ry ea PM Re ON 2) NEPEPABOTKA HE®TAHbIX yc) 0) =)ee 665 A.M. UYPAKAEB 4-93 NEPEPABOTKA HE®TAHbIX FA30B Pewoueidoaaio Ynpasaenuen opearusayiue 7py9a, separ naar paso Epon Murtcrepcroa neraviod nponsusennocra eawecroe yecduuna dan nodeoroons ts noeuenu eaaupurayat oneparopoe Teriodocuscenut yorandoor zasonepepabarsaaiigus 2400008 ¥g004 MOCKBA 1983ALM. TlepepaCorca nedramex rasos, YeeSmx ane pa6ows. M., 1963, 279 € mea rexnororus nepepasorkn nepramux rasos; once npoweccit crn orcuonmaatin »,Qpecounpanaig, y Tae Ox, iy wouxencarsn rasa. u‘aonpoaYxron, TIpinexet cuedeHHn ©. NOpRAKS Suns TPAICTOPIHOKH AARON pony nau TasOnepepsOeTNRaOwNT 9a80- Tomcano nx Texwanorwveckoe oGopyxonave. Taaoxeia panna Gesonac- ipa OKctayaranin Texiosoruuecxie Yetanonok n DOTHBONOREpHC, Me anonorrasonepepaGarananty 249008 ia ‘Ta6a. 21, wx. 103, cnmcox xat.— 19 Hasp. Penenseuru: am. H. 1, Haaizneud (BTIO ), mun. H JU. Yeopos (Maunedrenpou) % SF oo areacrno ¢Hempas, 1983 oH5(01)—e5 8S © Ma leap TIPEQMCAOBHE Ha nepramix wectopoxaemmex suecte ¢ nemo AoGusaercs x Keira: Nok ra3, koropult upeactasaser coGoll cMech passin yraesonOpOKOD, BOR WAX napos, sora, a orxa m xucAuX xowroweNTOR: yrnexeAOTiN m cepoRO- zopora ‘Tpaxenopruposars taxoh ras no 7pyGonposoxam ua orwccwtembHo Gombumie Paceromima w nox Aaszenness muwe 0,7 MIla npaxriecku wetosMomno, Tax KaK BonEHMe Naps H TmxeAMe YrveBOKOPORI MPH NONAMedHGR TENMEpETYpH. KOHLEK- cupylores, oBpasyx AnaKocTuMe, aeaaue M TuAparMe MPOOKS. Hepranoh ras weoGxomuao noxseprars mepepaGorxe, cocromutel 3 npouec- 8 XOMMDHInpOBANNR, OcyIKM, OTGeHSHNNEAHNA, OWETKH OT KHCHUX KOMMO- Herron. Tloaysensiih 8 peayaurate nepepaGorkn ocywennish orGexannenn erawoh ra9 woawo tpaxcmoptupopars 0 uorpeGwreneh £0 tpyGonpouozat Hon DNCOKN xaBTerMeN wa paccToRMMe » COTM M THcKYR HEAOMETpOR. BuINe- Ausuiyioen Ho raze XKHAKYIO MposyAMMIO—wecraGnabisdh rasonAA Gexsit — Sparmtiomnpyior (pasxensior wa paxiuin) Ha sanoge TMK Hi MewTpamouol Ta. Soppaxunonpyioited yerauonxe (LOY) nedrexmaonGunara. Ha nectaGuay. oro rasosoro Geusua (HIB) nimenmor cxuesnaie Task 3 nHxe nponast6y. Tavionok cMeeH nm TexMHNECKH SHCTHC HRNBNAYAALe YEeBOLOpOR £340 sulh Geusim, Ha xexovopux rasonepepaGarizeaoux sanoxex aupaGariinane ‘Saewenrapuyio cepy, srait nm rear Caorocenmie rasst mupoko npiwensior » Kavectne cupsn Ait Hedprexnave- cKO mpousimzennocr#, Hcnomsyior KAK MOTOpHOE TOnANBO, @ TAEKE Kak OH. Tose TonmHBO AAR rastuKanwn acenesmEX nyuKTOB, MpeRNpKATH, >HAOT- ononseciux depw iT. x. Ochosuol norpesuren camer rasoa w uscronee spews — sro nespre- Ynanseckne npousnoxcrss. Stax, mponal, x-Gyran, a TeKMe rasoBulh ell Fexcait CAYAKAT eMpbem AR mMpowBoRcTaa sTHAe, nS XOTOPOTO, B CBO! OF ean, noayeator oTKtoRNA cuupr, ramepus, STHAeMTUNKOA, aKXAOpsTaH, Asopit- crth oma m ap. TIpu aansnetmel nepepaGorke arm setters moaywaior axl, acrBopHTesm, KpacwTenm, MovoUiNe cpencTBa, cHKTeTHNECKHA KAYSYR, noaHOTHAeN, ‘osaponuaet Byran coyacnr 2m noayseuns conzermeecxare fyraxenorore ayayi} 150 Syran.u maoseurait npuenmor aa npousaoxersa wsompeHosoro Kaysyka, Gans- Koro wo exon coofcrsan x uatypansuouy. Taaouith Gexsi wenozbayior na NegrenepepaGartssaiowmx sepoxex (HTI3) xax xounayunupyiomyw A0saany, Yaymabouyn ceolicrsa asrobeusunos, Coutennue rasie aaronapa cnocoSnoct axoRNTBCA Npx NopMaRbux YerOBNAX B TasoOGpasHOM cocTERIN, a HDi cpa mueabio HeComuNX MS6uTOWKNIX xaBseMNSX nepExORITS 3 mKHRKOE coctoRINe O8em YAOGmE aN npuveneMHa 2 xavecTEe GuiTOROrO Tones. [Lae Wx TpaM