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Double stratified analysis for bioconvection radiative flow of Sisko nanofluid

with generalized heat/mass fluxes

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DOI: 10.1088/1402-4896/abeba2

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PAPER

Double stratified analysis for bioconvection radiative flow of Sisko

nanofluid with generalized heat/mass fluxes
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 Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 https://doi.org/10.1088/1402-4896/abeba2

PAPER

Double stratified analysis for bioconvection radiative flow of Sisko

nanofluid with generalized heat/mass fluxes
RECEIVED
8 January 2021
REVISED
22 February 2021
ACCEPTED FOR PUBLICATION
Fahad S. Al-Mubaddel1,2, Umar Farooq3, Kamel Al-Khaled4, Sajjad Hussain3, Sami Ullah Khan5,
3 March 2021 Muhammed O Aijaz6, Mohammad Rahimi-Gorji7 and Hassan Waqas3,∗
1
PUBLISHED Department of Chemical Engineering, College of Engineering, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11421, Saudi Arabia
11 March 2021 2
Fellow, King Abdullah City for Renewable and Atomic Energy: Energy Research and Innovation Center, (ERIC), Riyadh, 11451, Saudi
Arabia
3
Department of Mathematics, Government College University Faisalabad, 31200, Layyah Campus, Pakistan
4
Department of Mathematics & Statistics, Jordan University of Science and Technology, PO Box 3030, Irbid 22110, Jordan
5
Department of Mathematics, COMSATS University Islamabad, Sahiwal 57000 Pakistan
6
Center of Excellence for Research in Engineering Materials (CEREM), King Saud University, Riyadh 11421, Saudi Arabia
7
Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent 9000, Belgium
∗
Authors to whom any correspondence should be addressed.
E-mail: falmubaddel@ksu.edu.sa, ufarooq2446@gmail.com, kamel@just.edu.jo, sajjadgut@gmail.com, sk_iiu@yahoo.com, maijaz@
ksu.edu.sa, mohammad.rahimigorji@ugent.be, m69.rahimi@yahoo.com and syedhasanwaqas@hotmail.com

Keywords: Sisko nanofluid, activation energy, thermal radiation, motile microorganisms, shooting technique

Abstract
With growing development in nano-technology and thermal engineering, nano-materials has intended a
great interest of researchers in current decade due to their multidisciplinary significances in renewable
energy systems, heating processes, industrial cooling circuits, hybrid-powered motors, solar systems,
nanoelectronic, sensing and imaging, coating integrity, drug delivery , nuclear cooling systems etc. The
study of nanofluids in presence of external thermal sources like thermal radiation, magnetic force,
activation energy and heat source/sink is more effective to improve the heat and mass transportation
mechanism. Following to such motivations in mind, current research concern with the bioconvection
flow of Sisko nanofluid confined by a stretched surface subject to the bioconvection phenomenon. The
applications of porous space and inertial forces are analyzed by employing the Darcy-Forchheimer
relations. The modified Cattaneo-Christov relations are utilized to modify the heat and mass equations.
The analysis is performed in presence of heat source/sink, activation energy and thermal radiation. The
primarily cause and objective of this analysis to suggest more effective and generalized non-Newtonian
nanofluid model containing the gyrotactic microorganisms. The developed system of equations are
solved numerically by using the bvp4c shooting scheme by using MATLAB software. It is noticed that
velocity profile increases with Sisko fluid parameter while it diminishes with local inertia coefficient and
bioconvection Rayleigh number. An improve nanofluid temperature is observed with temperature ratio
constant and Biot number. A lower nanofluid concentration is resulted due to higher values of Cattaneo-
Christov mass flux constant and mixed convection parameter.

Nomenclature
u, v velocity components (ms-1)
a stretching rate (s-1)

C nanoparticles concentration (kgm-3)

Tw wall temperature (K )

C¥ ambient concentration (kgm-3)
r density (kgm-3)
DT̄ Thermophoresis diffusion coefficient (m2s-1)

© 2021 IOP Publishing Ltd

Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

k thermal conductivity (Wm-1K-1)

Q Sisko fluid parameter
Pr Prandtl number
Le Lewis number
Re Local Reynolds number
d⁎ Chemical reaction parameter
d Temperature difference parameter
E Activation energy
Pe Peclet number
W Microorganisms difference parameter
Lb Bioconvection Lewis number
l latent heat of the fluid
(u, v ) Velocity components
(a , b ) Material constants of Sisko fluid

N Microorganisms density
¥
N Ambient microorganism
m
N Surface of the sheet
We Cell swimming speed
Fr Inertia coefficient parameter
x, y coordinate axes (m)

T temperature (K )
n kinematic viscosity (m2s-1)

T¥ ambient temperature (K )

Cw concentration at wall (kgm-3)
DB Brownian diffusion coefficient (m2s-1)
m dynamic viscosity (Nsm-2)
M Magnetic parameter
Rd Thermal radiation parameter
qw Temperature ratio parameter
Nb Brownian motion parameter
B1 Thermal Biot number
Nt The thermophoresis parameter
Me The melting parameter
s ⁎⁎ The Stefan-Boltzmann constant
y The stream function
k ⁎⁎ The mean absorption coefficient

