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hobhk b ks kc ariho hkc poc`boe`o. Zor kmkepco, kb ci n`auri 49.9i, sk ut`c`zi ub
poc`boe`o hk pr`ekr ariho (ubi cåbki rkfti) foeo ubi
u bi iprox`eif`öb. Kb ci n`auri 49.9d,
sk kepcki ubi pirédoci fob kc e`seo propös`to.
Ci `btkaric tied`àb sk pukhk iprox`eir usibho ub fobmubto hk poc`boe`os ipc`fihos por
pkhizos i ci nubf`öb o hitos, sodrk
so drk skaekbtos hk coba`tuh fobstibtk. Zor kmkepco, kb ci
n`auri 49.4,
49.4, sk usib trks skaekbtos hk cåbki rkfti piri iprox`eir ci `btkaric.
N@A[TI 49.9
Ci iprox`eif`öb hk ubi `btkaric ekh`ibtk kc érki dimo i) ubi soci cåbki rkfti y d) ubi
pirédoci.
Iubquk pukhkb ut`c`zirsk poc`boe`os hk ariho supkr`or fob cos e`seos propös`tos. Fob
kstk ibtkfkhkbtk, rkfobofkeos quk kc –eàtoho hk dirris― hk ci n`auri ZX>.> kepcki
ZX>.> kepcki ub
fobmubto hk poc`boe`os hk ariho fkro (ks hkf`r, fobstibtks) piri iprox`eir ci `btkaric.
N@A[TI 49.4
Ci iprox`eif`öb hk ubi `btkaric ekh`ibtk kc érki dimo trks skaekbtos hk cåbki rkfti.
N@A[TI 49.6
Ci h`nkrkbf`i kbtrk cis nöreucis hk `btkarif`öb i) fkrrihis y d) id`krtis.
Kx`stkb noreis fkrrihis y id`krtis hk cis nöreucis hk Bkwtob-Fotks. Cis noreis fkrrihis
sob iqukccis hobhk sk fobofkb cos hitos ic `b`f`o y ic n`bic hk cos cåe`tks hk `btkarif`öb
(n`auri 49.6i). Cis noreis id`krtis t`kbkb cåe`tks hk `btkarif`öb quk sk kxt`kbhkb eés
(n`auri 49.6d). Kb kstk skbt`ho, sob s`e`cirks i ci
iccé hkc `btkrvico hk cos hitos (n`auri
kxtripocif`öb quk sk ibic`zö kb ci skff`öb 9<.;.
9<.;. Zor co akbkric, cis noreis id`krtis hk
Bkwtob-Fotks bo sk usib piri `btkarif`öb hkn`b`hi.
hkn `b`hi. V`b kedirao, sk ut`c`zib piri kvicuir
`btkaricks `eprop`is y piri odtkbkr ci socuf`öb hk kfuif`obks h`nkrkbf`icks orh`bir`is.
Kstk fipåtuco kbnit`zi cis noreis fkrrihis. Bo odstibtk, ic n`bic hkc e`seo sk prkskbti
drkvkekbtk ubi `btrohuff`öb i cis nöreucis id`krtis
id`krt is hk Bkwtob-Fotks.
9< quk
Tkfukrhk hkc fipåtuco 9< quk ubi cåbki rkfti sk pukhk rkprkskbtir foeo Wvàisk kfuif`öb
(9<.4)U
(9<.4 )U
N@A[TI 49.8
i) Ci nöreuci piri ficfucir kc érki hk ub tripkzo`hk= icturi por kc proekh`o hk cis
disks. d) Ziri ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, kc fobfkpto ks kc e`seo pkro ilori kc tripkzo`hk
ksté sodrk su ciho.
o
hobhk, piri ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, ci icturi proekh`o ks kc proekh`o hk cos vicorks hk ci
nubf`öb kb cos pubtos kxtrkeos, o W n (i) + n (d)U/4.
Xohis cis nöreucis fkrrihis hk Bkwtob-Fotks sk kxprksib kb ci norei akbkric hk ci
kfuif`öb (49.;)
(49.;).. Hk lkflo, söco h`n`krkb rkspkfto i ci noreucif`öb hk ci icturi
proekh`o.
eibkri, piri nubf`obks fob hkr`vihis hk skaubho orhkb y hk orhkb supkr`or (ks hkf`r,
fob furvituri), pukhk ofurr`r icaýb krror.
