SPIRITUALITY AND HOLISTIC PRACTICES

Auna Allen

Integration of Spirituality and Holistic Practices into Daily Practice and Therapy

Loras College

Integration of Spirituality and Holistic Practices into Daily Lives

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Up until the 20th-century, spirituality and medicine were closely associated. Advances in

technology led to increased strength in treating, and curing disorders in medicine, psychiatry,

psychology, and social work. Shifting from a caring, service-orientated model of religion and

spirituality to a more cure-oriented model (Puchalski, 2004). Separating spirituality and science

in the medical communities into different realms of thought, which calculated a

misunderstanding of both. However, by the end of the 20th century, professional organizations

called for reform, sensitivity, and training concerning the domains of spirituality (Larimore,

Parker, & Crowther, 2002). Organizations included in reclaiming medicine's more spiritual roots

were the American Psychiatric Association in 1989, the American Psychological Association in

1992 (Larimore, Parker, & Crowther, 2002). Changing the traditional therapies used in past to a

broader perspective.

In the past few decades, the balance of care has started to focus on spiritual care. This

involves serving the person as a whole--the physical, emotional, and spiritual (Puchalski, 2004).

Spirituality itself entails various human experiences. Emphasizing more on internal experiences

related to transcendence and a search for the sacred (Tan & Johnson, 2005). This complex term

is a multidimensional phenomenon. A model suggested by (Santos, & Michaels, 2020) suggests

multiple dimensions of spirituality. Characteristics include an internal emphasis on thinking,

specific belief system, self-improvement, self-transcendence, the spirit, connectedness to self and

others as well as the environment, and ultimate concern. Holistic care considers the whole

person, and the whole situation including their spiritual, and religious ideations (Sultanoff,

1997). With the consideration of the whole person, research on therapy integrated with

spirituality has seen significant effects on cognition. From a psychological perspective religion,

and spirituality seem to invoke unique forms of cognitive processing (Santos, & Michaels, 2020).
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Previously, a more cure-oriented model of therapy, cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT),

focused on the symptoms and behaviors of clients. Aiming to understand internal cognitive

events called thinking or cognition (Tan, & Johnson, 2005). The American Psychological

Association defined CBT as changing thinking patterns and efforts to change behavioral patterns.

Providing people with the tools to be their own therapists. Today, we know when cognitive

behavioral therapy is integrated with spirituality many cognitive processes are influenced

(Ospina et al., 2007). Providing support complementary therapeutic approaches will develop

further into practice in the years to come (Barnett, & Shale, 2013). Assisting not only CBT but

many other psychological therapeutic approaches that influence cognition. An early study on the

benefits of integrating therapy with spirituality found promising results. Participants with

religious ideation integrated with CBT had significantly less depression at the end of treatment

compared to the control group who received traditional CBT. (Propst et al., 1992). Other health

and wellness benefits gained from CBT integrated with spirituality include reduced risk for

cardiovascular disease, lower mortality risk, and better mental health and coping mechanisms

(Santos, & Michaels, 2020). When integrating therapy with holistic practices, psychologists

influence a broad sense of perception and cognition (Sultanoff, S. M. 1997). Greater focus on

complementary and alternative medicine in society today will change the foundation for other

therapeutic approaches in the future. Widely adopted spiritual care practices that influence

cognition positivity include mindfulness meditation, aromatherapy, reiki energy healing, and

yoga. These practices give individuals tools to use outside of therapy. Granting people, the

opportunity to enhance their well-being. There is an increasing demand for cost-effective,

unbiased, and adaptable t treatments for individuals seeking better mental health, and
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wellness. To meet this demand, individuals and practicing clinicians should integrate

holistic practices and spirituality into daily behavior and psychotherapies.

Spirituality

In recent years, the greater awareness of the benefits of alternative medicine with a

spiritual component has become increasingly popular (Barnett, Shale 2013). Spirituality has been

found to promote wellness and relieve a wide variety of cognitive dysfunctions. More people,

young and old are identifying with spirituality over one organized religion. Now, younger

generations are less likely to attend or engage in religious practices (Santos & Michaels, 2020).