T¥ Ambient fluid temperature
tw The stress tensor
qr The radiative heat flux
t The regular fluid
rp Density of nanomaterials

rm Density of microorganisms
WT Cattaneo-Christov heat flux coefficient
Wc Cattaneo-Christov mass flux coefficient
b1 Buoyancy ratio parameter

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

1. Introduction

Most of the fluids used in manufacturing and biological engineering, including certain lubricants, silicone paint,
dumb putty and animal blood exhibit a non-Newtonian characteristics. The scientists have made significant
attempts to examine the rheological aspects of these fluids. Amongst various non-Newtonian models, Sisko
model is one which has captured the special interest of researchers [1]. Sisko fluid model is capable of describing
the fluid characteristics in Power-law region including high and low shear stress forces. The nanotechnology
refers to an emerging research discipline that incorporates the synthesis and development of different
nanoparticles. Nano-materials are categorized as a most effective heat source with nano-size shape (1 to 100nm).
Several metallic nanoparticles are currently being supplied using copper, magnesium, zinc, iron, titanium, and
silver. Nanofluid incorporate many applications in thermal engineering, engineering and bio-medical sciences
like treatment of cancer, cooling circuits, food dispensing, renewable energy systems, sensing, imaging, nuclear
cooling systems, satellite technologies, robotics, space and technology, nanoelectronic, biomedicine, hybrid-
powered motors, coating integrity, drug delivery and oil recovery. Nanomaterials have an interfacial layer
around them which is an integral aspect of nano-scale matter which has significant impact on all of its
characteristics. Choi [2] presented the primarily report on source of nanofluids with experimental justifications.
Buongiorno [3] discussed the critical role of Brownian motion and thermophoretic mechanism in nanofluid
flow. Hsiao [4] inspected the mixed convection flow of nanofluids with the influence of a slippery magnetic field.
Rashidi et al [5] theoretically studied the convection properties of nanofluid flow through a non-linear
isothermal stretched sheet. Sheikholeslami and Bhatti [6] determined the effects of nanoparticle shapes on the
flow of nanoliquids through forced convection by gravitational force. Turkyilmazoglu [7] has developed a
structure for transferring nanomaterials around a curved vertical surface. Hayat et al [8] considered the
nanofluid mobility with additional impact of inertial force by following the Darcy–Forchheimer model. Bisht
and Sharma [9] examined the scenario of Sisko nanofluid configured under porous media by a stretched
cylinder. Naz et al [10] incorporated the analytical and computational methods for examining the entropy
phenomenon in Sisko nanofluid flow. Yan et al [11] analyzed the thermal mechanism of base fluid by using nano
powder shapes confined by a square enclosure subject to the magnetic force. Tian et al [12] inspected the heat
transfer efficiency in two and three dimensional flow of hybrid nanoparticles under no slip and slip boundary
assumptions. The observations for heat transfer phenomenon configured by tilted enclosure under the
assumptions of elliptic temperature have been addressed by Aghakhani [13]. Afrand et al [14] analyzed the
entropy generation phenomenon in triangular cavity with existence of sinusoidal wall temperature distribution
and radiation impact. The applications of solar collectors in nanofluid flow under the dynamic subject of
membrane and irreversibility phenomenon was experimentally worked out by Yan et al [15]. Raza et al [16]
studied the nanofluid characteristics in diverging and converging channel by utilizing the molybdenum disulfide
nanoparticles. The impact of heat generation in bidirectional flow of Maxwell nanofluid accounted with
nonlinear thermal radiation was directed by Chu et al [17]. Zaydan et al [18] signified the importance of suction
and blowing phenomenon in nanofluidic medium. The optimized analysis for 3-D nanofluid with applications
of solar energy has been studied by Nayak et al [19]. Chaudhary and Kanika [20] inspected the Marangoni
convection of SWCNT and MWCNT nanoparticles in presence of radiative source.
The mechanism of bioconvection occurred on average as a result of the upward swimming of motile
microorganisms. Bioconvection is a process in which the self-propelled microorganisms are transferred to
nanofluid as the motility of the constant fluid and the functioning of nanoparticles does not conflict with the
thermal efficiency of the fluid. Noteworthy investigations for the bioconvection of nanoparticles are published
in recent years. The bio-convective flows incorporated the importance in era of biomedical and biotechnological
fields. The prime investigation on the bioconvection flow of nanoparticles confined by a horizontal surface was
initiated by Kuznetsov and Avramenko [21]. Iqbal et al [22] examined the heat transfer assessment in
bioconvection of nanofluid due to Riga surface. Khan et al [23] directed the bioconvection applications of
nanoparticles induced by a cone. Rashad and Nabwey [24] followed a convective approach to reflect the bio-
convective applications of nanofluid over a circular cylinder. The variable viscosity impact in flow of nanofluid
with motile microorganisms over an unsteady stretched surface was reported by Mondal et al [25]. Zadeh et al
[26] analyzed bioconvection flow of micropolar nanofluid numerically. Ayodeji et al [27] inspected the
thermophoresis and slip aspects in nanofluid flow with motile microorganisms over a stretched surface. Khan
et al [28] explored the consequence of bioconvection in magnetized couple stress nanofluid. Li et al [29]
examined bioconvection flow of microorganisms containing nanofluid based on thermal radiation and Wu’s
slip aspects. Waqas et al [30] explored the inspection of the mobile microorganisms for time-dependent MHD
flow. Besides, in this research work, the heat transfer phenomenon is examined using nonlinear thermal
radiation and boundary conditionsoftheconvective. Waqas et al [31] inspected the significance of
bioconvection with activation energy over a vertical surface. More work on bioconvection is carried out [32–36].