opruposamnst He Tpe6yerex cxoxHol rpyGonponoawoR cert, HX MOMHO AoeTeB- ART» D oraenbitie palons » Gansonax u enennemanex ni-repwax. Tlxpoxoe Mpwnevenne naman caunmenme raau npM peske merasaon. nocrasnam nepen paGorsixann 3FasomepepaSerusaiouiero upoussoxersa 9 ommanaumatol naranerne Goa 1. Yenopmrs Tewmy mpoexraposanas, crporresscra M ocsoemn rasomepe- paGarwsaouwx saxon0n B HOBKIX HEpTAINIX PErHONSX; nepepabaTusath MwaKeH- MaswHoe Kommvectao rasa, xoSumaeworo nonyrHo ¢ Hess. Pesko coxpariT®, 2-Wa Mora HeRTANBIX MecTOPORNENWAX oAMOCTIAO NpeKpaTHTE CHHTaNHe 238 a Gaxenax, 2, Flonwcurs ray6nny wonneveuns nexesuix KOMTONeHTOS HS nepepabarias 3, Tlopucwrs xavecrso mumyccaewofl mponyxiiin, outer ero no ypoaKit upossex o6pasuios. Sro xacaerex npexxe ncero MPORYKINH rasonepepaGerizaal- IMU sapodos, wcnomsyeNoR B xavecrBe cupER {AH HeMrexMMHLECKOR m XUN ‘ecxoit npontsmaesocrs, 4, Tlonucurs pexraGessuocr® savon0a, cxKouTb HaRepRER npouanoReTBa, 1: ‘Tepe cups H peareHToR, yBeaHGHTS NpoKSBOAKTeMNOCTE TPYKA Ha OGDEKTAK FasonepepaGarusawuero npoussonerea B wouew#on wrore rasonepepaGarunatouue mpennpHsTHx npHssanss yzoB: ersopurs norpeSuocru waposuoro xcasihersa cqpalii 8 CRHMENX ra3eK pyrux mpoaykrax rasonepepa6ore. 3] ¥ 1 PABA 1 @H3MKO-XHMHYECKHE CBOACTBA YPEBOMOPOMHBIX TA30B § 1. KMACCH@HKAUMA H COCTAB NPHPORHMX FA30B Tipupoaniwe ropowe rasa npeactasasior co6ofl cec- yrae- Bogopos Metaosoro paxa. B rasaX HeKOTOpHX NecTopoxjenHit NPHcyTeTAYIOT KHICHE KOMMONeHTH, TAKHe Kak ceposoAopor 1 ABY- Okc yrulepona; ag0T, KHeHOpOR, PeAKHe Tas —reamit HM aprow; OGagaTeADHEt CnYTHMK BeeX MpHpoAHNX Tas0n—sogauBe Maps. Yraesoxopoas, BXOAAIIHE B COCTAB MpAPOAMEIX raz0B, YCTOBHO MoxHo TOApasaeNHTs Ha TPH rpymme. B I rpynny sxonat metax H stax, mpexctanamomue co6oit B HOpMambuLAx yenoBHAX cyxol Ta3, ConepKanHe MX cocTaRAReT or 60 10 95 %. Bo IL rpynny sxoaat mponax, uso6yran w H-Oyran. StH yrue- BOROPORL B YHCTOM BHLLe MPH HOPMAmBHEIX yeNOBEAX mpencran- AmioT coBoH Ta3, HO MPH MOBBIUIeHHIOM AABACHHN MepexONAT B KHL Koe coctoauue. Sta rpynma yresoxopoxos moaysHna nasnanne onmReHHBe Tasks B Ill rpynny sxogar usonenran, X-nentan, rexcan m Goace Bit- coxomonexyanpiite yraenozopons. [px Hopmastbasix ycr0BnX (OH —2KWAKOCTH H BXOART B CocTan GentaHnOR, Cyutnocr rasonepepa6oTKH cocTOHT B YAaseHKH HS HCKORHOrO rasa KWCASX KOMMOHEHTOR i RAATH, a 3aTEM B USBAeTeRMH Ha 97OrO xke rasa yriteBonoponos IT x III rpynn. Ho, npexxe xem mpacty- UTD K HSyHeHKIO TexHOMOTHMeCKHX MpoMeccon H anmapaton ra30- HepepaSaTiwawulero san0Aa, HeOGXOAMMO HayHTS HSMKO-XEMU- Neckite H TepMORHMaMHYecKHe cBOflcTBA Ta30B, HIyGHTH rasoBBie saKonsi. usnxo-xnMuveckHe caofieTea yraesoxopoametx KOMMONeHTOR Mpupoauoro # nespravoro raso MpHBeTeHB B TAGs. | § 2, OCHOBHBIE MAPAMETPBI TA30B Tas we uMeer Hit onpetencHKoR opm, Kak THepxbte Texa, Hit onpeneremoro oGsema, Kak xKNAKocTH. MoaeKyas B Tasax (napax) Haxonstex xpyr oT apyra wa Goabuinx paccrosmisx 10 cpabnenmo c 2KMIKOCTAMH H TSCPILMH TenAMH, CHT BIAMMHOTO MpHTSTKEHHA MEXAY WAMH ONeHD Mass, M Tas saNHMAeT Bech ‘Gen, mpenocranneHHEIA eMy. Coraacio — Moaexyaspio-KMmeTiuecKoh —TeopHk MomeKyas, B raze HaXOARTeR B xaoTHYeCKOM ABMKeHUN. Kaxaan MoeKy.ta ABIKeTeH TO cBOel TPaeKTOPHH TO cTomKHOREHHA ¢ ApyTOf Aa co crenKo# pesepsyapa (cocyza), nocte vero ona MeHAeT HanpaB- 5Ey) 3 3, 064 0,268 2 195, 3,4 3,200 6x7 tema 72,18 0 187 3,34 3,220 25 356 72,18 5 152 3,82 2,668 600 386 sr [en 58,1 10,1 135 3,78 2,658 504 367 8 4,42 1,967 tte | tr 585 2 