N@A[TI 49.>
Tkprkskbtif`öb arén`fi hkc kepcko hk ubi soci ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o
4 6 8 ;
piri
5 : iiprox`eir
:.<. ci `btkaric hk n ( xx) 5 :.4 + 4; x ‖
‖ 4:: 0:: x + 8:: x hk x
4:: x + >1; x ‖
‖ 0::
Fuihro 49.4 Odtkbf`öb y krror kst`eiho hk ci
rkaci hkc tripkf`o
[bi eibkri ictkrbit`vi piri odtkbkr ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o fobs`stk kb `btkarir kc
poc`boe`o hk `btkrpocif`öb lif`i ihkcibtk hk Bkwtob-Arkaory.
Bkwtob-Arkaor y. Tkfukrhk quk piri
ci vkrs`öb hk pr`ekr ariho fob kc tàre`bo hkc krror, ci `btkaric skré (fuihro
( fuihro 9<.4)
9<.4)
x ‖
Ziri s`epc`n`fir kc ibéc`s`s, fobs`hkrk quk s` ι 5 ( x ‖ i)/l, kbtobfks
hx 5 l h ι
quk ks hkc e`seo orhkb hk eiab`tuh y s`abo quk kc krror vkrhihkro. V`b
kedirao, hk lkflo, kx`stk ubi h`sfrkpibf`i, yi quk kb ub `btkrvico hk kstk
tieiùo, kc proekh`o hk ci skaubhi hkr`vihi bo ks bkfksir`iekbtk ubi
iprox`eif`öb kxifti hk n ‶ (β ) Iså, `bh`fieos quk kc krror ks iprox`eiho
ekh`ibtk ci botif`öb K i, y bo kxifto usibho K t .
Ci n`auri 49.< eukstri
49.< eukstri kc noreito akbkric y ci boekbfcituri quk usirkeos piri
odtkbkr `btkaricks hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck. Liy b + 9 pubtos `auicekbtk kspif`ihos ( x:,
x9, x4, … , x ) Kb fobskfukbf`i, kx`stkb b skaekbtos hkc e`seo ibflo=
b
o, iarupibho tàre`bos,
N@A[TI 49.1
Foeo ci sueitor`i hk cos fokn`f`kbtks hk n ( xx) kb kc buekrihor h`v`h`ho kbtrk 4 b ks
`auic i 9, ci icturi proekh`o rkprkskbti ub proekh`o pobhkriho hk cos vicorks hk ci
nubf`öb. Hk ifukrho fob ci kfuif`öb (49.9:),
(49.9:), i cos pubtos `btkr`orks sk cks hi kc hodck
hk pkso quk i cos hos pubtos kxtrkeos n ( x:) y n ( x ) b
Vk t`kbk ub krror fob ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck ic sueir cos krrorks
`bh`v`huicks hk fihi skaekbto, iså
hobhk n ‶ (β ̀
β ks ci skaubhi hkr`vihi kb ub pubto β ̀
`
) β , cofic`ziho kb kc skaekbto `. Kstk
`
hobhk ‖ >:
>: ks kc proekh`o hk ci skaubhi hkr`vihi, hktkre`bihi ibtkr`orekbtk
49.9..
kb kc kmkepco 49.9
Cos rksuctihos hkc kmkepco ibtkr`or, mubto fob ipc`fif`obks hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o
49.9.. Odskrvk föeo kc krror
fob trks i h`kz skaekbtos, sk rksuekb kb ci tidci 49.9
h`se`buyk fobnorek iuekbti kc býekro hk skaekbtos. V`b kedirao, ihv`krti
tied`àb quk ci rizöb hk h`se`buf`öb ks arihuic, i fiusi hk quk kc krror ksté
rkcif`obiho `bvkrsiekbtk fob kc fuihriho hk b W Wkfuif`öb (49.96)U. Zor co tibto, ic
kfuif`öb (49.96)U.
hupc`fir kc býekro hk skaekbtos, kc krror sk h`v`hk kbtrk fuitro. Kb cis s`au`kbtks
skff`obks hksirroccirkeos nöreucis hk ariho supkr`or quk sob eés kxiftis y quk
fobvkrakb eés rép`ho lif`i ci vkrhihkri `btkaric fobnorek cos skaekbtos iuekbtib.