3
Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Owing to the novel applications of bioconvection phenomenon of nanofluid in various thermal engineering
and biological sciences, current investigation deals with flow of Sisko nanofluid containing motile
microorganisms over radiative stretched surface in presence of various flow parameters. The motivating and
distinct features of current research are summarized as:

• To examine the combined heat and mass transfer phenomenon in flow of Sisko non-Newtonian nanofluid in
presence of gyrotactic microorganisms.
• The Darcy-Forchheimer law is used to examine the role of inertial forces in saturated porous space.
• The energy and concentration equations are modified by utilizing the most generalized Cattaneo-Christov
heat and mass flux relations.
• The interesting thermal features of heat source/sink, thermal radiation with non-linear relations and
activation energy are also incorporated.
• The convective boundary constrains are used to improve the heat and mass transportation process.
• The problem is modeled by using associated laws for which numerical computations are performed to access
the solution.
• The physical consequences for all flow parameters are addressed with various graphs and tables.

It is remarked that no such flow model with such thermal features has been addressed in the existing
literature and presented first time. The current flow model conveys many applications in various thermal
extrusion processes, heat transfer enhancement, solar energy, various electronics devices, bio-fuels, enzymes etc.

2. Model formulation

Let us assumed a two-dimensional steady flow of Sisko nanofluid in presence of motile microorganisms caused
by a stretched surface. The stability of nanofluid is ensured by utilizing the gyrotactic microorganisms. The
stretched surface moves with velocity u w (x ) = cx, c is being stretching constant. The flow of porous saturated
space, famous Darcy-Forchheimer law is utilized with effeteness of inertial forces. The magnetic force impact is
characterized in the normal flow direction by neglecting induced magnetic force effects under the higher
magnetic Reynolds number flow assumptions. The flow model is based on selection of cartesian coordinate
system where the velocity component u1 and v1 are assumed along the stretched surface and normal directions,

respectively. The nanofluid temperature is denoted with T, ˆ nanofluid concentration is symbolized with C and
density of microorganisms is reflected with N . The modifications heat and concentration equations is suggested
by employing the Cattaneo-Christov heat and mass flux relations. The Arrhenius expressions are used in the
concentration equations. The boundary layer representations of the Sisko nanofluid containing thermal and
solutal transfer can be described as [9, 10]:

¶u1 ¶v
+ 1 = 0, (1)
¶x ¶y

⎡(1 - C f ) rf b ⁎⁎g ⁎ (T - T¥)⎤

¶u1 ¶v a ¶ 2u1 a ⎛ ¶u ⎞n
sB0 2 r F
f s 1⎢ ⎥
u1 + v1 1 - ⎜- 1 ⎟ - u1 - u1 2 + ⎢- (rp - rf ) g ⁎ (C - C¥) ⎥ = 0, (2)
¶x ¶y rf ¶y 2 rf ⎝ ¶y ⎠ rf K* rf ⎢ ⎥
⎣- (N - N¥ ) g g (rm - rf ) ⎦
⁎

⎛ ¶u1 ¶T ¶v ¶T

¶v ¶T
 
¶u ¶T ⎞
  ⎜u1 + v1 1 + u1 1 + v1 1 ⎟
¶T ¶T ⎜ ¶x ¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x ⎟
u1 + v1 + WT ⎜    ⎟
¶x ¶y ¶ 2T 2¶ T
2
2¶ T
2
⎜⎜+ 2u1 v1 + u1 + v1 ⎟⎟
⎝ ¶x ¶y ¶x 2 ¶y 2 ⎠
   
1 ⎛ ¶qr ⎞ tDT ⎛ ¶T ⎞
2
k ¶ 2T ¶T ¶C Q*  
= - ⎜ ⎟ + tDB + ⎜ ⎟ - (T - T¥) , (3)
rc p ¶y 2 rc p ⎝ ¶y ⎠ ¶y ¶y T¥ ⎝ ¶y ⎠ rC p

4
Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

⎛ ¶u1 ¶C ¶v ¶C

¶v ¶C
 
¶u ¶C ⎞
  ⎜u1 + v1 1 + u1 1 + v1 1 ⎟
¶C ¶C ⎜ ¶x ¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x ¶y ¶y ¶x ⎟
u1 + v1 + WC ⎜    ⎟
¶x ¶y ¶ 2C ¶ 2C ¶ 2C
⎜⎜+ 2u1 v1 + u12 2 + v12 2 ⎟⎟
⎝ ¶x ¶y ¶x ¶y ⎠
  ⎛  ⎞n
¶C2 D ¶T 2   T ⎛ E ⎞
=DB 2 + T - Kr 2 (C - C¥) ⎜  ⎟ exp ⎜ - a ⎟ , (4)
¶y T¥ ¶y 2 ⎝ T¥ ⎠ ⎝ kT ⎠


