) Solubility is decreased due to common ion effect.
30. (b) CaOCl 2 has two anions Cl  and OCl  along with
AgI ⇌ Ag   I 
Ca 2 ions.
Common ion
4  10 9 NaI ⇌ Na   I 
31. (a) K sp  4 S , 3
S 
3
 10 9
4
48. (c) K sp of BaSO 4  1.5  10 9 ; Ba   0.01M
3
S  10 M.
1 .5  10 9
32. (d) Be(OH ) 2 has lowest solubility and hence lowest solubility SO 4    1 .5  10 7
0 .01
product.
33. (a) Because it is a salt of strong acid and strong base. 49. (c) AgCrO4 ⇌ 2 Ag   CrO 4
( 2 S )2 S

34. (c) NH 4 OH ⇌ NH 4  OH 
K sp  4S 3 given 2S  1.5  10 4
 
NH 4 Cl ⇌ NH 4  Cl
K sp  (2S ) 2  S
Common ion
35. (d) It is a less ionic, so that least soluble in water.  1 .5  10 4 
 (1 .5  10 4 )2     1.6875  10 12

36. (b) pH of 9 means the salt solution should be fairly basic.  2 
37. (b) CH 3 COOH ⇌ CH 3 COO   H  50. (c) PbCl 2 ⇌ Pb 2   2Cl 
S S
On adding CH 3 COONa , [H  ] decreases.
K sp of PbCl2  [Pb ]  [Cl  ] 2 ; K sp  S  (2S ) 2
2


38. (c) 0.01 M CaCl 2 gives maximum Cl ions to keep K sp of AgCl
K sp K sp
constant, decrease in [ Ag  ] will be maximum. K sp  S  4S 2  4S 3 ; S 3  ; S  3
4 4
39. (b) Due to the common ion effect.
 
51. (b) AgCl ⇌ [ Ag ] [Cl ] ; K sp  S  S ; K sp  S 2
40. (a) K sp  4 s 3
S  K sp  1.44  10 4  1.20  10 2 M.
K sp 1 .0  10 6
S 3 3  6.3  10 3 .
4 4 52. (d) By formula BA2  B   2 A 
42. (d) K w increases with increase in temperature. K sp  4 x 3
43. (b) It contains two cations and one anion.
53. (a) AgCrO4  2 Ag   CrO 4  
44. (a) HgSO 4 of K sp  S 2 S 2S S

K sp  (2S ) 2 S  4 S 3
S  K sp ; S  6.4  10 5 ; S  8  10 3 m/l.
1 1
45. (b) The solubility of BaSO 4 in g/litre is given 2.33  10 3  K sp  3  32  10 12  3
S       2  10 4 M.
  
W 2 .33  10 3  4   4 
 in mole/litre. n   1  10 5  54. (d) Common ion effect is noticed only for weak electrolyte
m . wt 233
dissociation. H 2 SO 4 is strong electrolyte.
Because BaSO 4 is a compound
55. (c) When we added barium ion in chromate ion solution we
K sp  S  [1  10 ]
2 5 2
 1  10 10 obtained yellow ppt of BaCrO4 .

BaCl 2  K 2 CrO4  BaCrO4   2 KCl

46. (d) AgCl ⇌ Ag   Cl  Yellow ppt.
a a a
56. (d) AB is a binary electrolyte.
NaCl ⇌ Na   Cl 
S  K sp  1.21  10 6  1.1  10 3 M
0 .02 0 .02 0 .02

10
K sp AgCl  1.20  10 57. (b) Precipitation occurs when ionic product > solubility.
  58. (c) For a binary electrolyte, so that
K sp AgCl  [ Ag ] [Cl ]  a  [a  0.2]  a  0.2a 2

K sp  S  S  S 2
a 2 is a very small so it is a neglected.
K sp AgCl  0.2a S  K sp .
 386 Ionic Equilibrium
61. (b) CH 3 COONa is a salt of weak acid and strong base. Hence its OH   H  ⇌ H 2 O . So that S 2  is increased.
aqueous solution is alkaline.
81. (c) BaSO 4 ⇌ Ba 2   SO 42 
62. (b) BaSO 4 ⇌ Ba 2   SO 4 
Solubility constant  S  S K sp  S 2  S  K sp ; K sp  [Ba 2  ]  [SO 42  ]

1.5  10 19  S 2 ; S  1.5  10 19 ; S  3.9  10 5 4  10 10  [1  10 4 ]  [SO 42  ]

 
65. (d) Ca(OH ) 2 ⇌ Ca  2OH2
(S ) 4  10 10
[SO 42  ]   4  10 6 .
(2 S )

K sp  4 S  4  3  3  3  12 3
3 1  10  4

66. (a) Due to common ion effect. 82. (c) AB 2 ⇌ A 2   2 B 2

(S ) (2 S )
67. (d) PbCl 2 ⇌ Pb 2   2Cl 2
(S ) (2 S ) K sp  4S 3

K sp  4 S 3  4  (2  10 2 )3  3.2  10 5 K sp 4  10 12
S 3 3  1  10 4 gm. mol / litre
  4 4
68. (a) Ag 2 S ⇌ 2 Ag  S
K sp AB 1  10 8
K sp  4S 3 83. (d) [B]    1  10 5 M
[ A] 10 3
K sp 3 .2  10 11 Where ionic product > K sp , ppt formed
S  3 3  2  10 6
4 4
 8 should be more then 10 5 M .
69. (d) CaCO 3 ⇌ Ca 
 CO 3  84. (c) NaCl (s) ⇌ Na (aq )  Cl (aq )
S S S

Solubility product of CaCO 3 HCl ⇌ H   Cl  . The increase in [Cl  ] brings in an

K sp  S 2 ; S  K sp increase in [ Na  ] [Cl  ] which will lead for backward reaction

because
It is a binary electrolyte.
K sp (NaCl)  [ Na  ] [Cl  ]
S 2  K sp ; (3.05  10 4 )2  K sp ; K sp  9.3  10 8
means Ionic product  K sp
71. (c) PbCl 2  Pb    2Cl 
S 2S 85. (d) BaSO 4 ⇌ Ba    SO 4 
(S )
K sp  S  (2S ) 2  [6.3  10 3 ]  [12.6  10 3 ]2 .
(S )

72. (d) A salt of strong acid and strong base cannot be hydrolysed. In K sp  S 2 ; S  K sp  1.3  10 9
this case the equilibrium cannot shifted towards the backward.
73. (d) If we mixed any substance into the solution. Then the value of  3.6  10 5 mol / litre
pH is increased these substance is a salt of weak acid and 87. (b) Alkaline,
strong base.
CH 3 COONa  H 2 O ⇌ CH 3 COOH  NaOH
74. (d) It is a salt of strong base and weak acid. Weak acid Strong base

75. (a) K sp  4 s 3  4  [2.5  10 2 ]3  62.5  10 6 . 88. (c) Because it is a strong base.