V`b kedirao, ibtks hk `bvkst`air ticks nöreucis, ibic`zirkeos icaor`teos
foeputif`obicks piri `epckekbtir ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o.
N@A[TI 49.0
Kb ci n`auri 49.0
49.0 sk
sk hib hos icaor`teos s`epcks piri ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o. Kc pr`ekro
(n`auri 49.0i) ks piri ci vkrs`öb hk ub soco skaekbto. Kc skaubho (n`auri
( n`auri 49.0d) ks
piri ci vkrs`öb hk eýct`pcks skaekbtos fob ub ibflo
ibfl o hk skaekbto fobstibtk. Odskrvk
quk iedos kstéb h`skùihos piri hitos quk sk liccib kb norei tiducir. [b proariei
akbkric hkdkré tkbkr ci fipif`hih hk kvicuir tied`àb nubf`obks o kfuif`obks
fobof`his. Kb kc s`au`kbtk fipåtuco `custrirkeos föeo sk eib`pucib cis nubf`obks.
KMKEZCO 49.6 Kvicuif`öb hk `btkaricks fob ci
foeputihori
Zcibtkie`kbto hkc prodckei.
Fob sontwirk disiho kb ci n`auri 49.0d rksukcvi ub prodckei rkcif`obiho fob
kc yi fobof`ho= pirifi`h`sti kb fiåhi. Foeo ustkh rkforhiré hkc kmkepco 9.9,
9.9,
ci vkcof`hih hkc pirifi`h`sti ksté hihi fob ci s`au`kbtk nubf`öb kb tàre`bos hkc
t`kepo=
4
hobhk
hkc ϋ 5 vkcof`hih
pirifi`h`sti i ><.9 a ga
`auic(e/s), 5 fobstibtk
5 ariv`tif`obic
y f 5 fokn`f`kbtk hk 0.<hke/s
hk irristrk 94.;, e 5 eisi
ga/s. Kc
eohkco prkh`fk ci vkcof`hih hkc pirifi`h`sti foeo ubi nubf`öb hkc t`kepo, hk
ci eibkri kb quk sk hksfr`d`ö kb kc kmkepco 9.9 9.9..
Vupobai quk hkski sidkr quà tib ckmos li fiåho kc pirifi`h`sti hkspuàs hk
f`krto t`kepo t . Xic h`stibf`i ksté hktkre`bihi por Wkfuif`öb
W kfuif`öb (ZX>.;)U
(ZX>.;)U
[sk su prop`o sontwirk, piri hktkre`bir ksti `btkaric ekh`ibtk ci rkaci hkc
tripkf`o hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck fob h`nkrkbtks býekros hk skaekbtos. Odskrvk
quk rkic`zibho ci `btkarif`öb kb norei ibicåt`fi y sust`tuykbho cos vicorks hk
cos piréektros fobof`hos sk odt`kbk ub vicor kxifto hk h 5
5 4<0.86;9; e.
Vocuf`öb.
Kb kc fiso kb quk b 5 9: sk odt`kbk ubi `btkaric ficfucihi hk 4<<.1809. Iså,
lkeos odtkb`ho ci `btkaric fob trks f`nris s`ab`n`fit`vis hk kxift`tuh. Cos
rksuctihos fob otros býekros hk skaekbtos sob=
Iså, listi fkrfi hk ;:: skaekbtos, ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck
odt`kbk kxfkckbtk prkf`s`öb. V`b kedirao, odskrvk föeo kc krror fied`i hk
s`abo y kep`kzi i iuekbtir kb vicor idsocuto eés iccé hk cos ;:: skaekbtos.