aL 7 6 33,2 5,12 546 1,386 4,82 o77 416 sil [=| = @uorxo-xwarveexne cnolicraa yraeBonoposuicx xounonenTos nefpinnoro Task THonanerene bai peponencet» ca 06. oma eparypa kanes npx 0,1033 MIT Tipexen aueueh OGrex napos mx acuapen 1 ae} ° 1038 MIT ayo, ugtocrs, Rpunenennot x 0,1083 MIT Teuaora nenapenna np 0,108 MITa, xlbwier Tlxoruoer » sxwaxoM coctosiux px] Tlaornoer® rasooSpasnom cocrosmma faa TA Kpnavecoe xanteme, MTTa npn 0°C m 01083 Mila, xfs Tenors cropauns nps 20°C 1 ‘Momexyaspnas wacca ‘Ten c Henne ABWXEHHA H cKOpocte. CkopocTs MomeKya SaBHCHT OT TeM- Repatypy: np nopuueHHH TewnepaTypy ota YBeANIHBAeTeR, cze- RoBaTeAbHO, PACTeT HHO YRapoR MOAEKYA 0 CTeHKH cOcyaa hk CaM yaap npoucxoaut c Goabutel cuok, Panxogelicreyioman cuaa Yiapon MowteKyar npeactananer coOof AaBseHHe Ha CTeHKH cocyZa. B mponeccax, mpoucxonsumx wa_rasonepepaGarsBaioulux 3a- BoAaX, Tas MOARepracten TenAOBHM H MeXaMTHecKHM BoszelicT- BusM H HSMeReT CBOE COCTORHHE, T. €. HaMeHsOT:A ero napa- MeTpH— BeAHYHHB, - XapaKTepiayiouwe dusHHecKOe cocroRHe rasa. Octosuste napamerpst aa ras08—9T0 AaBAeHHe, OOKeM, MaoT- Hoctp, Temmepatypa. Aasaenue. Nanrennen nasweaeten cuaa, neficrsyouas Ha eau nay naomant (I x2 1 cm?). 3a exmunny Zapaenun 8 CH npaaar mackaas (Ia). Sto Takoe xaBxene, MpH KOTOPOM Ha KARL ksaspatuuh erp jefcrayer cia a I’ ubiorox (H). Howrox — sTO CHa, coomatomar tery waccoh 8 1 Kr ycropenne 1 m/c? 2 vanpasaenma geficradi cas; | Ma—ovens wasenbKai eH HHUa, OSTOMY MPHMEHAIOT KPYNHWe MPOHSBOAUWE ENNEHUE 22B- senna: eranackas» (10° Ta) xizonacKaap (10° Ta). Tas wamepentia Aapenmst rasa B TexuHKe npawensOT mpH- Copy, onpexensioute He AGCOTTHOE, T. e. MOMHOe AaBCHKE, a pasHOcTh MexAy aGcOMOTHEIM AaBeHKeM Tasa H aTMocepHEIM. Tipu6ops, cayrxamme Aan usMepeHHA naBteHHA rasa Gombe atmociepHoro, HaswiBaWOTCH MaHOMeTpaMH Mm TOKaswnaIOT ¥S6- Towoe AaDAeHNe Taga Hal aTMOcHepHEIM, Dror uSOHITOK RaBIEHHA HasuinaeTes MaHOMETPUNECKHM (H3OUTONHUM) RaDaeHteM. Zan wamepenun aaszenna mmke atmociepHoro mpumensoT BaKYYMMETPH, MOKASHIBALOUINe, HACKOALKO AABeHHe rasa MeHDINe atmocieporo, Sto xapsenwe HaswBaeTcR BaKYY MoM, Beanwnny atmocieporo Aapzenus usMepsioT GapomeTpaN, mosTOMY OHO Hasuipactes 6 apOMETPHTECKHM. Bo ncex pacierax mpoueccon, caisanHNx co cKaTHeM Ha PacilupeHHe rasa, HeTOAbsyIoT ‘TOAEKO BeAHIHHY aGcomoTHOTO Rapatenns Pete = P+ Prov TAC Paso—AaBitcHMe aGCOmTHOR; P>—GapomeTpiNeckoe; Pu— Manomerpuueckoe. Teuneparypa. Temneparypof HastiBaerea cTenen HarpeTocTit rena, Ee usMepsioT pasusimn mpnOopamn, nassmpaewnmn Tepso- MerpaMH HAM MHpoMeTpaMm (1.1K BHICOKHX TeMnepatyp). 3a ocnonnyl0 enWHKILY MSMepeHHR TeMmepaTypH MPHHNMaIOT rpaaye. B MexKAyHapomHOR cTorpanycHof uikade 3a ocHosHe TOUKH MpHAMMAIOT TOAKY TANNA JbiLa TPH HOpMastoKoN arMocep- HOM jaBaeHnu O°C H TOUKY KaNleHHA BORN MPR TOM Ke LABEHHH 100°C. Pasuocts noxasanu TepMomerpa 8 9THZ ABYX TOUKAX, Jenentiax wa 100, " mpenctasaxer 1° To ctorpaaycHoR Kaze. Teuneparypy petite O°C mumyres co sHaKoM mmoe (+), HIKE 7ayaa —co suaxom’ munyc (—). B CH sa nym means npausta ‘Teunepatypa aGcomoruoro Hyai, T. €. Takan Tewnepatypa, tIpM KO ‘TopoR npexpamaeter ABwxeHHE MoxeKya H 0 KOTOPOA we MomeT Guirs oxaamqeHo Wi ONO Teo. Temneparypa, orcunTHDAeMaN OF aGcomorHoro yaa, uastinaercs a6couoriion ‘TeumeparypoH, a cama uikaaa HasupaeTcs mkanoit Kensamna. AGcomorish nya no Mexnyxaponnof crorpaayenoh mxase Pane —273,16°C. Tlo seawsme rpanyen Mexnynaposwion cro- TpanycHol wikans pabiix BeaNuHHe nO mKane KensBuna, TOAKO