Na   Cl  89. (b) For pure water [H  ]  [OH  ] , K w  10 12 s

76. (c) NaCl ⇌
S S 90. (a) MX 2 ⇌ M 2   2 X2 ; 4 S 3  4  (0.5  10 4 )3
(S ) (2 S )
K sp  S 2 , S  K sp  36  6 . 13
 5  10
 
78. (d) PbI2 ⇌ Pb  2I 91. (a) Solubility coefficient  [Pb 2  ] [Cl  ]2
K sp S 2S
92. (a) Solubility of Al(OH )3 is lesser than Zn(OH )2 .
K sp  4 S 3  4  [2  10 3 ]3  32  10 9 .
93. (c) NaCl(s) ⇌ Na  (aq )  Cl (aq )
79. (b) When ionic product is greater than K sp then precipitation
occur HCl ⇌ H   Cl 
K sp  10 2 M Ca 2   10 3 M F  The increase in [Cl  ] brings in an increase in
 
[ Na ] [Cl ] which will lead for backward reaction because
80. (d) In IV group the S 2  concentration increase when added the
th

NH 4 OH because K sp NaCl  [ Na  ] [Cl  ] .

94. (c) Common ion effect.
NH 4 OH ⇌ NH 4  OH 
95. (a) CaF2 ⇌ Ca    2 F2
 2
H 2 S ⇌ 2H  S S S (2 S )

K sp  4S 3
 Ionic Equilibrium 387

K sp 3 .2  10 11  2C  .25 
S 3 3  2  10 4 m/l. K    
4 4 1   100 
96. (d) In aqueous solution following euilibrium is exist. K   2C  1    Very small 
H 2 S ⇌ H   HS 
.25 .25
K   .5 ; K  3.125  10 6
While adding the dilute HCl solution 100 100
(HCl ⇌ H   Cl  ) equilibrium is shift to the left side in 114. (a) Sb 2 S 3  2 Sb 2  3 S   ; K sp  (2 x )2 .(3 x )3
  2x 3x
H 2 S ⇌ H  HS
K sp  108 x 5 ; K sp  108  (1  10 5 )5  108  10 25 .
97. (d) M 2 X 3 ⇌ 2 M 2  + 3 X 3
K sp (2 y ) (3 y ) 115. (b) When increasing the temperature the value of ionic product
also increases.
d
Solubility product K sp  108 y 5 mol Kw
m3 116. (a) Hydrolysis constant h 
Ka
98. (b) Solubility is directly proportional to the K sp .

99. (b) PbCl2 ⇌ Pb   2Cl2

S S (2 S ) Hydrogen ion concentration - pH scale and
K sp  S  (2S )  4 S 2 3 Buffer solution
1. (a) pH of blood does not change because it is a buffer solution.
K sp 1 .5  10 4
S 3 3  3 .34  10 2 .
4 4 2. (c) 0.001 M of NaOH means [OH  ]  .001
101. (d) AlCl3 on hydrolysis gives weak base and strong acid among  10 3 M  pOH  3
all. pH  pOH  14  pH  14  3  11
102. (c)Fe 3  ions are hydrolysed to develop acidic nature.
3. (d) [H 3 O  ] means [H  ]  6.2  10 9 mol / l
Kw
103. (c) K h 
Ka  Kb pH   log(6.2  10 9 )  8.21
104. (a) KCN is salt of strong base and weak acid. 4. (b) CH NH + HCl  CH 3 NH 3 Cl 
3 2

105. (c) Sulphides of Group-II radicals have low solubility product.

0.1 0.08 0
106. (c) Because NH 3 acts as Lewis acid and they give electron pair to 0.02 0 0.08
H 3 O  ion. H 3 O  is a Lewis base. Which accept the electron (Basic buffer solution)
pair from NH 3 . 0 . 08
pOH = pK + log b

107. (c) Due to common ion effect. 0 . 02

= pK + 0.602
108. (a) For Ag 2 SO 4  2 Ag   SO 4 b

2x x = 3.30 + 0.602= 3.902

K sp  (2 x )2 . x ; K sp  4 x 3 ; K sp  4  (2.5  10 2 )3  pH = 10.09
[H ] = 7.99  10  8  10 M
+ 11 11

K sp  62.5  10 6 5. (b) pH  pOH  pKw

 
109. (b) For AgCl  Ag  Cl 6. (d) pH   log[H  ]
x x
5.4   log[H  ] ; [H  ]  3.98  10 6 .
K sp  x 2 ; x  K sp , 1  10 6  1  10 3 mole / litre.
7. (a) KCN  H 2 O ⇌ KOH  HCN . KOH is a strong base and
110. (b) AgCl  Ag   Cl  HCN is a weak acid.
x x
8. (c) [H  ]  10 3 M , pH   log[10 3 ], pH  3
After NaCl is added x x  1  10 4
That is why Ag  will be less. 9. (b) [H  ]  [OH  ]
111. (b) Because of ionic product of AgI  solubility product of its. Kw  [H  ] [OH  ]  1014
112. (a) AX 2  A  2 X [H  ]  10 7 , pH   log[H  ]  7 .
x 2x

3 .2  10 11 10. (d) pH  5 means [H  ]  10 5

K sp  4 x 3 ; x  3 ; x  2  10 4 mole/litre.
4 pOH  14  pH  14  5  9

113. (c) C6 H 5 COONH 4  C6 H 5 COO  NH 4 [OH  ]  10  pOH  10 9

0 .5 
.25 . 25 . 25 11. (a) pH   log [H  ] ; [H  ]  0.01 N
100 100 100
pH   log [10 2 ] ; pH  2
According to Ostwald dilution law.
 388 Ionic Equilibrium
12. (d) N
Initial
BOH
C 0
B +
+
0
OH –