¶N ¶N bWc ⎡ ¶ ⎛ ¶C ⎞ ⎤ 
¶ 2N
u1 + v1 +   ⎢ ⎜N  ⎟ ⎥ = Dm , (5)
¶x ¶y (C m - C¥ ) ⎢⎣ ¶y ⎝ ¶y ⎠ ⎥⎦ ¶y 2

The boundaries conditions are:

 
¶T   ¶C  
u = ¡u w , - k = h f (Tm - T ) , - DB = h g (C m - C ) ,
¶y ¶y

¶N
- Dm = h n (Nm - N
) at y = 0, (6)
¶y
   
u1  0, T  T¥, C  C¥, N N ¥ as y  ¥ , (7)

in which u1 and v1 signifies the components of velocity in the direction of x and y directions, respectively.
Moreover, s conductivity of electricity, rp is the nano-materials density, rm density of microorganisms, r is the
fluid density, k thermal conductivity, Ĉ be concentration of nanoparticles, N̂ microorganisms, N̂¥ ambient
microorganism, Nˆm microorganisms near the surface of the sheet, DB denotes the coefficient of Brownian
motion, Cp for the specific heat capacity, DT depicts the coefficient of thermophoresis, t be heat capability of
the nanoparticle and to regular fluid ratio, l depicts the latent heat of the fluid, WT for Cattaneo-Christov heat
flux coefficient, ¡ is stretching (¡ > 0) and shrinking constant (¡ < 0), Wc is Cattaneo-Christov mass flux
coefficient, We cell swimming speed, Cs is the heat capacity of the sheet while b chemotaxis constant. The
radiative heat flux qr is addressed by:
4 
4s** ¶T 16s**  3 ¶T
qr = - =- T (8)
3k** ¶y 3k** ¶y ¢
Here k ⁎⁎ for coefficient of mean absorption and s ⁎⁎ is the Stefan-Boltzmann constant. The dimensionless
variables are [9]:
    ⎫
y 1
y T - T¥ C - C¥ -N
N ¥ ⎪
z = Reb(n + 1) ,f (z ) = , q (z ) =   , f (z ) =   , c (z ) = ⎬, (9)
x - 1
(n + 1) Tm - T¥ C m - C¥ m - N
N ¥ ⎪
xu w Reb ⎭
⎛ rx nuw2 ⎞
In the above equation z be similarity variable, ⎜Reb = ⎟ for local Reynolds number and stream
⎝ b ⎠
function is y which is addressed as:
¶y ¶y
u1 = , v1 = . (10)
¶y ¶x
By using similarities transformation flow problem can be reduced following form
2n
Qf ¢¢¢ - n ( f )n - 1f ¢¢¢ + ff  - f ¢2 - Mf ¢ - Frf ¢2 + A (q - b1 f - b 2 c) = 0, (11)
n+1
2n
((1 + Rd (1 + (qw - 1) q ) 3) q ¢) ¢ + Pr fq ¢ + Nbq ¢f¢ + Ntq ¢2 + Prlq - aT ( ff ¢q ¢ + f 2 q ) = 0, (12)
n+1
⎛ 2n ⎞ Nt ⎡ -E ⎤
f  + Le Pr⎜ ⎟ ff¢ + q  - ac ( ff ¢f¢ + f 2 f ) - PrLes* [1 + dq ]n exp ⎢ f = 0,
⎣ 1 + dq ⎥⎦
(13)
⎝ n + 1⎠ Nb
⎛ 2n ⎞
c  + Lb ⎜ ⎟ [( f ¢c)] - Pe [f  (c + W) + c¢f¢] , (14)
⎝ n + 1⎠

With
2n
Prf (z ) + Meq ¢ (z ) = 0, (15)
n+1

5
Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

f ¢ (z ) = 1, q ¢ = - B1 (1 - q (z )) ,⎫
⎪
f¢ = - B2 (1 - f (z )) , ⎪
⎪
c¢ = - B3 (1 - c (z )) at z = 0, ⎬, (16)
⎪
f ¢ (z ) = 0, q (z ) = 0, f (z ) = 0, ⎪
c (z ) = 0 at z  ¥ , ⎪
⎭