Hepaile oTewiTinawoTen oT 0°C, a propsie— or 273,16°C iu Hasn naires rpaaycamm Leaseun (°C) u rpaaycama Kenpouna (K) coorsetersenio. CootHomenua wexay rpaaycamn Keassuna (T) H Heancua (1) no m060h wa 9tux wxaa tT — 273,16; T=¢ + 273,16. Odsen. Ennuuna oGvena—xy6nseckuh werp (x), nomsHan cana —xy6uyecknf cautaetp (ca), BiecucTeMian ext: mina —1 a. Tew? 10-° ws La 000 028 - 10*=1- 10-* w. Hopmaasnue u crandaprae ycaoous. Tip pacuetax o6emon, NaoTHOcTeH, yrembHNX OGBEMOR u APyTHX. dusHYeCKHX EAM YeraHasanpaion Tax HasuBaeMBe HOpMambune dusMuecKHe yeno- BHA, pH KOTOPHIX AaBnenHe Gepyr panusim oN dusuueckoll atmocpepe, 7. €. 0,1033 MIla, m temneparypy pabuo 0°C. Tipu xossicrsewuux pacetax npwewa omycka rasa, npy onpexesteHHH nponspoaHTensHocTH rasonepepaGatusaiomnx ‘sano- HOB HT. A. B OCHOBY MpHHUMAIOT TAK HasbIBaeMNe cralitapTHie YeAOBUR H OGLeM rasa HCHNICAAIOT B CraHAapTHBX yCnOBHAX— tIpH RanseHnn 0,103 MITa m remeparype 20°C, Haorwocre u ydeasneid o6vex. Tlaothocts wan oGsemnan Macca —9T0 YacTitoe OT AeTeHHA maces: Texa_m ua ero OGueM V: p=myv HAM, MHaNe, nAoTHOCTS ecT® Macca eH O6veMa BeMecTBa. B CH x MKC exnnnna naotuocra —xnzorpaum wa xyGuve- cKnA erp (Kr/s?), rpania wa KyOuveckul cantumenp (r/eM®); BHccucrewman eaniiua lMUTHOCTH— KIZOrpaMM Ha aHTp (Kt/2). B Texixe vcnomssyiot nownaTHe oTHocuTemsHoh —naoTHOCTH. Kak BeMHSuiy OTHOMIeHHR naoTHOCTH p PaccMaTpaBAcMOTO RelLe- €1Ba K ioTHocTH pp cranaaprHoro ellecraa B OnpeneneHHX pi SHYECKHX YomOBHAX: d= ploe. B xawectse craunaptuoro semecTsa pH onpeaeneunu oTHOCH- TeaBHO NAOTHOCTH NPHHHMAIOT: Aa TREPAMX TeN H IKHAKOCTEM boay npx 4°C H HopmambHoM armociepuou AaBzeHHM, AK Ta30B— eyxoh atmociepuith sosayx, OruockTembHan nloTHocTl—Geapas- MepHan Beaminia, a Vdeavnod o6vex. Toa yreasusm oGvemom v nonMe‘or sact- Hoe or xerenus o6wema Tesla Ha ero Maccy o=V/m Ha 2Ke, wnaNe, Yaenbui OOKeM ectb oGnem exusMIEL Maccet seutectaa. B CH » MKC eaumiua yzemsnoro o6uewa— xy6uneckult Merp Ha Kustorpamat (M°/xr). § 8. 3AKOHBI FASOBOFO COCTOAHHA 1A HREAMBHBIX TA3OB Boabummnet0 saxoxtos rasosoro cocrosuia ument 8 BHAy TAK NasbinacMsle Haeastbubte ras. Ton mleanbHuMN rasami nontt Naloren Taxwe raabi, y KOTOpEL PasMepsi NOneKYa MO cPasHeHnio c OGbEMOM npoctpancTsa, re OMM HaXOMATCA, HACTOULKO MAE, 470 UMK MOAKO UpeHeSpere: Mexay MOMEKYAaMH HeT HM CHT MpUTsKeKHA, HH CHM OTTAAKH- Dawus, 7. €, OTCyTCTBYIOT KaKHe-aNGO CHA MexwoneKyaapHOrO ssanwonederaus, Hat wncansinsx rasos oKcnepuMeHtamio BuBexeHy saKont Fasoporo cocrosilus. Saxon Botian—Mapuorra, Tipoussenenue aanseatn wa o6uen Aas Aamol macs rasa pH HeHaMeHHON TeMmepaType ects BestH- aia Moctosiian, Passi MOTYT CHABHO MaMeHats coh OOZeM TH HMCHEHHH OKaSHBaeMorO Ha HHX AaBMeNHA. OxcnepuMentamsHo AoKasaHo, TO NPM NOCTORHOR TeMnepatype oGwEM onpesteTeHHOTO KomHvectBa rasa usMeHReTeR O6paTHo mponopuHORasbiO MpH.to- >HeHHOMY AaBneHiio pW Ps rae pH Vi— a6comotioe nanaenne u oem rasa yo HX HaMe- Henun; pz n V2—ro Ke, noce usMevienns TIpeobpasyn ato ypasnenne, nomywmm PVi= piVs= const. Saxons Fed-Jloccaxa u Mapan 3axou Tekt-Jhoccaka yeranan anaeT saBicHMocTs oGxema or remtlepaTypu: —cOvem aitioi Macchi rasa NPH HeHSMeHHOM AapaenAN ecTh atueiNan dpyaKuns ‘Tewmepatypy: Ve=Vo(I +at), Tae Vi— one rasa npn rexnepatype 1°C; Vo— o6uen rasa np O°C; a —repauseckni Kospbuniert o6vemmore pacumperuis, a=1/273,16. Taxumt o6pasom, us saxona Tef-Jhioccaxa caenyer, wo pi 1a npepaxau wa 1°C uw noctosuuow AaBnennn o6veM AaHtiod MacctE Tasa yrenwunpaercn wa 1/273,16 vacts Toro OGBeMé, KOTOpLIR Ot rag samuman mpi 0°C.