32. (b)  0 .01 N HCl ; [H  ]  10 2 M ; pH  2

100
At eq. C – C C C
[OH ]  10 2 M for NaOH
C  2 2
pH  pOH  14 ; pH  14  2 ; pH  12
Kb   C  2 assuming   1 ; 1   ~– 1
C(1   ) 34. (a) It is a buffer solution of strong acid and its weak conjugate
base.
10 12  10 2   2 ;  2  10 10 ;   10 5
35. (c) HA ⇌ H   A 
[OH  ]  C  .01  10 5  10 7
[H  ]  0.1 M ; [H  ]2  Ka  C
13. (c) pH  4 means; [H  ]  10 4 mol
14. (a) Buffer solution is a mixture of weak acid and its conjugate [H  ]  Ka  C  1  10 5  0.1  10 6
base.
15. (b) Adding Na 2CO 3 to water makes the solution basic and hence [H  ]  10 3 M ; pH  3
a pH increases from 7. 36. (c) As the solution is acidic, pH  7 . This is because [H  ] from
16. (d) NaClO is a salt of strong acid HClO4 . So it is a strong acid
H 2 O cannot be neglected in comparison to 10 8 .
4

salt.
17. (b) NaOH is a base, so that its pH  7 37. (c) Human body contain buffer solution. Its pH= 6.8
38. (a) It is a neutral solution and its pH = 7
18. (c) It is a strong base.
39. (a) pH  5, means [H  ]  10 5 M .
1 M NaOH has maximum [OH  ] and minimum [H  ] and
maximum pH. After dilution [H  ]  10 5 / 100  10 7 M
19. (c) When pH = 7 means neutral, pH < 7 means acidic, pH > 7
means basic. [H  ] from H 2 O cannot be neglected.
20. (d) As the solution is acidic, pH  7 . This is because [H  ] from Total [H  ]  10 7  10 7  2  10 7
H 2 O [10 7 M ] cannot be neglected in comparison to 10 10 pH  7  0.3010  6.6990  7 (neutral).
M 2
22. (c) It is a strong acid and they lose proton in a solution. 40. (d) [H  ]   .C   .02 ; [H  ]  4  104 M
100
23. (a) [OH  ]  10 2 M ; pOH  2
pH   log [H  ]  4  log 4 ; pH  3.3979
pH  pOH  14 ; pH  14  pOH
 salt 
pH  14  2  12 41. (a) pH = p K a + log  
 acid 
24. (d) Order of acidic strength is H 2 Te  H 2 Se  H 2 S  H 2 O
Na 2 O is a salt of NaOH  H 2 O and H 2 O is least acidic  0 .2 
= 9.30 + log   = 9.30 + 0.3010 = 9.6.
m  0 .1 
among given acids hence pH in this case will be max .
[Salt]
25. (b) pH of the solution A = 3 42. (a) pH  pK a  log
[H ] = 10 M.
+

A
–3 [Acid]
pH of the solution B = 2 [10]
[H ] =10 M
+ –2 pH   log (1 .8  10 5 )  log
B
[100]
[H ] = 10 + 10 = 10 + 10  10 = 11  10 .
+ –3 –2 –3 –3 –3

pH = – log(11  10 ) = 3 – log 11 –3   log 1.8  5  log 10 1

= 3 – 1.04 = 1.95   0.2553  5  1  3.7447 or  4
26. (a) CN   H 2 O  HCN  OH 
0 .1
43. (b) 20 ml. of 0.1 NHCl =  20 g eq. = 2  10 3 g eq.
Because OH  concentration is increased. 1000
27. (a) On dilution the pH of acid A increases while pH of base B
decreases. 0 .001
20ml. of 0.001 KOH =  20 gm eq.
28. (d) CH 3 COONa is a salt of weak acid, ( CH 3 COOH ) and 1000
strong base (NaOH ) . = 2 × 10 5 g eq.
29. (b) The equilibrium will shift in the backward direction.
 HCl left unneutralised = 2(10 3  10 5 )
30. (b) K a  10 5 ; pH  6
 2  10 3 (1  0.01) = 2  0.99  10 3  1.98  10 3 g eq .
[Salt] 5 [Salt]
pH  logK a  log ; 6  log10  log
[Acid] [Acid] Volume of solution = 40 ml.
[Salt] [Salt] 1 .98  10 3
6  5 log10  log ; 6  5  log  [HCl] =  1000 M = 4.95  10 2
[Acid] [Acid] 40
[Salt] [Salt] 10  pH = 2  log 4.95 = 2 – 0.7 = 1.3.
log  6  5 1; 
[Acid] [Acid] 1 45. (b) 10 7 M NaOH means [OH  ]  10 7 ; pOH  7
31. (d) All are true – (a) is true for acid buffer, (b) for basic buffer,
(c) is called buffer solution. pH  14  7  7
 Ionic Equilibrium 389

30 35  0 .1
46. (a) [H  ]  c    0 . 1   0.03 M   0 .35  10  2
100 1000
48. (a) The pH of buffer solution never changed. Total = 20 + 35 = 55 ml.
10 14  (1.0–0.35)10 =0.65  10 mole HCl
[H  ]   10 13 mol / litre pH  13.
–2 –2

49. (c)
10 1 HCl = H +Cl+ –

50. (a) 
pH   log[H ] ; 7.4   log[H ] ; [H ]  4  10 M   8  [HCl] = [H ]+[Cl ] + –

51. (a) The pH of 0.1M HCl  1 Ionization of H 2 SO 4 takes place in 55 ml contains 0.65  10 mole of H ions
–2 +