Between 2012, and 2017, adults in the United States who have previously identified as having a

religious ideology have declined from 65% to 54% (Santos & Michaels, 2020). The rapid decline

in religion could be a transition into understanding the self (i.e., spirituality) more abandonment

of faith. An explanation for different perspectives and definitions across the board is due to the

increasing emergence of spirituality in the scientific community and public population. A survey

in 1996 of 300 physicians revealed 99% believed spirituality and well-being promote health and

healing (Larimore, Parker, & Crowther, 2002). Another poll taken by physicians suggested 65%

felt it was a good idea to speak with patients about spiritual beliefs (Puchalski, 2004). Notably,

these practices can influence a large population and different age groups.

As the population in the United States grows and the older population increases, the

spiritual needs of aging call for greater recognition of spirituality integrated into therapy. A

survey by the American Association of Pastoral Counselors (AAPC), and the Samaritan Institute

determined the importance of spirituality in therapy (Snodgrass, 2009). 83% agreed that spiritual

faith and religious beliefs are positively correlated to the state of their mental and emotional

health. 75% also stated it is important to see a professional counselor that integrates their
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spiritual values into their practice (Snodgrass, 2009). It is apparent older adults agree, spirituality

and faith are essential for mental health. Increased awareness for the spiritual component in

therapy concerning dealing with death and aging ensures better coping mechanisms, increasing

executive cognitive functioning (Snodgrass, 2009). Snodgrass theorized that most problems

associated with aging and adulthood are inherently spiritual. When integrating spirituality into

therapy, therapists provide people with coping mechanisms applicable to aging. Such coping

mechanisms aid in dealing with retirement, finding purpose in life after our families get older,

dealing with loss, and moving from the home. Spirituality also aids individuals in self-discovery,

new talents, deeper peace, and greater love. (Snodgrass, 2009). By incorporating spirituality in

therapy, therapists can provide more holistic care to assist with developmental changes, both

cognitive and physical. Furthermore, it is important to tailor therapy to address the specific needs

of the population. A practice called mindfulness mediation is becoming increasingly popular due

to its impact on improving cognition among many individuals.

Mindfulness-Meditation

Mindfulness meditation refers to the practice of ancient Buddhists and Hindus. The two

civilizations viewed meditation as a direct path to spiritual enlightenment (Park, & Pyszczynski,

2019) In the past, it was described as individual observation characterized by a moment-to-

moment awareness as well as openness and acceptance (Norris et al., 2018). Meditation is found

to regulate our attention and emotions (Bishop et al., 2004). Mindfulness also provides a path to

spiritual knowledge. It allows people to observe reality with mental clarity. This includes

perceptual mental states and the processes of cognition. The processes of cognition include an

awareness of physical perceptions, affective states, thoughts, and sensory imagery (Hofmann, et

al., 2011). Other definitions include self-regulation and attention to the present moment
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characterized by curiosity, openness, and acceptance (Bishop et al., 2004). Openness and

acceptance are almost always involved in mindfulness practices. In addition to these various

components, mindfulness also closely involves the development of energy and tranquility.

The emerging recognition in both the media and academic world demonstrates the

benefits of mindfulness meditation on various aspects of cognition. Such aspects involved

include attention, negative mood, mental health, addiction, creativity, and many others (Bishop

et al., 2004). Long-term positive impacts on attention, body awareness, emotional regulation, and

perspective of self when practiced for a long period are reported (Norris et al., 2018). Mediation

is also correlated to greater cognitive performance. 8-week training on meditation has shown

enhanced attention. Enhancing attention itself benefits a broad spectrum of disorders. Long-term

meditators have shown even greater performance on tasks involving concentration and attention

(Park, & Pyszczynski, 2019). Improving concentration and attention will heavily influence

individuals diagnosed with attention deficit disorder (ADD). Meditation has also shown positive

effects on other disorders. Scores on a depression and anxiety scale had decreased in a study

where the patients practiced mindfulness meditation (Ando, et al., 2009). Cortical thickness,

tissue in the brain linked to brain health, was also found to increase in long-term practicing

meditators. Increased thickness slows age-related cortical thinning (Lazar, et. al., 2005). A study

on 50-year-olds practicing meditation found their brain health to be 7.5 years younger than the

brains of the controls at the same age (Luders, Cherbuin & Gaser, 2016). Providing evidence

meditation slows down the natural aging of the brain. Other age groups that benefit from

mediation include children. Meditation impacts children and their levels of independence, and

testing anxiety (Linden, 1973). In the study children who practiced mediation became less

anxious on testing and more independent. Adults suffering from attention deficit hyperactivity
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disorder (ADHD) improved their level of attention, self-regulation, well-being, and quality of

life (Viviane, et al., 2015). To contribute to the benefits of mindfulness meditation, yoga has

found similar results providing individuals and therapists with additional tools.