‘Banncunocns wsMenennt RaszenAs,rasa oT NaMeneHHs TeNTe- ParypHt pH noctosHHoM OGseme yctaHasaupaercs saxoxom Mapa Pe= Po(l +B), rae p—a€comoroe aapaende rasa npu £°C; po—To xe, mpH °C; B—Tepmuvecknt xoxhhunneut nosuurenis nanzenus. Has uneansnex ra30 ¢=B=1/273,16=0,0036604. Tip pemenun npaxruueckux saaa% no onpexenenmo o6sewa raga, HOMeNsIOMETOCR B SaBHCHMOCTH OT USMeHeMHA TeMnepaTypH cHavaa HaXOANT sHavente OGvema, KoTopwh Out rao aaHuMaa pH 0°C, 7. ¢. Vo, a 38TCM, HCXONA H3 9TOH BEMMUAHEL, HAXOAAT H KOHEY- yw peneanny Vieve(1 + aaet) maw Ve= Vs | +e), env. (t+) moncrasasa Vo; Haxo.HM = (t+) Vs (273,164 6s) Vas Vim O16 1 ™ rae 7=273,16+1—a6comotuas Tewnepatypa, Ky HaH 2Ke Woh Tipu neusmenniom o6zeme Aanzenus Aamo Macchi rasa npamo Mponopuwonaasits Hx aGcomoTHEM TeMmepaTypaM. Vpasnenue cocropua easoe. Ecam npoucxoant oaHoppementioe HsMeHeHHe OOPeMA, LaB.leIHs H TeMMepaTypH Tasa, TO B 3TOM cay- wae saxonn Bofias—Mapuorra u Teit-Jhoccaxa seficrsyior oaH0- BPeMENHO, H OHH MOTYT OxITH OOBeAHHENM 8 OHH OOULNH SAKOH co- CTORHHA Tasa: MpOHIBeneHHe AaBTEHMA Ha OOveM AAR RatHOh MaccHi Taaa, ReileHHOe Ha OOcomOTHy!O TeMTepaTypy, oCTORHHO py scex sHavenusx napamerpos. DV: pe 7) OTs rae const—noctosuHas seanynna, Gosnavaeman Oyxsoh Ru wa- siiaeMan rasonoh noctommoft. Tlonerasns sHayenue ragonoll no- erosHHOR, NOTyIHM ypanHeHHe SL =k, pV=RT. svlene seKoHa rasosoro cocromma YpaBHente manelipoua, cesswpaiouee Tp ockosHBX napa- AGcomotHoe AapeHHe, OOLEM H aGco- PY con Y= const, Bro H ects y ‘Menaeeena Merpa AaHHOR maces Tas 10 avotayio tewneparypy. [am Kommecrsa raga, paaioro G, ypasne- He HMeeT BHA pV =aRr. Vunsepcamsias ras0sas nocromuitan 1 Koa aGoro rasa co cranaser B CH R = 8314,3 JL/(kmoab-°C). Sakon Asoeadpo, Stot saKon BHIBeEACH TaKxKe 9KcHepHMeH- ‘TaMBHO: B PABHHX OOBEMAX PASMHMMEIX TAsOB, BIATIX MPH ONNHA Kooi TeMMepatype H OMHAKOROM AABAENH, CORePHTER OANIA- Kowoe wHct0 Monexya. 3 aaxona Anoranpo caesyer, 4T0 m0T- Hots razon npH oAWWaKOBNX TeMnepatype M jeBAeHHN MpsMO TMponopuwoHasbHbt HX MomeKYASpHEM MaccaN Ms Me H Wa0Gopor, yrenbii oGseM rasoa npH OANHaKOBOH Teumeparype H OANHAKOOM AABAeHHK OOPATHO NPOMOPUHOHALIeH UX MomeKy.Ip- MIM Macca 1 My Me aM Ke 0,M, = 0M, = 0M Tpoxssexenne ynemsoro o6vema rasa Ka MomeKyaspHytO maccy pH NOCTORHOM Temnepatype H MOCTORUHOM AaBXeHHH ecTs Be- auuma Toctonag. Teopernueckn M SKcHepHMerTanbHO Guo YeTaHoBNeHO, YT KATOMOAB (KMOMS) —Macca BeMecTsa B KHIO- Tpammax, wneaenHo papuag MomeKyaapok Macce a060ro rasa, PH HOpMasbrEx yoaOBMAX saHHMacT OOBEM 22,41 Hicxoas us 970M wemusuut, Moxstio onpesleniTs naoTHocts pas- AWSHBIX Ta30B MPH HOPMamBABIX yenOBHSX TO bopmyne = M/22,41, rae p—naotaocts; M— moaexyaapuas macca. OGvew napop niocae uenapeHHs xuAKUX yraeBoxOpoxOR panet @ @ vate 2041-7 const. rae M—wonexyanpuas acca yraesoxopona; p—muorwocth na- Pon yraenonopora px 0,033 MITa m 0°C; G—xacca x«uxKoro yraeaonopona, Kr. Tpmwep. Onpexenrs nzortocts mpu opmamitix yenouuex staus, po- nana, Gyrana, - 30,07 Pout = D2 aT 44,10 Peas = BEAT BP a,500 er, uipuuep. Onpexernrs oGxeu napos npx wopwaminex, yerosnax nocae enapetorn ceca acco 8.250 xr eaexyioutero coctana, Mac. %: 9TaKa 2, mpo- mana 70, Gyrana 28. Onpedeaus epesinow n.zoTHOeTS 100 Peo = —z ge 2,088 rt, 70 Tar tae + or 4 savex o6eu apo 250 v= F088, 120 w8 § 4 KOHUERTPAMHH Taau, noctynaiomme ua rasonepepa6arspatommit sanox, mpei- ctazamor coGoh cect yraesoroporos. Kawah us Hux eTpemares