where Q be Sisko fluid parameter, b1 stands for buoyancy ratio parameter, M denotes the magnetic parameter, A
is the mixed convection parameter, b1 the bioconvection Rayleigh number, Fr for inertia coefficient parameter,
Rd the nonlinear thermal radiation parameter, thermophoresis parameter Nt, Pr for Prandtl number, the
Brownian motion parameter Nb, qw for temperature ratio parameter, l the heat source/ sink, Le the Lewis
number, Me is the melting parameter, d for temperature difference parameter, the chemical reaction parameter
is symbolized by s*, E denotes the activation energy, Pe stand for the Peclet number, the microorganisms W’
difference parameter, and Lb bioconvection Lewis number, thermal, solutal and microorganisms Biot number
is B1, B2 and B3 respectively. These parameters are mathematically expressed as:
⎛ ⎫
Reb2 (n + 1) ⎞ (rp - rf )(Cˆ m - Cˆ ¥) ⎛ sB02 ⎞ ⎛ (1 - Cˆ ¥ ) g (Tˆm - Tˆ¥ ) b ** ⎞ ⎪
⎜Q = ⎟ , b1 = , ⎜M = ⎟ , ⎜A = ⎟,
⎝ Re a ⎠ (1 - Cˆ ¥)(Tˆm - Tˆ¥ ) ⎝ rc ⎠ ⎝ aUw ⎠ ⎪
⎪
gg (rm - rf )(Nˆm - Nˆ¥) Fs x ⎛⎜ 16s ⁎Tˆ¥ ⎞⎟ ⎛ tDB (Tˆm - Tˆ¥ ) ⎞ ⎛ Tˆm ⎞ ⎪
3
b2 = , Fr = , ⎜Rd = , ⎜Nt = ⎟ , ⎜qw = ⎟ ,⎪
(1 - Cˆ ¥)(Tˆm - Tˆ¥ ) b ** K* ⎝ 3k⁎k ⎟⎠ ⎝ T¥ n ⎠ ⎝ Tˆ¥ ⎠ ⎪
⎪
⎪
⎛ xu w -2 (n + 1) ⎞⎟ ⎛ tDB Cˆ ¥ ⎞ ⎛ Q0 ⎞ ⎛ a⎞ ⎛ c p (Tˆm - Tˆ¥ ) ⎞ ⎬
⎜Pr = Reb ,⎜Nb = ⎟ , ⎜l = ⎟ , ⎜Le = ⎟ , ⎜⎜Me = ⎟⎟ ,
⎝ a ⎠⎝ n ⎠ ⎝ crc p ⎠ ⎝ DB ⎠ ⎝ l + cs (Tˆm - Tˆ¥ ) ⎠ ⎪
⎪
⎛ Tˆm - Tˆ¥ ⎞ ⎛ Kr 2 ⎞ ⎛ Ea ⎞ ⎛ bWc ⎞ ⎛ Nˆm ⎞ ⎛ nf ⎞ ⎪
⎜d = ⎟ , ⎜s * = ⎟ , ⎜E = ⎟ , ⎜Pe = ⎟ , ⎜W = ⎟ , ⎜Lb = ⎟, ⎪
⎝ T¥ ⎠
ˆ ⎝ a ⎠ ⎝ kT¥ ⎠ ⎝ Dm ⎝ ⎠ Nm - N¥ ⎠
ˆ ˆ ⎝ Dm ⎠ ⎪
⎛ ⎛ hf ⎞ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ hg ⎞ 1 ⎞ ⎛ ⎛ hn ⎞ 1 ⎞ ⎪
B1 ⎜=⎜ ⎟ Re1b (n + 1) ⎟,B2 ⎜=⎜ ⎟ Re1b (n + 1) ⎟,B3 ⎜=⎜ ⎟ Re1b (n + 1) ⎟ ⎪
⎝ ⎝k ⎠x ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ DB ⎠ x ⎠ ⎝ ⎝ Dm ⎠ x ⎠ ⎪
⎭
(17)
The engineering variables like local Nusselt number, local Sherwood number and local motile
microorganism density number are as follows
tw cqw xqm xqn
Cf = , Nu = , Su = , Sn = (18)
ru w
2
k (Tm - T¥ ) k (C m - C ¥ ) k (Nm - N¥ )

where tw is the stress tensor, qw heat flux and qm be mass flux which are addressed as:
⎛ ¶u ⎛ ¶u ⎞n ⎞ ⎛ ¶Tˆ ⎞
tw = ⎜⎜a 1 - b ⎜ - 1 ⎟ ⎟⎟ , qw = - k ⎜ ⎟ + ( qr ) w ,
⎝ ¶y ⎝ ¶y ⎠ ⎠ y = 0 ⎝ ¶y ⎠ y = 0
⎛ ¶Cˆ ⎞ ⎛ ¶Nˆ ⎞
qm = - DB ⎜ ⎟ , qn = - Dm ⎜ ⎟ (19)
⎝ ¶y ⎠ y = 0 ⎝ ¶y ⎠ y = 0

From (20) and (21) the dimensionless structure of engineering variables of interest is expressed a
(n + 1)
Re1b Cf = Qf  (0) - ( - f  (0))n , (20)

Re-
b
1 (n + 1)
Nu = { 4
3 }
(Rd (1 - qw ) q (0) + qw )3 + 1 q ¢ (0) , (21)

Re-
b
1 (n + 1)
Sh = - f¢ (0) , Re-
b
1 (n + 1)
Sn = - c¢ (0) (22)

3. Numerical approach

Due to highly nonlinear nature, the exact solution of differential equations (13)–(16) cannot be analytically
tackled. On this end, the numerical simulations are performed with help of shooting scheme. Before starting the
simulations, the higher-order differential equations are transformed into first-order initial value problem as
follow:

6
Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Table 1. Comparison of solution with Mabood

et al [37] when Q = 1, n = 1, A = b1 = b 2 =
Fr = 0.