two steps. 0 .65  10 2  10 3 6 .5

1000 ml  
H 2 SO 4 ⇌ H  
HSO 4 ; HSO 4 ⇌ H   SO4  55 55
52. (c) 1N NaOH solution have highest pH pH   log[H  ]   log(6.5 / 55)
[OH  ]  1; pOH  0 ; pH  pOH  14  log 55  log 6.5  0.92
pH  14  0  14 Due to acidic nature of solutions the colour of phenolphthalein
  becomes pink.
53. (c) H 2 O ⇌ [H ] [OH ]
61. (b) [H  ]  2  10 2 M
HCl ⇌ [H  ] [Cl  ]
 pH  log [2  10 2 ] ;
Total [H  ]  [H  ]H 2 O  [H  ]HCl  10 7  10 8
pH  1.7 i.e. in between 1 and 2.
 10 7 [1  10 1 ]
63. (b) pH  4, (H  )  10  pH  10 4 M
 7 11
[H ]  10 
10 65. (c) NaOH ⇌ Na   OH 
 11 
pH   log[H  ]   log10 7   ; pH  6.958 [OH  ]  10 5 M ; [H  ] [OH  ]  10 14
 10 
54. (c) pK = – log K , pK = – log K 10 14
a u b b
[H  ]  ; [H  ]  10 9 M ; pH  9 .
1 10  5
pH =  [log Ka  log Kw  log Kb ]
2 [Salt] 0.1
67. (b) pH  pK a  log ; pH  4 .75  log
1 [Acid] 0.1
  [5  log(1  10 14 )  (5)]
2 pH  4.75  log 1 ; pH  4.75
1 1
  [5  14  5]   (14 )  7 68. (d) A weak acid and its salt with a strong base maintain pH 4 – 5
2 2
55. (d) BaO, CaO and Na 2 O are shows more than 7 pH because of 69. (a) NaOH ⇌ Na   OH   [OH  ]  10 8 MMM.
their basic nature. 70. (c) [OH  ]  0.0001 N , pOH  4 , pH  pOH  14
56. (a) MgCl2  2 H 2O ⇌ Mg(OH )2  2 HCl
pH  14  pOH  14  4  10
57. (c) H 2 SO 4 ionized in two step.
71. (d) 0.001 M KOH solution
[Salt]
58. (b) pH  pKa  log [OH  ]  0.001 M  1  10 3 M
[Acid]
[Salt] [Salt] [H  ]  [OH  ]  1  10 14
5 .8  4 .8  log or log  1 .0
[Acid] [Acid]
1  10 14
[H  ] 
[Salt]
 antilog 1 .0  10 [OH  ]
[Acid]
1  10 14
[Acid] 1 [H  ]   1  10 14  10 3
   0.1 1  10  3
[Salt] 10
59. (b) It contains replacable H atom. [H  ]  10 11 M
60. (c) (i) 20 ml of 0.5 N HCl pH  11
0.5 N  1000 ml 0.5 mole HCl is present in 20 ml 72. (a) An acid buffer solution consists of solution of weak acid with
20  0.5 strong base of its salt.
  1 .0  10  2 73. (b) An acid buffer solution consists of a weak acid and its salt with
1000
strong base. i.e. CH 3 COOH  CH 3 COONa
(ii) 35 ml of 0.1 N NaOH
0.1 N  1000ml of 0.1 mole NaOH is 35 ml [salt]
74. (a) pOH  pK b  log
[base]
 390 Ionic Equilibrium

 5  log
0.02
 5  log
1
 5  (1)  4 10 2
Thus increase in [H  ]   1000 times
0.2 10 10  5
pH  14  pOH  14  4  10 87. (a) The HCl is a strong acid and they lose easily H  in solution.
75. (b) [Salt]= 0.1 M, [Acid]= 0.1 M
88. (a) X   H 2 O ⇌ OH   HX
[Salt]
K a  1.8  10 5 ; pH  logK a  log
[Acid] [OH  ] [HX ]
Kb 
0.1 [X  ]
 log1 .8  10  5  log  log 1.8  10 5
0.1 HX ⇌ H   X 
pH  4.7 .
[H  ] [ X  ]
76. (a) NH 4 Cl and NH 4 OH is a buffer solution (weak base and Ka 
[HX ]
salt of strong acid).
77. (a) pH  pOH  14 ; pH  14  pOH K a  K b  [H  ] [OH  ]  K w  10 14

Hence K a  10 4

Now as [ X  ]  [HX ], pH  pK a  4 .
90. (d) Buffer solution is formed. So the pH will not change.
91. (b) Na 2 CO 3 when react with water form strong base and weak
acid. So its aqueous solution is basic.
92. (c) Kw  [H 3 O  ] [OH  ]

Concentration of H 3 O  in distilled water  1  10 6 mol/l.

Now [H 3 O  ]  [OH  ]

Kw  [1  10 6 ]  [1  10 6 ]  1  10 12 .

93. (a) [OH  ]  10 1 M ; pOH  1

pH  pOH  14 ; pH  14  1  13 .
94. (a) Maximum pH HClO is a weak acid all of these. So that the salt
of weak acid is also weak.
[OH  ]  10 7 95. (c) As the solution is acidic pH  7 . This is because [H  ] from
pOH  7 H 2 O [10 7 ] cannot be neglected in comparison to 10 12 M.
pH  14  7  7 . 96. (b) [Normal salt + acidic salt] is a buffer solution.
78. (c) 0.01 M Ba(OH )2  0.02 N Ba(OH )2 M M
97. (b) 100 ml of NaOH = 50ml of NaOH. They exactly
N1 V1  N 2 V2 10 5
[0.02 N ]  [50 ml]  N 2  100 ml N
neutralise 50 ml HCl. Hence pH of resulting solution = 7.
5
0 .02  50
N2   10 2 N ; [OH  ]  10 2 N 98. (b) M1  6.0 M of HCl ; V1  ?
100
pOH  2 or pH  12 M 2 =0.30 M is H  concentration in solution.

79. (b) pH   log [H ] .
V2  150 ml of solution.
80. (a) Na 2 CO 3 is a mixture of weak acid and strong base, so it is a
base. M1 V1  M 2 V2 ; 6.0  V1  .30  150

81. (b) 10 7 N HCl means (H  )  10 7 M .30  150

V1   7 .5 ml.
6
pH   log(H  ), pH  7
82. (c) pH  2 ; pH   log [H  ] ; 2   log [H  ] 99. (b) pH  3 , [H  ]  10 3 M

[H  ]  10 2  0.01 N  [H  ]  K  c
83. (b) pH does not change on addition of some concentration of HCl. [10 6 ]
[10 3 ]2  K  c ;  K  10  5
84. (b) Solution of CH 3 COONa on addition to acid shows a 0.1
decrease in dissociation of acid due to common ion effect. To 100. (b)When ratio of concentration of acid to salt is increased pH decrease.
decrease in [H  ] or increase pH. 101. (c) For NH 4 OH .
85. (c) pH  pOH  14 ; pH  14  pOH ; pH  14  6  8 .
1
86. (b) [H  ]I  10 5 [H  ]II  10 2 [OH  ]  C . ; C  M ,   0.2
10
 Ionic Equilibrium 391

