GROUP 1: GROUP PROJECT MATH

Lecturer : Đoàn Trọng Tuyến

Class : EBBA 10.2
Members : Nguyễn Thị Kim Dung
Trần Thị Thu Hằng
Nguyễn Thị Phương Thảo
Vũ Ánh Dương
Võ Thị Vân Anh

EXTENDED APPLICATION
Directions for group project: Choose a drug that is commonly prescribed by
physicians for a common ailment. Develop an analysis for this drug that is similar to the analysis
for labetalol in Example 1 through 3. You can obtain information on the drug from the Internet
or from advertisements found in various media. Once you complete the analysis, prepare a
professional presentation that can be delivered at a public forum. The presentation should
summarize the facts presented in this extended application but at a level that is understandable
to a typical layperson.
 Heparin is a widely used blood thinner used to prevent and treat deep vein
thrombosis, pulmonary embolism, and myocardial infarction and is on the World
Health Organization’s List of Essential Medicines.

Example1:
The drug heparin is used for
anticoagulants,…The half-life of heparin
is 1.5 hours. Suppose a 10 mg dose of the
drug is administered to a patient by rapid
injection.
a) Find a model for the amount
of drug in the bloodstream t
hours after the drug is
administered.
b) Find the average rate of
change of drug in the
bloodstream between t=0
and t=0,5. Repeat for t=1,5 and t=2
 c) What happens to the amount of drug in the bloodstream as t
increases?

Solution
In single rapid injection. The amount of drug in the bloodstream t hours after
a single rapid injection can be modeled using an exponential decay function as
follows:

A(t) = Dekt
Where D: the size of the dose administered and
k: the exponential decay constant for the drug

D= 10mg; T= 1.5
−ln 2
T= k => k≈ -0,46

Therefore, the model is A(t)= 10e-0,46t

The graph of A(t) is given below:

A(t)
 A(t)= 10e-0,46t

t
a) The average rate of change from t=4 to t=6 is

A ( 0,5 )− A ( 0 ) 8−10
0,5−0
≈ 0,5
≈ -4 mg/hr

The average rate of change from t=1,5 to t=2 is

A ( 2 )−A (1,5)
2−1,5
≈ 4−5
0,5
≈ -2 mg/hr

Since the half life of the drug is 1,5 hours, the average rate of change from
t=1,5 to t=2 is half of the average rate of change from t=0 to t=0,5.

b) Looking at the graph of A(t) , we can see that

 lim A (t) = 0
t→∞

An advantage of an intravenous injection is that the amount of drug in the

body reaches a high level immediately.Suppose, however, that the effective level
of this drug is between 10mg and 8mg. From the graph, we can see that it only
takes a half hour after the dose is given for the amount of drug in the body fall
below the effective level.

Example2:
The drug of example 1 is given to a patient by IV infusion at a drip rate of 3
mg/hr. Recall that the half life is 1,5 hours.
a) Find a model for the amount of drug in the bloodstream t hours after the IV
infusion begins.
b) Find the average rate of change of drug in the bloodstream between t=0 to
t=0,5. Repeat for t=1,5 and t=2
c) What happens to the amount of drug in the bloodstream as t increases?

Solution
In the intravenous infusion, the amount of drug in the bloodstream t
hours after an IV infusion begins can be modeled using a limited growth
function, as follows:
r
A(t)= −k (1 – ekt )

where r is the rate of infusion per hour and k is the exponential decay
constant for the drug.

a) Since r=3, k=-0,46 , the function has the form A(t) = 10(1 - e-0,46t )
The graph of A(t) is given below
 A(t)

A(t)= 10(1- e-0,46t )

b) The average rate of change from t=0 to t=0,5 is

c)
A ( 0,5 )− A ( 0 ) 2−0
0,5−0
≈ 0,5 ≈ 4 mg/hr

The average rate of change from t=1,5 to t=2 is

A ( 2 )−A (1,5) 6−5

2−1,5
≈ 0,5 ≈2 mg/hr

Recall that the average rate of change from t=0 to t=0,5 for the rapid
injection of this drug was -4 mg/hr and the average rate change from t=1,5 to
t=2 is -2 mg/hr. In fact, at any given time, the rapid injection function is
decreasing at the same rate the IV infusion function is increasing.

d) Looking at the graph above in b) and the formula for A(t) in part a, we can see
that
 lim A (t)= 10
t→∞

An advantage of an IV infusion is that a dose can be given such that the limit
of A(t) as t approaches ∞ is an effective level. Once the amount of drug has
reached this effective level. However, using this method of administration, it may
take a while for the amount of drug in the body to reach an effective level. For our
example, the effective level is between 10mg and 8mg. Looking at the graph, you
can see that it takes about 3,5 hours to reach an effective level. It could be a long
time for a patient who are in an emergency.

Example 3 :
A 10mg dose of heparin is administered to a patient by rapid injection.
Immediately thereafter, the patient is given an IV infusion at a drip rate of 3
mg/hr. Find a model for the amount of drug in the bloodstream t hours after
the drug is administered.

Solution
In single rapid injection followed by an intravenous infusion, the amount
of drug in the bloodstream t hours after the injection is gieven and infusion has
started can be calculated by finding the sum of the two modeled

r
A(t) = Dekt + −k (1 – ekt )

Recall from example 1, the amount of drug in the bloodstream t hours

after the rapid injection was found to be

A(t)= 10e-0,46t

From the example 2, the amount of drug in the bloodstream t hours after
the IV infusion began was found to be
 A(t)= 10(1-e-0,46t )

Therefore, t hours after administering both the rapid injection and the IV
infusion, the amount of drug in the bloodstream is
A(t) = 10e-0,46t + 10(1-e-0,46t)= 10 mg

The graph of A(t) is given below

A(t)

t
Notice that the constant multiple of the rapid injection function, 10, is
equal to the constant multiple of the IV infusion function. When this is the
case, the sim of the two function will be the constant.