-f  (0)

M Mabood et al [37] Present result

0 1.00000 1.00000
1 −1.41421 −1.41421
5 −2.44949 −2.44950
10 −3.31662 −3.31662
50 −7.14143 −7.14144
100 −10.04988 −10.04989
500 −22.38303 −22.38304
1000 −31.63858 −31.63858

Table 2. Comparison of solution for -q ¢ (0) when Q = 1, n = 1,

A = b1 = b 2 = Fr = 0.

Pr Khan et al [38] Makinde et al [39] Present result

0.2 0.1691 — 0.19656

0.7 0.4539 0.4539 0.45449
2.0 0.9113 0.9113 0.91137
7.0 1.8954 1.8954 1.89541
20 3.3539 3.3539 3.35388

f = s1, f ¢ = s2, f  = s3, f ¢¢¢ = s ¢3 ⎫

⎪
q = s4, q ¢ = s5, q s ¢5 , f = s6, f¢ = s7,⎬ , (23)
⎪
f  = s ¢7 , c = s8, c¢ = s 9, c  = s ¢9 ⎭
2n
- s1 s3 + (s2 )2 + Ms2 + Fr ( f ¢)2 - A (s4 - b1 s6 - b 2 s8)
n+1
s ¢3 = (24)
(Q + n ( - s3 )n - 1)
2n
- Pr s1 s5 - Nbs5 s7 - Nt (s7 )2 - Prls4 + aT ( ff ¢q ¢)
n+1
s ¢5 = (25)
(1 + Rd (1 + (qw - 1) s5 )3 - s1 2)
⎛ 2n ⎞ Nt ⎡ -E ⎤
- Le Pr⎜ ⎟ s1 s7 + s ¢5 + aC (s1 s2 s7) + PrLes* [1 + ds4 ]n exp ⎢ ⎥ s6
⎝ n + 1⎠ Nb ⎣ 1 + d s4 ⎦
s ¢7 = (26)
1 - s12
⎛ 2n ⎞ ⎡ s ¢ (s + W)⎤
s ¢9 = - Lb ⎜ ⎟ [(s2 s8)] + Pe ⎢ 7 8 ⎥⎦ (27)
⎝ n + 1⎠ ⎣+ s 9 s7
with boundary conditions:
2n
Prs1 (z ) + Mes5 (z ) = 0, (28)
n+1
S2 (z ) = 1, S5 = - B1 (1 - S4 (z )) ,⎫
⎪
S7 = - B2 (1 - S6 (z )) , ⎪
S 9 = - B3 (1 - S8 (z )) at z = 0, ⎬ (29)
S2 (z ) = 0, S4 (z ) = 0, S6 (z ) = 0, ⎪
⎪
S8 (z ) = 0 at z  ¥ , ⎭
The fourth order Runge–Kutta scheme is employed with small step size h = 0.05. The residual error control
for continuous solution and mesh selection is used for all the computations. For this purpose we use Matlab
built-in function bvp4c, which is a finite difference code that is implement three-stage Lobatto IIIa formula.
The itteraive numerical simulations are controlled with help of formula
max {∣ h2 (z max ) - 0∣ , ∣ h 4 (z max ) - 0∣ , ∣ h6 (z max ) - 0∣ , ∣ h8 (z max ) - 0∣ , ∣ h10 (z max ) - 0∣} < x , (30)
where x notify a small real number. With iterative process, the numerical simulations has been repeated until the
accuracy of 10−5 is achieved.

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Figure 1. Consequence of f ¢ versus b1 and M.

Figure 2. Consequence of f ¢ versus b 2 and Fr .

4. Solution verification

The solution accuracy is verified by comparing current with the work of Mabood et al [37] as a limiting case in
table 1. An excellent agreement of current results is noted with this study. The results are further verified in
table 2 by making comparison of current analysis with the work of Khan et al [38] and Makinde et al [39]. Again
an excellent agreement between both investigations is noted.

5. Discussion

The effective features of parameters like mixed convection parameter A, local inertia coefficient Fr , buoyancy ratio
parameter b1, magnetic parameter M, Sisko fluid parameter Q, bioconvection Rayleigh number b 2, heat generation
and absorption parameter l, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux aT , thermal Biot number B1, temperature ratio
parameter qw , Prandtl number Pr, concentration Biot number B2, activation energy E, Cattaneo-Christov mass flux
aC , Peclet number Pe, bioconvection Lewis number Lb, microorganisms Biot number B3 and microorganism

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Figure 3. Consequence of f ¢ versus A and Q.