[OH  ] 
1
 0.2  2  10  2 M pOH   log[OH  ]   log(1  10 4 )  4
10
pH  pOH  14 ; pH  14  4  10 .
pOH   log [OH  ]  log [2  10 2 ] ; pOH  1.7
0.10
114. (a) M.eq. of 0.10 M HCl   40  0.004 M
pH  14  pOH  14  1.7  12.30 . 1000
[Salt] 0.45  10
102. (c) pH  pK a  log . For small concentration of buffering M.eq. of 0.45 M NaOH   0.0045 M
[Acid] 1000
[Salt]
agent and for maximum buffer capacity 1. Now left [OH  ]  0.0045  0.004  5  10 4 M
[Acid]
Total volume = 50 ml.
103. (a) [H  ] = increased ten fold means pH of solution decreased by
one. 5  10 4
[OH  ]   1000 ; [OH  ]  1  10 2
1 50
pH  log 
[H ] pOH = 2 ; pH = 14 – pOH = 12.
104. (a) Because the pH of buffer are not changed. 115. (c) 0.001 M HCl  10 3 M [H  ], pH  3 .
[Salt] [Salt]
105. (c) pH  pK a  log ; 5 .5  4 .5  log 0 .4
[Acid] [0.1] 116. (d) [ NaOH ]   0.01M ; [OH  ]  10  2 M
[Salt] 40
log  5 .5  4 .5  1
0 .1 [H  ]  10 12 , pH   log[H  ]  12
[Salt]
 antilog 1 = 10 ; [Salt]  1 117. (b) Those substance which give a proton is called Bronsted acid
0 .1
while CH 3 COO  doesn’t have proton so it is not a Bronsted
0.49
106. (a) Moles of H 2 SO 4   5  10  3 moles of H 2 SO 4 acid.
98
.005 120. (c) pH   log [H  ]
present per litre of solution (molarity)   .005 M.
1 121. (d) pH  pOH  14 , pH  4 .0
H 2 SO 4  2 H 2 O ⇌ 2 H 3 O   SO 4 
pOH  14  pH ; pOH  14  4 .0  10.0
one mole of H 2 SO 4 give 2 moles of H 3 O  ions.
122. (b) pH  0 means [H  ]  10 o  1M . Hence solution is strongly
H 3 O   2  (H 2 SO 4 )  2  0.005  0.01 M acidic.

[H  ]  10 2 M ; pH  2 123. (c) As the solution is acidic, pH < 7. This is because [H  ] from

107. (c) CH 3 COONH 4 is a simple buffer and called salt of weak acid. H 2 O (10 7 M ) cannot be neglected in comparison to

0.4 10 10 M HCl.

108. (c) N.eq. for HCl   50  0.02
1000 124. (d) H 3 O  ⇌ OH   H 2
0.2
N.eq. for NaOH   50  0 .1 pOH  pH  14 ; 7  7  14 ; [H  ]  [OH  ]  10 14
1000
Now [OH  ] left  0.1  0.02 10 7  10 7  10 14 ; [OH  ]  10 7 gm ion/l.

[OH  ]  .08  8  10 2 M 126. (b) When pH  2 , [H  ]  10 2 M

pOH   log 8  10 2 M ; pOH  1.0 127. (a) [OH  ] ion conc.  0 .05
mol
 5  10  2
mol
l l
109. (d) Buffer is mixture of weak base and its acid salt.
110. (b) [ NaOH]  0 .4 40 mole l.  0.1 M pOH   log [OH  ]   log [5  10 2 ]

[OH  ]  10 1 M , [H  ]  10 13 M , pH  13 pOH  1.30 ; pH  pOH  14

pH  14  pOH  14  1.30  12.7
111. (d) pH  pOH  14, pH  4 , H   10 4 mole/litre.
112. (d) Buffer solution have constant pH. When we add the water into 128. (c) When pH  3 , then [H  ]  10 3 M
this buffer solution. So no effect on it.
after that we increased the pH from 3 to 6 then
113. (b) Ba(OH )2 ⇌ Ba 2   2OH  [H  ]  10 6 M means reduced 1000 times.
One molecule on dissociation furnishes 2OH  ions. 129. (b) CO 2 is acidic oxide which on dissolution in water develops
 4 acidic nature.
So, [OH ]  2  10 N
130. (d) If pH of any solution is 2.
N 2  10 4
N  M2 ; M    10  4 Then [H  ]  10 2 M
2 2
 392 Ionic Equilibrium
If pH of any solution is just double then pH  4 and N
150. (d) In NaOH have [OH  ]  10 1 M means pOH  1 and
[H  ] will be 10 4 . 10
then pH  pOH  14
131. (c) A strong acid is not used to make a buffer.
pH  14  pOH  13 .
132. (d) pH  1 means [H  ]  10 1 M
151. (b) Borate ions are hydrolyzed to develop alkaline nature in
solution.
10 1 1
Hence [H 2 SO 4 ]    0 .05 M 152. (d) Less the pH, more acidic is the solution.
2 20 154. (b) The equal conc. of salt and acid.
133. (c) The pH of blood is 7.4 due to presence of bicarbonates ions [KCN ]
155. (c) pH   log K a  log
 [HCN ]
134. (c) As the solution is acidic, pH < 7. This is because [H ] from
H 2 O [10 7 ] cannot be neglected in comparison to 10 8  0 .15 
pH   log[5  10 10 ]  log   8 .302
 1.5 
135. (a) pH will decrease because [OH  ] increased due to this
[Salt]
pOH is decreased. 157. (c) pH  pK a  log equimolar means
[Acid]
136. (c) [H  ]  6  10 4 M [Salt]
 1 ; pH  4.74  0  4.74
 4 [Acid]
pH   log [H ]   log [6  10 ]  3.22 .
158. (a) Because of NaCl is a salt of strong acid and strong base. So
137. (c) 0.01 M HCl  10 2 M [H  ], pH  2 . that it is neutral.
159. (c) When strong acid and strong base are react neutral salt are
138. (c) Because buffer solution have a constant pH. formed. So that NaCl is a neutral salt.
139. (c) 10 6 M HCl  10 8 M [H  ] . Also from H 2 O [Salt]
162. (d) pH  log K b  log
[Acid]
[H  ]  10 7 M
[Salt]
pH  log[1.8  10 5 ]  log
Total [H  ]  10 7  10 8  10 7 [1  0.1]  10 7 [1.1] 1.0

Hence pH  7  0.0414  6.96 . [Salt] [Salt]