Yoga

Ancient Indian Yoga practices have been used for centuries to foster spiritual

development (Menezes, et al., 2015). The physical practice originated as a tool to prepare the

body and mind for meditative exercises and cease mental fluctuations and instability. Elements

include the eight stages individuals need to reap the cognitive benefits (Menezes, et al., 2015).

(1) understanding of universal moral principles, (2) rules for self-purification, (3) postures, (4)

conscious regulation of breath, (5) withdrawal of senses, (6) focusing attention during meditation

requiring great effort, (7) deeper awareness with no focusing effort and (8) merging with the

Supreme (Menezes, et al., 2015). These stages aid in the development of cognitive processes, by

which an individual learns to understand themselves at a greater entirety, both physically and

mentally. Further evidence describes a combination between yoga and meditation cultivating

individuals with the ability to deal with stress outside of therapeutic settings (Menezes, et al.,

2015).

The various elements of yoga foster an individual’s level of awareness of both mental and

bodily states. Individuals who had attention yoga meditation training, compared to controls

without, were better equipped to deal with negative emotions while performing attention tasks

(Menezes, et al., 2015). In a prison population, yoga was found to reduce stress, psychological

distress, and increase self-reported positive affective states (Bilderbeck et al., 2013). Yoga may

prove to be effective in subjective wellbeing, mental health, and cognitive functioning in

populations in many different environments (Bilderbeck et al., 2013). A population heavily

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affected by psychological and physical stress is military personal. Veterans who suffer from

post-traumatic stress disorder were subjected to yoga interventions to assess cognitive

functioning and biological stress (Zaccari, et al., 2020). Individuals who suffer from PTSD

report, social, cognitive, and emotional problems (Zaccari, et al., 2020). Yoga inhibited the

response to these symptoms of PTSD also improving symptoms of depression, sleep, and life

satisfaction. Furthermore, dopamine, a neurotransmitter associated with pleasure, increased 65%

during yoga (Kjaer, et al., 2002). Signifying effects of yoga has on the neurobiology of the brain,

which heavily affects healthy cognitive functioning. Women suffering from anxiety had found a

significant improvement in their perceived level of anxiety after practicing yoga for two months

(Javnbakht, Hejazi Kenari, & Ghasemi, 2009). It is evident this holistic-care approach to

wellness is positively associated with cognition and improving symptoms of psychological

disorders. Predating yoga, a holistic approach using essential oils assesses the olfactory impact

aromatherapy has on cognitive processes (Moss, Cook, Wesnes, & Duckett, 2003).

Aromatherapy

Aromas have been reported since the beginning of the written language and are continued

to be explored today. Aromatherapy utilizes essential oils to influence cognitive performance and

mood through the central nervous system and endocrine systems (Moss, Cook, Wesnes, &

Duckett, 2003). Many odors may serve as a memory cue to facilitate and recall information

(Cohn, 2002). Among the most popular oils, lavender is said to possess sedating properties, and

rosemary has been linked to memory (Moss, Cook, Wesnes, & Duckett, 2003). Authors, Moss,

Cook, Wsens, Duckett, have found that while rosemary improves memory, it produces

impairment in-memory speeds, and lavender tends to make individuals less alert. (Li-Wei Chien,

Su Li Cheng, & Chi Feng Liu, 2012) found significant improvements in sleep quality in their
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controlled experiment after the lavender aromatherapy inhalation. As well as having short-term

effects on heart rate variability, decreasing symptoms of distress, and reducing the effects of

insomnia. The sedative properties of lavender could be an alternative outlet for aiding individuals

suffering from sleeping disorders and physiological symptoms of these disorders. Professors at

the University of Southampton (Holmes, et al., 2002) assessed if lavender essential oil would be

effective in treating agitated behavior in patients who are diagnosed with severe dementia. Nine

participants had an improvement in their level of agitation. Another study assessed individuals’

moods with participants diagnosed with anxiety. Aroma’s orange and lavender were found to

reduce anxiety and improved mood (Lehrner, et al., 2005).

Although the previously stated studies show promise for improving disorders and

improving cognitive functioning some limitations are observed. Studies reported different

findings should be expected. The strongest case against cognitive enhancement due to

aromatherapy appears to be context influencing, not specific smells (e.g., aromas) (Cohn, 2002).

