SQL

INTRODUCTION

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LECTURE 11

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Contents to be covered
Operators:
IN Operators
Between Operators
Like Operators
Orderby clause

Aggregate Functions:
Avg
Min
Max
Sum
Count
Group by Clause
Group by with Having Clause

Scalar Functions

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IN Operator
IN operator is used to check whether an attributes contains one or more
specified values.
IN allows us to specify multiple values we want to select for when using the WHERE command.
Syntax:
AttributeName IN(Value1, Value2, Value3)

For example Query : List the employee residing in Delhi or Mumbai

SELECT * FROM Employee where Empcity IN(‘Delhi’,

’Mumbai’)
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Example :IN Operator
SELECT * FROM Employee where Empcity IN(‘Delhi’,
’Mumbai’)
Relation: Employee

Employee_id Employee_N Employee_C Employee_id Employee_N Employee_C

ame ity Query Result ame ity
E001 David Delhi E001 David Delhi
E002 Peter Delhi E002 Peter Delhi
E003 Jane Mumbai E003 Jane Mumbai
E004 Nammy Patna
E005 John Chennai

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Example :IN Operator
SELECT * FROM Employee where Empcity NOT IN(‘Delhi’,
’Mumbai’)
Relation: Employee

Employee_id Employee_N Employee_C Employee_id Employee_N Employee_C

ame ity ame ity
Query Result
E001 David Delhi E004 Nammy Patna
E002 Peter Delhi E005 John Chennai
E003 Jane Mumbai
E004 Nammy Patna
E005 John Chennai

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BETWEEN Operator
BETWEEN Operator is used to fetch the data lying within specified range.
The SQL BETWEEN Condition will return the records where expression is within the range of value1
and value2.

Syntax:
AttributeName BETWEEN Value1 AND Value2

For example: List all the employees having salary within 20,000 to 50,000 range .
Select * from employee where Emp_sal BETWEEN 20000 AND 50000;

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Example :BETWEEN Operator
SELECT * FROM Employee where Emp_Sal BETWEEN 20000
AND 50000
Relation: Employee

Emp_id Emp_Name Emp_Sal Emp_id Emp_Name Emp_Sal

E001 David 24000 Query Result E001 David 24000
E002 Peter 30000 E002 Peter 30000
E003 Jane 15000 E004 Nammy 45000
E004 Nammy 45000
E005 John 80000

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LIKE operator
LIKE operator is used for string comparison.
The operator “like” uses patterns that are described using two special
characters:
◦ percent (%). The % character matches any substring.
◦ underscore (_). The _ character matches any character.

For Example: Find the details of all employees whose name has the substring “an”.
select * from Employee where Emp_Name like ‘% an%‘

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Example :LIKE Operator
SELECT * FROM Employee where Emp_name like %an%

Relation: Employee

Emp_id Emp_Name Emp_Sal Emp_id Emp_Name Emp_Sal

E001 Mane 24000 Query Result E001 Mane 24000
E002 Peter 30000 E002 Jane 30000
E003 Jane 15000 E004 Tane 45000
E004 Taney 45000
E005 John 80000

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Example :LIKE Operator
SELECT * FROM Employee where Emp_Name like ‘_ane’;

Relation: Employee

Emp_id Emp_Name Emp_Sal Emp_id Emp_Name Emp_Sal

E001 David 24000 Query Result E003 Jane 15000
E002 Peter 30000 E004 Nane 45000
E003 Jane 15000
E004 Nane 45000
E005 John 80000

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 ORDER BY operator
Orderby clause is used to arrange the elements of an attribute in ascending(asc) or descending order(desc)

For each attribute; ascending order is the default.

◦ Example: order by Emp_name desc

List the names of all employees in alphabetic order having salary more than 30000

select Emp_name from Employee where Emp_sal>30000 order by Emp_name

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Aggregate Functions

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Aggregate Functions

These functions operate on the multiset of values of a column of a relation, and return
a value
avg: average value
min: minimum value
max: maximum value
sum: sum of values
count: number of values

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Aggregate Functions (Cont.)
Find the average salary of employees working in Mumbai.
select avg (Emp_sal) from employee where Emp_city = ‘Mumbai'

Find the number of records in the employee relation.

select count (*) from employee

Find the number of departments in the organisation.

select count (distinct Dept_name) from Employee
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 Aggregate Functions (Cont.)
Write a query to get the total salaries payable to employees.
SELECT SUM(salary) FROM employees;
Write a query to list the number of jobs available in the employees table.