9  4 .7  log ; log  4 .7  9  4 .3
1 .0 1 .0
140. (b) 10 10 M HCl  10 10 M [H  ] . But pH  10 because [Salt] 1
 Antilog ; [S alt]  1.8
solution is acidic. This is because H  from 1.0 4 .3
H 2 O(10 7 M ) cannot be neglected. [salt]
163. (b) pH   log K b  log
[acid]
Total [H  ]  10 7  10 10
[salt]
7 3 7 5   log10 4  log
 10  (1  10 )  10 (1.001) [acid]
That is why pH  7 (slightly less than 7) log
[salt]
1
[acid]
141. (b) [H  ]  1.00  10 6 mole/litre
[salt]
 antilog1  10 : 1
6
pH   log [1.00  10 ] ; pH = 6. [acid]
164. (a) 1 M KOH show highest pH value because it is a strong base.
142. (a) [H  ] is in moles per litre. 165. (d) NH 4 OH is a weak acid and NH 4 Cl is a strong base salt.
143. (d) As the solution is acidic, pH  7 . This is because [H  ] from 166. (a) pH  13.6
7 8
H 2 O (10 M ) cannot be neglected in comparison to 10 . pOH  14  13.6  0.4

145. (b) pH of 0.001 M HCl  10 3 M[H  ] , pH = 3. [OH  ]  Antilog(0.4 )  0.3979 . So the value of

[OH ] between 0.1 M and 1 M
146. (d) Because it can furnish H  ions in solutions.
167. (d) Aspirin is a weak acid. Due to common ion effect it is
147. (c) Because it is a strong acid. unionised in acid medium but completely ionised in alkaline
H   10 1 medium.
168. (b) [H  ] [OH  ]  10 14 ; (10 7 )(10 7 )  10 14
pH   log [H  ]   log [10 1 ] ; pH  1 .
148. (b) Buffer solution is a combination of weak acid and conjugate 169. (c) HCl  10 o M has pH  0 . The value of pH decreases as
base. NaCl is a salt and NaOH is the base. concentration further increases.
170. (a) Because pure water has a 7 pH.
149. (a) [H  ]  Kc  10 5  0.1  10 3 , pH  3 .
171. (c) When concentration of [H  ] increased then the value of pH is
decreases.
 Ionic Equilibrium 393

1 1 1
pH  log pOH  log  log  1
[H  ] [OH ] .1
172. (c) The concentration of [H  ]  10 2 mole/litre pH  pOH  14 ; pH  1  14 ; pH  14  1  13
195. (a) If concentration of acid is increases ten times in a buffer then
pH  log[H  ]  log[10 -2 ] ; pH  2 pH of the solution is increase by one.
173. (d) Due to common ion effect.
198. (b) pH  7  Basic
174. (b) In water solution.
It means contain more hydroxide ions than carbonate ions.
NH 3  H 2 O ⇌ NH 4  OH 
199. (a) At 7pH the concentration of OH  and H  are equal.

concentration of OH is increased so that solution become .01  100
more basic and the pH is increased. 200. (a,d) M.eq. of 0.01 M HCl   1  10 3
1000
175. (a) Na 2 CO 3 is basic in nature. So its pH is greater than 7. pH  3
176. (c) It is not a mixture of weak acid or base and their strong salt.
.04  50
M.eq. of .02 M H 2 SO 4   2  10 3
177. (a) [H  ]  Antilog(4.58) ; 1000
[H  ]  2.63  10 5 moles / litre 0.02  50
M.eq. of .02 M NaOH   1  10 3
1000
178. (c) 10 2 M NaOH will give [OH  ]  10 2
Left [H  ]  2  10 3  1  10 3  1  10 3 ; pH  3
pOH  2 , Also pH  pOH  14 202. (a,b,c) Because buffer solution are mixture of weak acid or weak
pH  12 . base and their salt.
203. (c) Because pH  8 is basic nature but HCl is a strong acid.
[Salt] 10  1
179. (a) pH  pK a  log   log 2  10 5  log 4. 204. (c) H 2 SO 4  0.05  2
[Acid] 50 2
180. (b) 0.001 M NaOH means [OH  ]  10 3 ; pOH  3 [H  ]  0.1 and pH  1

pH  pOH  14; pH  14  3 205. (b) Mg(OH ) 2 ⇌ Mg 2   2OH 

pH  11 ; [H  ]  10 11 mole-litre –1
K sp  [Mg 2  ][OH  ] 2
181. (c) [H  ]  C .  1  10 12  0.01 [OH  ] 2

[H  ]  0 . 1 
1
 10 3 [OH  ] 2  1  10 10  [OH  ]  10 5
100
[H  ]  10 14 / 10 5  10 9
pH   log [H  ]   log10 3  3
pH   log[H  ]   log[10 9 ]  9
182. (b) pH  4
206. (b) [OH  ]  1  10 5
pH  pOH  14 ; pOH  14  pH
pOH   log[OH  ]  5
pOH  14  4  10 ; [OH  ]  10 10 M
pH  pOH  14  pH  14  5  9 .
1 1
183. (b) pH  log  log  2 .523
[H  ] [3  10 3 ] Critical Thinking Questions
185. (c) It is a strong base.
1. (b) K sp of AgI  1.5  10 16
186. (b) [H  ] Concentration in 0.01M HCl is 10 2 M because 0.01 M
HCl have only H  10 8 M Ag  and 10 8 M I 

HCl ⇌ H   Cl  . Ionic product  10 16

187. (b) The value of H 3 O  ions will not changed. K sp  Ionic product

CH 3 COOH  H 2 O ⇌ CH 3 COO   H 3 O  . 2. (a) HClO is the weakest acid. Its conjugate base ClO  is the
strongest base.
188. (a) H 2 O 2 (Hydrogen peroxide) is a corrosive volatile liquid. It is
3. (b) B(OH )3 not have H 
slightly acidic in nature. Its pKa value is approximately
10 12 . kw 1  10 14
4. (a) h   2 .22  10 5
k a 4 .5  10 10
1 1
192. (b) pH  log ; pH  log 3 ; pH  3 .
H 10 5. (d) MX 4  M  4 X ; K sp  (4 s)4 s ; K sp  256s 5
s 4s
193. (b) NH 3 is Lewis base because of one lone pair of electron.
1/5
Ba(OH ) 2  Ba 2  2OH   K sp 
194. (b) s   
 .
.05 M 20.5 M
 256 
6. (a) Lewis acid are electrophiles because they accept election pairs.
 394 Ionic Equilibrium
2
7. (c) 2 HI ⇌ H 2  I2  10 2  V   10 3  V 
Initial 2 24. (b) [Ca 2  ] [F  ]2   
9
  1.25  10 .
0 0
 2 V   2 V 
   