SAHATS Bech OEM, MOSTOMY MOTeKY.I KOMMOHENTOB, COCTABARIO- UX raz0ByIO CMECK, PABHOMEpHO pacnpererens TO ACeMY OOTeMy. Orwocrexsioe Conepxkaxite KOMMOHCHTOB 8 cMecH HasuiBaeTeR Hx KoHMeHTpanNeh © BNpawaeren B RoAAX eaMMMUE MAM MPO uewrax. PasmHuaior KonueHTpanNH maccoBuie, OGDeMHBE H_MoaapHUe. Maccosyio KonMeHTpamtiio KoMmoneHTa ge Onpenermor xeaeHHeM Macest 9T0ro KoMnionenta G; Ha Macey ucefl emect G, 7. €. = 0,0, G=O4G4G4 - +G— FG rae Gr, Go, ...» Gy—Maccni OTeAbHBIx KOMOHEHTOB cmecH. Ecau, nanpumep, umeetea 200 Kr rasonoh cmecu, coctosuel us 80 xr merana; 40 Kr staHa; 50 xr mporana, 20 xr 6yranon, 10 xr Tenraniop, TO MaccoBy!0 KOHMeHTpanMO KaxAOTO yraeBoxopona B STOM CMeCH MOKHO BLIPASHT TAK, KAK NOKASaHO HiDKe. Kowso Kouto a X02; oan exmmms cH Calle 20 20 90 2 010 2 1010 Cae Cis 10g 10. amos Y 00=5 CoHe Hroro 1,0 100 Suan Maccopyio KoHUeHTpauMo KoMNOHeHTOR B CMECH, MOXHO BENCHNTS M HX MOARpHY!O KoHMeHTpanWO, [la sTorO Maccy Kax1oro KowmoHeHTa cmecn Gy eanT wa ero MoMeKyanpryio macey My m TaKHM o6pasom onpeneasioT sHcHO KisOMOTeR Mm; sToro KoMnoneHTa, OTHOMIeHKe Hea m; KHAOMOAeR KOMONeHTa 2 x N kuzomonel scex KOMMOHeHTOB CMECK H ECT MOAspHAR KOH- ueHTpallHs naNHOro KoMNOHeHTa. = OM nytt oo bm g=nN. Maccoswe aoaH nepecintuisaioT B MOZAPHEe oO opmyze re gi—Moaapuas non aio6oro (i-ro) KommoxenTa; gi, ga Ga, «-- En-—Macconnle loam coorsercraenno 1, 2, 3, .... R-TO KOM: Towentos; Ms, Mz, Ms... Mn—Moaexyaspuue | maces 1, 2, 3, ..., M-TO KOMMOHCHTOR, COCTABMSIOMLHX TAasOBYIO cMec. Tlepecuet maccosiix yozefi 8 MoaspHbe Ana yxasainoit cMecH npuperen p raG2. 2. OGparueii nepecier Monapyse aomeh B Mac- copiie Beayr no hopmyaie s= eM eM Ei aera Fan . Dem Ta6anua2 Teepecner macconux ome 8 wonspnee Cocrapi rasosix cMecel H ANAKHX pacTBOpOB MOXHO BuIparKaTs H MPH TOMONIM OOKEMMHX AOAeH, AB.ARIOMUEXCH OTHONIENHEM OF ewa paccwarpupaeoro KOMMOHeHTa x OGuleMy OOw=My cmect v= VV, VitVetVat $V 5 Daa Vn—OGbeMBI KOMMOHEHTOB, BXOAMINHX B CMeCb. 1 mae Vi, Vas «Has mneanenx rason wuenennwe snavenia MonApHLIX HOG ewiix zoaek copnanaor. Uncaenmste snasenun macosx 1 MO- ANPHUX Zoek KOMMOHeHTOB yrAeBOAOpOAKO! cMecu He HsMeumIOTCR H TIpa namettenum arperatHoro cocroaHla, HanpHMep, npH Tepexome 3 Tasoo6pasuoro B KWAK cocTORIIHe; OGseMHMe | AozH TasoROR eMecH pH NOBMMeHNA LaBAeHHA HaMeHMOTeR, ro OOBACHAeTCH PasauNHOR cxHMAeMOCTHIO yruleBoAOpOIOR; TAK Ke NSMeHAOTCR OGpemme OTK MPH NepeXORe emecH us OAKOrO arperatHOrO CO- cTomHHA B Apyroe. $5, MAPUAMBHOE WABIEHHE, Ec rasoan cMecs cOCTOHT H3 HECKOMKHX XHMHUeCKH He BSA HMoReHCTBYIOUINX KOMMIOHeHTOS, TO O6mec AaBeHHe ce PABHO cyMwe napunanpux xaBzeni scex KoMmoenton. Tapunanbiim AapmeNHeM KOMMOHeNTA HaskIBAeTCR TO RABMCHHe, MOA KOTOPHM OF Haxoawinen Gui, can Gxk TOABKO OM OMHH SAHEMA Bech OOLEM cemecit mpi tof axe Temmeparype, 7. . P= Dit Pet Pato. + Pm rae p—obutee AanenHe eMeCH; Pry Pry Ps, ...Px—NaphwaasMe RasiteHus KOMOHeNTOB. Tlapunamsuoe naBzesine Kaxror0 KoMMOHeHTa, BxonsmerO B ra sonyio emecs, no saxony anbToxa mpsao mpotopuWouanpHo ero MOaRPHOR xOHe y, 7. €. Pi= PUN a= Ps Pa = Pe aa pi Yi § 6 3AKOHBI TA3OBOFO COCTOAHHA ‘( YPMEBOROPORHBIX TA3OB Saxons rasosoro coctonuns (Teli-Jhoccaxa, Wapaa, Bofias— Mapuorra), ypapuenne Meuzereesa—KaaneApona selicteurensi, TONGKO Jia ieasbHOTO rasa. Tipu usyseuus caolicra peamputix rasop 61.10 o6HapyxeHo, 170 © moswienwen xanzenna npH nocTomHHOl TenmepaType MpousBede- Hie oGvewa ua aanaeume pV we octaetes nocTosmHn, 160 offnwe asa YMeHbulaeTes He TponopuHoHasBKO