SELECT COUNT(DISTINCT jobdesc) FROM employees;

Write a query to get the maximum salary of an employee working as a Programmer

SELECT MAX(salary) FROM employees WHERE jobdesc =

‘Programmer';

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 Aggregate Functions (The Groupby Clause)
The function to divide the records into groups and returns an aggregate for each group.
Display the total employees department wise.
SELECT Emp_dept, count(*) as Emp_cnt FROM Employee group by Emp_Dept;
Emp_id Emp_Name Emp_Sal Emp_Dept
E001 David 24000 IT
E002 Peter 30000 HR Emp_Dept Emp_Cnt
E003 Jane 15000 IT
IT 2
E004 Nane 45000 HR
Results HR 3
E005 John 80000 HR
Mkt 1
E006 Mane 30000 Mkt

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 Select x, avg(y) from xytable
Groupby x;

Reference
https://www.datacamp.com/community/tutorials/group-by-having-clause-sql?utm_source=adwords_ppc&utm_campaignid=1455363063&utm_adgroupid=65083631748&utm_
device=c&utm_keyword=&utm_matchtype=b&utm_network=g&utm_adpostion=&utm_creative=332602034364&utm_targetid=aud-517318242147:dsa-429603003980&utm_
loc_interest_ms=&utm_loc_physical_ms=1007826&gclid=CjwKCAjw-ZCKBhBkEiwAM4qfFx-eGQTV4CHqh7q4rbB_ZsflzUWBIDvvqCfulWHsQAi5z6XuAapfDRoC6ag
QAvD_BwE

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Points to Remember:
GROUP BY Clause is utilized with the SELECT statement.
GROUP BY aggregates the results on the basis of selected column: COUNT, MAX,
MIN, SUM, AVG, etc.
GROUP BY returns only one result per group of data.
GROUP BY Clause always follows the WHERE Clause.
GROUP BY Clause always precedes the ORDER BY

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 Aggregate Functions – Having Clause

Find the names of the cities where the average salary of employees is more than Rs 15000.

select Emp_city, avg (Emp_Sal) from Employee group by Emp_city

having avg (Emp_Sal) > 15000.

HAVING Clause utilized in SQL as a conditional Clause with GROUP BY Clause.

This conditional clause returns rows where aggregate function results matched with given conditions only. It
added in the SQL because WHERE Clause cannot be combined with aggregate results, so it has a different
purpose.
The primary purpose of the WHERE Clause is to deal with non-aggregated or individual records.

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In above example, Table is grouped based on DeptID column and these grouped rows filtered using
HAVING Clause with condition AVG(Salary) > 3000.

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 Scalar functions
These functions are based on user input, these too returns single value.

1. UCASE() : It converts the value of a field to uppercase

2. LCASE() : It converts the value of a field to lowercase

3. MID():The MID() function extracts texts from the text field

Syntax: Select MID(Colname, start, length) from tablename;

For example: Fetching first four characters of names of students from the Students table.

Select MID(Name,1,4) from employee

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 Scalar functions
4. LEN(): It returns the length of the value in a text field

5. ROUND(): It returns the round off value upto certain decimal places.
◦ Syntax: Select Round(Col,decimal) from tablename
◦ For example: Select Round(Emp_sal,0) from employee;

NOW(): It returns current date and time.

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Practice Exercise
Consider the patient relation consisting following attributes:
Attribute Datatype Details
id numeric patient id number
pname character patient name
p_age numeric patient age
gender character M/F
diagnosischaracter disease diagnosed
ccode character city code
cpaid logical consultation paid
nooftests numeric Number of test done

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Practice Exercise(Contd..)
Query1: List the number of patients of each disease.
SELECT diagnosis, COUNT(*) FROM patient GROUP BY diagnosis

Query 2: List the number of female patients of each city.

SELECT ccode, COUNT(*) FROM patients WHERE gender="F" GROUP
BY ccode

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Practice Exercise(Contd..)
Query 3: List the average consultation fees paid for each diagnosis. The list should
not contain diagnosis in which patients are less than 3.
SELECT AVG(cpaid), diagnosis FROM patients GROUP BY diagnosis HAVING
COUNT(*) >= 3

Query 4: List the male patients of age more than 60 in ascending order of their
names.
SELECT pname FROM patient WHERE gender="M" and p_age=60 ORDER BY
name

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Practice Exercise(Contd..)
Query 5: List the patients name who are belongs to delhi, Vadodara or Chennai and
contain kaur in their names
SELECT pname from patients where ccode IN(‘Delhi’,’ Vadodara’,’Chennai’) and
pname LIKE %kaur%;

Query 6: Find the names of the patients who have paid the consultation ranging from
1000 to 10000 and number of test performed were 5.
Select pname from patients where nooftests=5 and cpaid between 1000 and 10000

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Practice Exercise(Contd..)
Query 7: List the name of patient whose maximum test has done for diagnosing a
disease.

SELECT pname, max(nooftests) from patient;

Query 8: how many boys of age below 10 are having diabetes.

SELECT COUNT(*) from patients where gender=‘M’ and

diagnosis=‘diabetes’ and p_age<=10;

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