At equilibrium 2    2     2 . 25. (a) The degree of hydrolysis of a salt of weak acid and weak base is
2 2 2 2 independent of concentration of salt.
8. (a) Because they have vacant d-orbital in central atom.
26. (c) C  0.1M ;   1%; (H  )  C  
9. (a) Energy has to be spent for the total dissociation of weak acid.
1
10. (a) pK a of acid A  4 ; pK a of acid B  5  0 .1   10 3 ; (H  )  10 3 ; pH = 3.
100
We know that pK a   log K a
27. (d) HClO4 is a strong acid, because its oxidation no is + 7.
 Acid A K a  10 4 28. (d) Acceptor of electron pair is known as lewis acid. S, :
5 CH 2 , (CH 3 )3 B all can accept an electron pair so answer is
Acid B K a  10
(d).
Hence A is ten times stronger than that of B.
29. (b) Mg(OH )2 ⇌ Mg 2   2OH 
4
1
2
K a1 3 .14  10 (s ) ( 2 s)
11. (b)    4 :1
2 K a2 1 .6  10 5 K sp 1 .2  10 11
K sp  4 S 3  S  3 3
12. (d) It is a salt of weak acid and weak base. 4 4
 
13. (c) HA ⇌ H   A  ; K a 
[H ] [ A ]
……(i) S  8.16  10 4
[HA]
[H  ] [CN  ]
neutralization of the weak acid with strong base is 30. (d) Ka 
[HCN  ]
HA  OH  ⇌ A   H 2 O
[H  ] [0 .02]
[A  ] 6 .2  10 10 
K ……(ii) [0 .01]
[HA] [OH  ]
6 .2  10 10  0 .01
K [H  ]   3 .1  10 10
dividing (i) by (ii) a  [H  ] [OH  ]  K w  10 14 0 .02
K

K 10 5 31. (b) N H 3 presence of lone pair of electrons.
K  a  14  10 9 .
K w 10
32. (a) CuBr ⇌ Cu   Br 
14. (d) NH 4 Cl undergoes cationic hydrolysis hence pH is  7 K sp (S ) (S )

because the solution due to cationic hydrolysis in acids. mol 2

NaCN undergoes anionic hydrolysis hence pH is >7. K sp  S 2  (2  10  4 )2  4  10 8
l2
HCl is strong acid and NaCl is neutral solution.
Hence the pH of given solutions will increases. 33. (c) Na 2 SO 4 ⇌ 2 Na   SO 42 
(0 .004  x ) 2x x
HCl  NaCl  NaCN  NH 4 Cl
Since both the solution are isotonic 0.004  2 x  0.01
15. (c) It is a HClO4
 x  3  10 3
16. (d) Smaller the p K a value, strong the acid.
3  10 3
17. (d) It involves gain and loss of electron pair (Lewis concept).  Percent dissociation   100  75% .
0 .004
18. (b) H  (aq.)  H 2 O(l)  OH   H 2 .
34. (a) Cr(OH )3  Cr 3  3 OH 
4 x 3x
Ka 10 1
19. (b) KH     10 10 .
K w 10 14 10 10 K sp  x .(3 x )3  27 x 4
20. (d) Acidity is directly propotional to oxidation number. As the
K sp 2 .7  10 31
O.No. of S, P and Cl in H 2 SO 3 , H 3 PO3 & HClO3 is +4, +3 x 4 ; x 4
& +5 respectively so decreasing order of acidity will be III > I > 27 27
II.
x  1  10 8 mole/litre.
21. (a) A substance which can donate a proton is known as acid so
NH 4 will be a acid. 35. (a) H   c .  Ka . c

22.
23.
(b) Acetic acid is a weak acid.
(a) Because it is a acidic oxide.

pH   log K a . c 
1/2

1
2
[ log K a  log c]
 Ionic Equilibrium 395

1 1 So that S of AgBr is less than that of AgCl.

 [4 .74  log10  2 ]  [4 .74  2]  3 .37 .
2 2 45. (a) K sp  4S 3
36. (b) Ag2 SO 4 ⇌ 2 Ag   SO 4 
4S 2 S
4 S 3  3.2  10 8 ; S  2  10 3 M .
2 .8  10 10
Ksp  4 S 3 ; Ksp  2  10 5 46. (c)  2 .8  10 9 ML1 .
0.1
2  10 5 47. (b) AB ⇌ A   B  ; K sp  S 2
S 3  0 .017 m /l  1.7  10 2
4
S  Ksp  4  10 10  2  10 5
Ag BrO3 ⇌ Ag   BrO3
S S
1 .435  10 3
48. (b) S  1.435  10 3 g / l ,   10 5 M
Ksp  S 2 ; Ksp  5.5  10 5 143.5
K sp  S  S  10 10
S  5.5  10 5  7.4  10 3 m / l.
37. (c) 49. (b) pKa  5 , so Ka  1  10 5
OH Phenol are more acidic than ethanol
Ka 1  10 5
because of stabilization of phenoxide    1  10  2
as compare to ethoxide ion. C 0.1
50. (c) Presence of common ion decreases the solubility of salt.
38. (b) 
X  H 2 O ⇌ HX  OH  51. (d) Ag2 S  CuS  HgS .

10 14 10 9 Solubility of CuS  10 31  3.16  10 16 mol / lit.

Kh  5
so h   10 4
10 10 1 Solubility of Ag2 S
4 2
100  10  10 K sp 10 42
So, 0.01%. 3 3  6 .3  10  5 mole / litre
4 4
39. (a) Ka  1.0  10 5
Solubility of HgS  K sp  10 54  10 27 mol / litre.
K h  hydrolysisconstant
52. (c) pH  3.82   log[H  ]
K 10 14
Kh  w   10  9
Ka 10  5 [H  ]  1.5  10 4 mole/litre.
[salt] 0.10
Kh 53. (b) pH  pKa  log  4.57  log  5 .09
degree of hydrolysis (h ) = acid 0 .03
C
54. (c) For a monobasic acid
10 9 [H  ]  C 
 = 10 6 = 10 3 ; h  10 3
0 .001
1
40. (b) Basic radicals of group II & IV are precipitated by H 2 S in the   0 .001  10 4  pH = 4
10
form of their sulphides. IInd group in acidic medium & IV
group in alkaline medium. They precipitate when ionic product K sp
increases than solubility product. 55. (a) K sp  [ As 3  ][S 2 ] , S  5
108
41. (a) After mixing [ Ag  ] [Cl  ]  K sp
2 .8  10 72
10 11 5  1.09  10 15
42. (a) K sp  ionic product 1  10  5  10 108
43. (a) 1 litre of water contains 1000/18 mole. 56. (d) Dissociation constant of HA  10 9
10 7  18 HA ⇌ H   A 
So degree of ionization   1 .8  10 7 %.
1000
Ka 10 9
44. (a) AgCl K sp  1.2  10 10 [H  ]   ; [H  ]  10 4
C 0 .1