Further research needs to be conducted on this holistic alternative to determine if essential oils

can alleviate stress, anxiety, improve memory, mood, and other aspects of cognition. Clinicians,

aromatherapists, and consumers need to be aware of the negative correlation to determine if this

alternative medicine is appropriate for treating disorders. A spiritual care practice that also raises

speculation ineffectiveness is Reiki energy healing.

Reiki Energy Healing

Reiki energy healing, or healing touch therapy, is derived from ancient Japanese energy

therapy. Reiki means “spiritually guided life force energy” (Barnett, & Shale, 2013). Consisting

of hand positions that affect the biofield around the body. By clearing, and energizing chakras to

release unwanted, congested energy (Reeve, et al, 2020). Other times it is referred to as healing
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touch therapy (HT). HT remains new to the therapeutic community but inherently possesses the

tendency to ensure a state of calmness among those receiving care. Since this practice is new to

the scientific community little research is known and yet to be understood. Subjects in a study

suffering from PTSD showed significant decreases in symptoms when receiving HT compared to

standard care (Reeve, et al, 2020). Research has shown HT contributes to the production of deep

relaxation, energy release, and synchronization within (Bessa et. al., 2017). Improving life

satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect Reiki had enhanced positive affect scale, life

satisfaction, and well-being (Bessa et. al., 2017). However, no statistical significance was found

regarding the negative affect scale. The production of deep relaxation gives people tools to

alleviate a variety of symptoms of sleeping disorders. Reiki was used on patients suffering from

Alzheimer's disease, where it increased cognitive functioning, memory, and reduced behavior

problems (Crawford, Leaver, & Mahoney, 2006). Cancer patients receiving reiki were found to

have decreased levels of anxiety, improved well-being, relaxation, pain relief, and sleep quality

(Birocco, et al., 2021). Although this therapy is newer to the medical community, and the public

more research should be conducted. Reiki may be limited in research but, the studies conducted

previously have shown to be effective in treating a wide variety of disorders. Therapists can use

Reiki to grant individuals with other remedies to aid in both internal and external symptom relief.

Showcasing, this holistic practice shows promise for benefiting the whole person. As well as

providing therapists with other options to offer their patients.

Conclusion
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Regardless of spiritual or religious ideation, these complementary, alternative approaches

to mental health change the trajectory for therapy and people’s behaviors. These changes should

occur in and outside of the medical community. With the increased demand for mental health

care in the overall population, integration of these practices provides unlimited resources for

individuals of all ages. Such resources available outside of clinical practice are products of the

emergence of spirituality into the past decade. Integrating psychotherapies with a holistic

approach will activate physical, mental, emotional, and spiritual aspects of cognition without a

focus on traditional therapy. Namely, CBT when integrated with spirituality has shown to

provide individuals with many coping mechanisms, improving self-efficacy in their well-being.

Showcasing how important it is for psychotherapies to adapt to spirituality. Psychologists can

also assist clients to locate these more alternative interventions outside of their expertise and

traditional therapies to aid in their spiritual awakening (Sultanoff, 1997). Society is rapidly

diversifying and growing causing an increasing focus on wellness, spirituality, and alternative

medicines. As result, traditional therapies need to adapt to this ever-evolving era (Barnett, &

Shale, 2013). This adaptation will benefit both the general population and science communities

by providing the struggling health care system with tools outside of the norms of therapy. When

applied to the population and medical communities, holistic practices grant individuals

struggling with mental health affordable accessible medicine in their own lives. The holistic

approach itself refers to a “whole” person therefore, behaviors should reflect the tendencies

learned in and outside of therapy. Posing the question, “What are the benefits of integrating

spirituality and holistic practices into daily practice and therapy today?” The findings across a

diverse body of literature suggest holistic practices and spirituality integrated into and outside of

therapy ameliorates widespread symptoms related to cognitive functioning. Research shows

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holistic care benefits various cognitive disorders such as post-traumatic stress disorder, dealing

with death, and dying, aging, anxiety, sleep disorders, and depression. Inherently providing

individuals with the tools to be their advocate regarding improving their cognition. With these

combined complementary approaches towards mental health, individuals will alter their

behaviors and thoughts. Ultimately, spirituality and holistic care change individuals' cognition

for the better, without the undue stress of unaffordable, un-adaptive therapy society tends to lean

towards. Although it is a new concept that western models of health, and wellness are being

integrated into practices in therapeutic settings, it is proven to be valuable. The relevance and

emerging focus on these non-traditional approaches will aid in the development of therapy and

society alone.

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