Figure 4. Consequence of f ¢ versus b 2 and Fr

difference parameter W on velocity field, temperature field, volumetric concentration of nano-materials and
swimming motile microorganisms profile is presented in this section. The aspects of mixed convection parameter A,
local inertia coefficient Fr , buoyancy ratio parameter b1, magnetic parameter M, Sisko fluid parameter Q, and b 2
bioconvection Rayleigh number over velocity field f ¢ is discussed in detail in this portion. The significant impact of the
buoyancy ratio parameter b1 and magnetic parameter M versus velocity profile f ¢ is highlighted in figure 1. It is
reflected that velocity field f ¢ reduced due to buoyancy ratio parameter b1 and magnetic parameter M. Physically for
higher magnetic parameter Lorentz forces increases and velocity id decreased. Similarly the declining change in f ¢ due
to b1 is physically associated with buoyancy forces. Figure 2 presents graphical analysis for bioconvection Rayleigh
number b 2 and local inertia coefficient Fr versus velocity f ¢. The velocity f ¢ diminishes with higher bioconvection
Rayleigh number b 2 and local inertia coefficient Fr . The declining change in velocity due to Fr is physically justified as Fr
involves inertial forces which slow down the fluid velocity. The aspects of mixed convection parameter A and Sisko
fluid parameter Q is depicted in figure 3. The velocity profile f ¢ enlarged with iterative values of mixed convection
parameter A and Sisko fluid parameter Q. The physical validation of such increasing change in f ¢ is associated with
buoyancy forces which enhance the fluid velocity. The characteristics for variation of heat generation and absorption
parameter l, Cattaneo-Christov heat flux aT ; Prandtl number Pr, temperature ratio parameter qw and thermal Biot

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Figure 5. Consequence of q versus Pr and qw .

Figure 6. Consequence of q versus B1 and l.

number B1 on temperature field q are manifested in figures 4–6. Figure 4 characterizes the impact of the heat
absorption parameter l and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux aT over-temperature profile q. The temperature field q
dwindles for both variables. The temperature of nanofluid q decreases with augmenting the variation of absorption
parameter l and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux aT . Due higher aT values, more time needed to transmit the energy
from heated surface to the fluid particles because of larger relaxation time. Figure 5 depicts the outcome of Prandtl
number Pr and temperature ratio parameter qw on q. A higher Prandtl number Pr reduces the temperature field q of
nanofluid efficiently. Physically, Prandtl number reflects the reverse relation with thermal diffusivity due to which
nanofluid fluid temperature declined. However, it is visualized that temperature distribution q enhances with change
of temperature ratio parameter qw. The presence of temperature ratio parameter conveys more energy to the system
due to radiation phenomenon and subsequently nanofluid temperature get increase. A deviation of heat source-sink
parameter l and thermal Biot number B1 against the temperature field q is exposed and presented in figure 6. The
presence of heat source allows more transmit of energy to the system which improves the nanofluid temperature.
Moreover, more progressive nanofluid temperature is observed for B1. Since thermal Biot number B1 is directly related
to the heat coefficient which results an enhanced nanofluid temperature. The consequence of prominent flow
parameters on concentration field of nanofluid f is reported through figures 7–10. Figure 7 captured for different

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Figure 7. Consequence of f versus aC and A.

Figure 8. Consequence of f versus B2 and E.

variations of Cattaneo-Christov mass flux aC and mixed convection parameters A against the volumetric
concentration f. The nanofluid concentration f is a declining function of both parameters. For development in
Cattaneo-Christov mass flux, aC the concentration field decreases for nanomaterials over a surface. Similar trend is
noticed for the larger magnitude of A. Figure 8 elucidates the inspiration of concentration Biot number B2 and
activation energy E of the concentration field f. An improvement in nanofluid concentration f is observed for Biot
number B2 and activation energy E. The utilization of activation energy is more productive to improve the mass
transportation process. It is also perceived that concentration profile f enriches for growing magnitudes of activation
energy E. The feature of Brownian motion parameter Nb and thermophoresis parameter Nt against the
concentration of species f is interpreted in figure 9. It is found that the nanoparticles concentration f enriches for
variation of thermophoresis parameter Nt while it demonstrates diminishing nature for the Brownian motion
parameter Nb. The declining change in f with Nb is due to the fact the Nb is reversely related to the dimensionless
concentration equation. The concentration of nanofluid is improved due to thermophoresis parameter. Figure 10
demonstrates the impression of Pr Prandtl number and Lewis number Le versus the solutal profile f for nano-
materials. The concentration profile deteriorates for larger Prandtl number and Lewis number. The decrement on

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Figure 9. Consequence of f versus Nb and Nt.

Figure 10 . Consequence of f versus Pr and Le.

nanofluid concentration due to variation of Le is physically incorporated as Lewis number is inversely related to the
mass diffusivity.
The impacts of different interesting parameters including bioconvection Lewis number Lb, Peclet number
Pe, microorganisms Biot number B3, and microorganism difference parameter W with the rescaled density of
microorganism’s field c. Figure 11 displays the difference in the microorganism’s distribution c with improves
in bioconvection Lewis number Lb and Peclet number Pe. The lower profile of c with higher Pe is attributed
to the fact that motile density become lower with larger higher Pe. Clearly, it can be illustrated that the
microorganisms field c declines with uprising the values of both variables bioconvection Lewis number Lb and
Peclet number Pe. The behavior of microorganisms Biot number B3 and microorganism difference parameter W
versus the rescaled density of microorganism’s field c is depicted in figure 12. Here microorganism field c
upraises for larger microorganism Biot number B3, while the reduction trend is observed for microorganism
difference parameter WComparison with previous results are required. From
Table 3 scrutinized the change in local skin friction coefficient -f  (0) against various values of A, M, Q, b1
and b 2. A declining change in -f  (0) is noticed for higher values of A, M and Q however, it increases with b1

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Figure 11 . Consequence of c versus Lb and Pe.