S  1.2  10 10 ; S  1.09  10 5 pH  4

pH  pOH  14
AgBr K sp  3.5  10 13
pOH  14  pH  14  4 ; pOH  10
S  3.5  10 13  5.91  10 6
 396 Ionic Equilibrium
1000 [Salt]
57. (d)   1.9  10 9 ; C  14  9.35   log(1.78  10 5 )  log
18 100
[H  ] [OH  ] w
K  C 2 [Salt]  79.9   1000  79.9  w  10.56
(H 2 O ) 132
1000 66. (a) pH  6 means [H  ]  10 6 M
 1.9  10  9  1.9  10  9   2.0  10 16 .
18
pH  3 means [H  ]  10 3 M
3
58. (c) K  Ka1  Ka2  4.5  10  1.7  10 10
After mixing,

H   Kc  4.5  10 3  1.7  10 10  .01 (10 6  10 3 ) 1 .001  10 3

Total [H  ]  
2 2
 .87  10 7
pH   log 0.87  10 7  7  0.93  6.07 .  5.005  10 4
59. (a) Given that pH  4  log 5.005 ; pH  3.301 .
Concentration of solution =.1
67. (b) [H  ]  K  C
2
Degree of ionisation  2 %   .02
100 [H  ]  4  10 10  1 ; [H  ]  2  10 5 mole/litre
Ionic product of water  1  10 14 68. (b) Moles of [OH  ]  M  V

Concentration of [H ] = Concentration of solution X degree of Number of NaOH  0.3  0.005  2  0.0030
ionisation  .1  .02  2  10 3 M
69. (d) [H  ][OH  ]  10 13 .26
Ionic product of water

Concentration of [OH ] 
[H  ]  [H  ]  [OH  ],  [H  ]2  10 13 .26

1  10 14 13 .26

  0.5  10 11  5  10 12 M . [H  ]  10 2
2  10  3
pH = 6.63.
60. (a) HgSO 4  Hg    SO 4 
x x [Salt]
70. (b) pH  pKa  log
[ Acid]
K sp  x 2 ; x  K sp ; x  6.4  10 5
pH  pKa
x  8  10 3 mole/litre.
2
Ka  0.1  (10 3.5 )2  0.1  10 7  10 8  pH  8
 1 .34 
61. (a) K  c 2  0 .1     1 .8  10 5 . [Salt]
 100  71. (a) pH  logKa  log
[Acid]
62. (c) [H  ]  1  10 4 M  [H  ] [OH  ]  1  10 14
0 .2  50 0.5  40
14
[Salt]   0 .01 ; [Acid]  0.02
1  10 1000 1000
 [OH  ]   2  10 10 M
0 .5  10  4 0 .01
pH  log (1.8  10  4 )  log
63. (d) Because HClO4 is a strong acid. While buffer is a mixture of 0 .02
weak acid and their salt. pH  4  log (1.8)  log 0.5
5
64. (b) Initial concentration = 0.006 M  Ka  6  10 pH  4  log (1.8)  0.301
equilibrium reaction.
pH  3.4
C6 H 5 COOH ⇌ C6 H 5 COO   H 
C O O initial 72. (c) HCO 3  and H 2 O
C (1  a) Ca Ca

Ka  C 2 (1    1) for weak electrolyte

73. (a) [H  ]  C    0.1  0.1  10 2 M
5
Ka 6  10
 ;   ;   10 1 pH = 2; pOH = 12 ; [OH  ]  10 12 M .
C 0 .006
74. (c) Decreasing order of acidic character is
[H  ]  C  0.006  10 1  6  10 4 M. H 2 SO 4  CH 3 COOH  H 2 CO 3

[Salt] 75. (c) The acidic nature increases in the order.

65. (a) pOH  pKb  log
[Base] NaNO2  NaCl  H 2 S  H 2 SO 4

76. (a) [OH  ]  0.05  5  10 2 M

 Ionic Equilibrium 397

pOH  2  log 5  1.3

pH  pOH  14
pH  14  1.3  12.7
77. (b) Na 2 O form NaOH. So that it is basic oxide.

78. (a) CH 3 COO   H 2 O ⇌ CH 3 COOH  OH 

Kw 10 14
 [OH  ]  c  h; h  c  1
Ka 1 .8  10 5

 2.35  10 5
 pOH  4.62 ; pH  9.38  9.4

Assertion & Reason

1. (c) HCl is a strong electrolyte since it will produce more H  ,

comparison than that of CH 3 COOH . Hence assertion is true
but reason false.
2. (b) For sparingly soluble salts, reason is not a correct explanation.
Hence both assertion and reason are true but reason is not a
correct explanation of assertion.
3. (a) Aq. solution of FeCl3 on standing produce brown ppt. Due
to hydrolysis it produce ppt. of Fe(OH )3 which is of brown
colour. Hence both are correct and reason is a correct
explanation.
4. (a) Barium carbonate is more soluble in HNO 3 than in water
become carbonate is a weak base and reacts with the H  ion of
HNO 3 causing the barium salt to dissociate.
BaCO3  HNO 3  Ba(NO 3 )2  CO 2  H 2 O
5. (a) The conjugate base of CHCl 3 is more stable than conjugate
base of CHF3 (CF3 ) . CCl 3 stabilized by –I effect of chlorine
atoms as well as by the electrons. But conjugate base of
CH 3 (CH 3 ) is stabilized only by –I effect of flourine atoms.
Here both assertion and reason are true and reason is correct
explanation of assertion.
6. (c) Ionic product of AgBr is greater than that of AgCl in
comparison with there solubility product AgBr will
precipitate. First rather than that of AgCl .
9. (e) It is fact that ionic reactions are instantaneous due to the fact
that oppositely charged ions exert strong forces and combine
immediately.