UpKaoXeHoMy naBae- nwo, Hapymaeres a ypasexne rasoporo coctoauua pV —=RT. Buito AoKaaaHo, 470 370 ypabienwe AAR PeaabHwX TasoB Mpe- ReAbHOe, T. €. CTAHOBHTER MpMMeNHAEIM TO:TEKO B YCAOBHAX BHCOKNX Paspexenuh (p->0). Ho ypapieuwe coctouus wxeamsHoro rasa MOXHO HeTOMbSOBATS H ANA PeaAbHX Tas0B, BBOAR B Hero 10- npapowni Kosppanment z, HasuBaeMisi KOodpuNHeHTOM CK Maemoctu. Torga oxo npHMeT BHA pV =2RT, naw z= pV/RT, “ \ 1 rne z— Gespasmepuas BeauYHHa, KoTOpan Buipamaer oTK:oHeHHe PeasbHNX ras0B OT HeATbHWX; ee OnpesenmOT pacueTaMH c MC- DOABIOBANHEM CHeMMAAIBAMX rpabAKos. § 7. JABTEHHE HACHINLEHHEIX MAPOB, KOHCTAHTBI PABHOBECHA hoof v3 mnaNBHAyaabHX yraeBoAopoAO, HaXOAMMUXCR B HOpMa.tbHbix yerOBHsX B Tas0oOpasHoM cOCTORHHH, MOET Mpit coorsercrayioilux Teueparypax H asaenusx mepelitH 8 2HAKOE cocrosune. IIpu stom cucrema 43 oaWoasHo npespamaerca B AByxipasHyo, 7. €. OAHORPEMCHHO CyILeCTBYIOT HHAKOCTH H HACK maiomue ee napu. TIpH yctanosusuiemcn pasioseciu, 7. €. KorAa DAWIKOCTD H HAChMLaIOMMh Wap HMeIOT ORHHAKOBYIO TeMnepaTyDY, cocronuue Toh aByxdasHof cucTeMix onperemetc 2aBzenneMt Han Teunepatypoll. Ecan noanepaunaercr Aausian Temnepatypa, To AapaeHe napa—crporo onpeneacHHaR BeaMWMHA, ecaAM HE NOMAPAUBATCR SaNaHHOe AaBleHHe, TO oANOBpeMeHHOE cynie- CTRORAHHe XKMAKOCTH HM Mapa BOIMOXKHO TOABKO MPR eTporo onpe- aeaennoh reuneparype. TlpH nowxeHHH Tewmepatypy sacTs Mapa nepexomNT BHI Kocth—KOnMeHCHpyeTes, BMeCTe C TEM NlOHMKaeTCH AaBENHe Ha- csImalouw4x mapos x, HaoGopor, ¢ MOBBIMICHHeM TemmepaTypE NacTh KHAKOCTH, HaxOAAMIcHiCR B saMKIyTOM MIpocTpancTae, Te- PexoauT B Nap—wenapsetes, M AaBMeHNe HacsIMIeHINX NapOB TO- putinaetes. SKcrepuMentambHo HalizeHBK suaveHHs AaBAENHE nacwuenMENX Napon AAR XUMUMECKH MUCTHIX YreBoROpOROB KPH PAsANTHAX TeM- mepatypax. Ilo 9TH xaHMM mocTpoeHM AHarpaMM, KOTOpHE MpHBOLAT B CooTBETCTAYIOWNX cupasouNUKax, B s060h aByxhasHoA cuicreMe, cocroatiefl #3 MHorHx KOMTO- HeHTOB, Bce cOcTaBAGIOMINe ee KOMMONeHTIT GyzyT HaXOANTECR H B-ragoBoH (naponol), HB aKNAKOR dasax. Beanimus napuwadsusx xanqeHHf KoMMoKeNtos B naposoit ase Gyayr caeaoaate saxony Manstona P= PY oreiona = pilD. Beawaust wapunaabaux asaenaf xommonentos B xuAKol fase noxumumores aaxony Paya, To stomy saxony napunatbxoe Aapaenie s1060r0 KOMMOHeNTa PaBHO Mponanesertio AaBrCHIA (ynpyroer#) wacermeniix naps pH Temnepatype cucteMst Ha MO- AspHy!0 AoAW0 stor KoMTONeHTa B AKHAKOM dase Pi= Pike, Fae pi—napumasbuoe xasaenne KoMnOHeHTa; p’s—Rannene Ha- CHIMeHHX apoB KOMNONeHTa; x;— MOAAPHAR LOAM KOMMOHEHTOR B axHAKOH ase. 15Cymma napusaasHsx xapenni Bcex KOMMOKeHTOB B HA- Koft dase pasta oOuleMy Aanacnmo B AByxpasKoR saMKnyTOM cH- cTeme HAH AanaenMO KacummeHHEX Mapos CMecH IT = pit Pat Pst oes + Pn Dik + Dats + + Patt vee HE Paks YruenonoponHble AHAKOCTH BsaHMOPACTBOpHME H OSTOMY HOA- suumores saKony Paya, Tipu yerawosuamemcs » aByxiasioA cuereme Tepmomunamuye- CKOM PABHOBECHM BeAMUMNA NapHMAMDABX LABseHMH s0GOTO KOM- TovenTa B Maposok u xHAKOH hasax SyayT pasun Mexay co6ol, ro H onpeneaseren OneAHHeHHEM saKoKom Paysn—JlaavTowa wll = xp", orciona piifl=K, y= Kx, me K—ormomenne Aansewis HacsiMeHRX mapos KownoneHTa K O6uleMy AanseHmo cHeTeMN. STO OTHOMIeHHe HasKBaeTeH KOH- crauToht papHonecus. Konctanta panonecan xapakrepusyer pacnpenerenue mexny ‘xWIKOH H Maposol hasan H TOsTOMY HasHaacTeR emte Kost uueHToM pacnpenenenns. Pannonecttoe oTHomexue K sasucnt Avil OT AaBaenK TeMNepaTyDSL-H He SABHCHT OT MpupomBt H uI- eaa xpyrHx KoMmOHeHTOB cHeTeM. OxHaKo 970 cnpanenauno Aun Wa WAeanbHEx pacrBopon. [lax peatbuEX pacTEopoB KOH- cranta papnonecHs saBHcHT TaKDKe OT cOcTaBa cucTeMb! — KOH- wenTpanh coctaBamoutHx ee KOMMOHeNTOR. Saxon Payan mpHMeHuM c AOCTATOUHOA TOUNOCTHIO B TeX cay- asx, Kora TeMMepaTypa pacTBOpa HIKE KPUTAYECKHX TemnepaTyD Cex BXOLAULAX B HT) KOMTONeHTOD. 