Fuibho sk t`kbkb 9: ::: skaekbtos, hk lkflo, pirkfk h`vkrakr hkc vicor
vkrhihkro. Ksto sk hkdk i ci ipir`f`öb hkc krror hk rkhobhko por kc arib
býekro hk fécfucos piri tohos ksos skaekbtos. Hk ksti eibkri, kc b`vkc hk
prkf`s`öb ksté c`e`tiho y bubfi sk pohré icfibzir kc vicor kxifto
kx ifto hk 4<0.86;9
quk sk odt`kbk kb norei ibicåt`fi. Ksti c`e`tif`öb, iså foeo ci eibkri hk
supkrirci sk ibic`ziré fob eés hkticck kb kc fipåtuco 44
44..
49.6 sk
Hkc kmkepco 49.6 sk cckai i trks fobfcus`obks pr`bf`picks=
• Ziri ipc`fif`obks `bh`v`huicks hk cis nubf`obks fob dukb foeportie`kbto, ci
rkaci hkc tripkf`o hk eýct`pcks skaekbtos ks fis` kxifti piri kc t`po hk prkf`s`öb
rkqukr`hi kb h`vkrsis ipc`fif`obks hk ci `bakb`kråi.
• V` sk rkqu`krk hk icti kxift`tuh, ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o hk eýct`pcks skaekbtos
kx`ak ub arib tridimo foeputif`obic. Iubquk kstk tridimo rksucti `bs`ab`n`fibtk piri
ubi soci ipc`fif`öb, pukhk skr euy `eportibtk fuibho= i) sk kvicýib buekrosis
`btkaricks, o d) hobhk ci nubf`öb e`sei ks fobsue`hori hk t`kepo kb su kvicuif`öb.
Ziri ticks fisos, qu`zé sk rkqu`krib eàtohos eés kn`f`kbtks (skréb ibic`zihos kb co
quk nicti hk kstk fipåtuco y kb kc pröx`eo).
• Zor ýct`eo, cos krrorks hk rkhobhko rkprkskbtib ubi c`e`tif`öb kb bukstri
lid`c`hih piri hktkre`bir `btkaricks. Ksto sk hkdk tibto i ci prkf`s`öb hk ci eéqu`bi
foeo i cos h`vkrsos fécfucos `bvocufrihos kb tàfb`fis s`epcks foeo ci rkaci hkc
tripkf`o hk eýct`pcks skaekbtos.
Ilori ibic`zirkeos ubi norei piri ekmorir ci kn`f`kbf`i. Ksto ks, ekh`ibtk
poc`boe`os hk ariho supkr`or piri iprox`eir
iprox `eir ci `btkaric.
N@A[TI 49.9:
hobhk, kb kstk fiso, l 5 (d ‖ ii)/4. Ksti kfuif`öb sk fobofk foeo rkaci hk V`epsob
9/6, y ks ci skaubhi nöreuci hk `btkarif`öb fkrrihi hk Bkwtob-Fotks. Ci
kspkf`n`fif`öb –9/6― sk or`a`bi hkc lkflo hk quk l ksté h`v`h`hi kbtrk 6 kb ci kfuif`öb
(49.98).. [bi ictkrbit`vi piri odtkbkrci sk eukstri kb kc fuihro 49.6,
(49.98) 49.6, hobhk sk `btkari
kc poc`boe`o hk Bkwtob-Arkaory piri cckair i ci e`sei nöreuci.
Ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6 tied`àb sk pukhk kxprksir usibho kc noreito hk ci kfuif`öb
(49.;)==
(49.;)
hobhk i 5 x: d 5 x4 y
y x9 5 kc pubto i ci e`tih kbtrk i y d, quk ksté hiho por ( d + i)/4.
Odskrvk quk, hk ifukrho fob ci kfuif`öb (49.9;
(49.9;),
), kc pubto ekh`o ksté pobhkriho por
hos tkrf`os7 y cos hos pubtos kxtrkeos, por ub skxto.