Table 3. Calculation of local skin friction coefficient

-f  (0)for variations of A, M, Q, b1 and b 2.

A M Q b1 b2 -f  (0)

0.1 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.2117

0.5 0.8930
1.0 0.7533
0.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.2 1.2420
0.6 0.9103
1.2 0.8791
0.2 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 1.2310
0.5 0.9731
1.0 0.8927
0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.9931
0.6 0.9978
1.0 1.3412
0.2 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.9890
0.8 0.9946
1.2 1.3825

and b 2. The change in numerical values of local Nusselt number -q ¢ (0) against different parameters is presented
numerically in table 4. The heat transfer rate from surface to the fluid particles is enhanced for higher values of
Pr, B1 and A. The rate of heat transfer becomes slow when Nb and Nt assigns maximum values. Table 5
concentrates the change in mass transfer rate -f¢ (0) for assigned variation of parameter. The mass transfer rate
is more progressive for Nb, Le, and B2. The change in motile density number -c¢ (0) is presented in table 6. The
motile density number is higher for Pe and Lb. It is further noted that change in -c¢ (0) is minor for these flow
parameters.

6. Summary

The applications of motile microorganisms in Sisko nanofluid has been studied in presence of activation energy,
thermal radiation and heat source phenomenon. The extension in heat and mass transportation is studied by
utilizing the theories of Cattaneo-Christov. The solution procedure is assessed by using the shooting scheme.
The results are ensured by making comparative analysis. The main observations of this research are listed below:

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Table 4. Calculation of local Nusselt number -q ¢ (0) for variations of Pr, Nb, Nt, Le, M, B1,
Rd and aT .

Pr Nb Nt Le M B1 Rd A aT -q ¢ (0)

1.0 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2082
2.0 0.2151
3.0 0.2192
1.2 0.1 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2040
0.4 0.1998
0.8 0.1938
1.2 0.2 0.1 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2002
0.4 0.2010
0.8 0.2014
1.2 0.2 0.3 0.1 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.2154
0.6 0.2152
1.2 0.2148
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.2 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.9234
0.6 1.0975
1.2 1.2696
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.4 0.2 0.1 0.0868
0.4 0.2404
0.8 0.3380
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1 0.1975
0.5 0.1854
1.0 0.1738
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.2289
0.5 0.2345
1.0 0.2456
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.4 0.2 0.2 0.2053
0.6 0.1934
1.0 0.1891

Table 5. Calculation of local Sherwood number for variations of Pr, Nb, Nt, Le, M,
Rd, B2, and aC .

Pr Nb Nt Le M Rd B2 aC -f¢ (0)

1.0 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2073

2.0 0.2124
3.0 0.2254
1.2 0.1 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1624
0.4 0.2158
0.8 0.2246
1.2 0.2 0.1 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2205
0.4 0.1876
0.8 0.1477
1.2 0.2 0.3 1.2 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.1516
1.6 0.1847
2.2 0.2036
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.1 0.4 0.3 0.1 0.2036
0.6 0.1995
1.2 0.1953
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.1539
0.5 0.1604
1.0 0.1666
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.1 0.1 0.0665
0.4 0.1922
0.8 0.2800
1.2 0.2 0.3 2.0 0.5 0.4 0.3 0.2 0.2087
0.6 0.2022
1.0 0.1921

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Figure 12. Consequence of c versus B3 and W.

Table 6. Calculation of local microorganism density number

-c¢ (0)for variations of Pe, Lb, M, B3, b1, and b 2.

Pe Lb M B3 b1 b2 -c¢ (0)

0.1 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2209

1.0 0.2292
2.0 0.2387
0.6 1.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.1997
1.6 0.2180
2.2 0.2288
0.6 2.0 0.1 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2278
0.6 0.2243
1.2 0.2203
0.6 2.0 0.5 0.1 0.1 0.2 0.0906
0.4 0.2783
0.8 0.4245
0.6 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.2 0.2141
0.6 0.2283
1.0 0.2253
0.6 2.0 0.5 0.3 0.1 0.4 0.2286
0.8 0.2262
1.2 0.2271

• The Sisko fluid parameter and mixed convection parameter upsurges the velocity of the fluid.
• The larger variation of local inertia coefficient and bioconvection Rayleigh number diminish the velocity field.
• The temperature distribution is enhanced by improving the temperature ratio parameter and it is reduced by
increasing the Prandtl number and Cattaneo-Christov heat flux.
• The volumetric concentration of nanoparticles upsurges for higher impacts of solutal Biot number and
activation energy parameter.
• Higher estimation of Peclet number and bioconvection Lewis number has a similar behavior on the
microorganism’s field.
• The physical applications of the current model in many fields such as cancer therapy, bioengineering,
biosciences, mechanical engineering, bio-fuel cell, heat storage devices, and biotechnology.

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Phys. Scr. 96 (2021) 055004 Fahad S Al-Mubaddel et al

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to express their sincere appreciation to the Deanship of Scientific Research at King Saud
University (DSR 1439-042).

Data availability statement

The data that support the findings of this study are available upon reasonable request from the authors.

ORCID iDs

Mohammad Rahimi-Gorji https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4253-8445

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