3HANeHHA KOHCTANT pasHose-, cH sam pasaHumbix yraesonopozos, paccuMTannie HK HallaeHtine SKCILepHMeHTasHo, OOMUHO MpenCTaRAROT B BALE HOMOTPANM HUH raOanu. Homorpanmn: KoncTaHT paBHonecun yrnesox0pot08 W Apyrinx KOMMONeHTOR, RXORATTAX R COCTAR MpHPOMHEX H Nedra WHIX Fag0B, MPHBCeHEL BO MHOTHE cHpABOHHHKaX. § 8. TEPMORMHAMHYFCKHE CBOACTBA YPUEBOLOPORHBX TASOB Tepmonanamaxoh nasupaerer pasaex naHKK, naywatounlt sa- Korii TensIOBOTO PABHOBCCHA H KOAHNecTBeHINe CoOTHOMENHA NpH pespaulenmm Ten.tosok sHepram 8 Apyrne BALK sHepTHH, Ocuosiiimn TepMonuHamiaecknun cpoficTaann, xapaktepHayio- lnuMit TenOBME coCTORHHR Tez, KpoMe TeMMepatypH, yUpyrocTH HACHIOHHAX Mapos, sBAMOTeH TeNsOCMKOCTS, eKpHTAR TenaOTa napoo6pasonanust a SHTaaEMA. 16 i ; Edunuya usmepenua rensore, Tensora— awa suepran (pa- Gorn). B Kavecthe enHHAUH KONNYeCTBA TenAOTH, 2 TAKKE sHep- Tai, Nepesanaemofl oT oaoro Texa x Apyromy, » CH npuiumaetes apxoyit (Ibk) —yausepcampnan exnnnua namepenia paGorst, «10- oro Buga sHeprit H KomHGecTBA Tenor, JLxoy.t» — pabora, nponsnoquwan cnzoh p 1 H np nepememenun tosxt npaoxentia stom cuate na Im (I Idk = 1 Hew). B texsieckix namepeniax MpuMensior Kpatuwe enununs: KHAoAKOyaD (KIbK) W MerAKOy.IS (MIbx). Tenaoeuxocre, Tensoemkocts—3T0 KosuuecTA0 Tenors, Ko- ‘Topoe HeOSXOANMO SaTPATHTTy AAR TOBMULeHHA TeMTepaTypM jali- oro pemectsa (Texa) Ha 1°C. Konauectso Ten.torHi, eoOxorMoe AAS warpesa eANMTHMM Macchi HAM OOBeMa, HashBacTeR yslenbHOl ‘TenaoeMKoersio. YaeTbHas TeNsOeMKoCTs GuBAeT MacconaR, Kora 9a exniTHMy wamepenHa Geperca macca newecrea B I Kr; OGbeMiaR, KOTAa 3a eNHHHUy HsMepenua Gepetes I w°; MoanpHtaR, Korma 3a exnmHUy womepeHis upuuwaercs 1 xmomb. Equnuuel uamepesis wacco- Boi TenaoommoctH snaneren Tx/(xr-°C), xZha«/(et-°C), a enn Haus usMepentis oSvemnoi x MoaRpHOH TenctoewKoetn: [x (aX °C); wll) (M®-°C); KDbx/ (Moat -°C). Komnaecrso tenors Q, HeoOxONAMOe ANH Harpena maces Be- ects _m oT TeMtepatypi f, 0 Temmeparypsr fa, onpeeasior o opmyae Q=me (ts —t). Tosopa 0 Tenaoemxocra rasop c, HeOOxoRHMo pasamvaTh TenOeMKOCT Mp MOCTORHHON OBwEMe Cy H TemLNOeMKOCTS MDI NOCTORNHOM jaBeHHH cy. Ecad ras Harpesait mph nocrostt- Hom oGneme, TO Ben Norstomenttaa TenmoTa RAeT Ha MpKpautenie puyrpemmel ‘snepran rasa, Ecan xe narpes rasa wiet mpi n0- CTORMHOM AaBACHHH H OOEM ero MOXET HSMEHATECH, TO TOAy- Neitag Ta3oM TentoTa mAeT KaK Ma ynenHuenne BHyTpeHHCA sHeprHy, tax H Ha paGory pacmupexus. ostomy cp > cv. MoaspHas TenvioemKocTs rasa mp nOcToRHHOM Aanzenun cp Gomsme MoaApHOR TenZoeMKOCTH MPH nocTORHHOK OGEeMe cy va neanunny R— yxunepcaasof rasonof noctoauof. Jax o2- HOrO KHAIOMONA Tada Cp = Cy + 8,31431 xK/lox/(KMOrE-°C) Tlockombxy neanunna TentoemxoctH HenocrosEHax mM Meus- etem c maMelteHnen TemnepaTypss, 8 mpaxtHtecKHX pacwerax npr Meumior cpesuie TenmoeMKOCTH, SiaveHiin TenAOeNKOCTH Cp HCY Aa KHAJOMOA, KHAOTPAMMA H KYOHMECKOTO MeTpa yrAcROROpOA- Maxx razoB MpHwerena B cnpaxounAKax. TenaoemKocrs TasoBoA cMecu onpereametca Kak cyMMa npo- Napenennli oGweMMBX TenaoeMKOCTeR KOMIONeNTOS, COcTaBARIO- HUNK eMecb, Ha HX OOBEMHBIE OH: Cou = Cut t Cas + ++ + Cate rMAn AAYYHO-TEXIHSEGHAR 2 Senay 2m Ur ra