Vk pukhk hkeostrir quk ci ipc`fif`öb i ub soco skaekbto hk ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6
( fuihro 49.6)
t`kbk ub krror hk trubfie`kbto hk (fuihro 49.6)
hobhk β ksté kb icaýb cuair kb kc `btkrvico hk i i d. Iså, ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6 ks
eés kxifti quk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o. Bo odstibtk, ubi foepirif`öb fob ci kfuif`öb
(49.>)) `bh`fi quk ks eés kxifti hk co kspkriho. Kb cuair hk skr proporf`obic i ci
(49.>
tkrfkri hkr`vihi, kc krror ks proporf`obic i ci fuirti hkr`vihi. Ksto ks porquk, foeo sk
eukstri kb kc fuihro 49.6
49.6,, kc tàre`bo hkc fokn`f`kbtk hk tkrfkr ariho sk lifk fkro
huribtk ci `btkarif`öb hk ci `btkrpocif`öb poc`boe`ic. Kb fobskfukbf`i, ci rkaci hk
V`epsob 9/6 icfibzi ubi prkf`s`öb hk tkrfkr orhkb iub fuibho sk disk kb söco trks
pubtos. Kb otris picidris, ¡hi rksuctihos kxiftos piri poc`boe`os fýd`fos iub fuibho
sk odtkbai hk ubi pirédoci!
kfuif`öb (49.9<)
(49.9<) i pr`ekri v`sti pirkfkråib pkfuc`irks. Bo odstibtk, s`aukb kb norei
bituric ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6. Cos pubtos `epirks rkprkskbtib kc tàre`bo ekh`o kb
fihi ipc`fif`öb y, por co tibto, cckvib kc pkso hk 8 hk ci kfuif`öb (49.9;
(49.9;).
). Cos pubtos
pirks sob foeubks i ipc`fif`obks ihyifkbtks
ih yifkbtks y, por co tibto, sk fukbtib hos vkfks.
[b krror kst`eiho kb ci rkaci hk V`epsob hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck sk odt`kbk hk ci
e`sei norei quk kb ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o= sueibho cos krrorks `bh`v`huicks hk cos
skaekbtos y sifibho kc proekh`o hk ci hkr`vihi piri cckair i
piri odtkbkr
Iså cos hos pubtos `btkr`orks t`kbkb pksos hk trks oftivos, e`kbtris quk cos pubtos
kxtrkeos t`kbkb ub pkso hk ub oftivo. Ci rkaci hk V`epsob 6/< t`kbk ub krror hk
Zor co fueýb, sk prkn`krk ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6, yi quk icfibzi ubi kxift`tuh hk
tkrfkr orhkb fob trks pubtos kb cuair hk cos fuitro pubtos rkqukr`hos kb ci vkrs`öb 6/<.
Bo odstibtk, ci rkaci hk 6/< ks ýt`c fuibho kc býekro hk skaekbtos
sk aekbtos ks `epir. Foeo
49.; usieos
`custrif`öb, kb kc kmkepco 49.; usieos ci rkaci hk V`epsob piri `btkarir ci nubf`öb
fob fuitro skaekbtos. Vupobai quk ustkh hkski ubi kst`eif`öb fob f`bfo skaekbtos.
[bi opf`öb pohråi skr ut`c`zir ubi vkrs`öb hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o hk ipc`fif`öb
49.4 y
eýct`pck, foeo sk l`zo kb cos kmkepcos 49.4 y 49.6.
49.6. Yu`zé ksto bo ski rkfoekbhidck,
s`b kedirao, hkd`ho ic arib krror hk trubfie`kbto isof`iho fob h`flo eàtoho. [bi
ictkrbit`vi skråi ipc`fir ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6 i cos hos pr`ekros skaekbtos y ci
rkaci hk V`epsob 6/< i cos ýct`eos trks (n`auri
(n`auri 49.94).
49.94). Hk ksti norei, pohråieos
odtkbkr ub kst`eiho fob ubi kxift`tuh hk tkrfkr orhkb huribtk toho kc `btkrvico.
N@A[TI 49.94
@custrif`öb hk föeo sk ut`c`zib kb fobmubto cis rkacis hk V`epsob 9/6 y 6/< piri
eibkmir ipc`fif`obks eýct`pcks fob býekros `epirks hk `btkrvicos.
KMKEZCO 49.> Tkaci hk V`epsob 6/<
d) Cos hitos bkfksir`os piri ubi ipc`fif`öb fob f`bfo skaekbtos ( l 5 :.9>)
sob
Ziri cos ýct`eos trks skaekbtos, ci rkaci 6/< sk ut`c`zi piri odtkbkr
Vkuhoföh`ao piri cis rkacis hk V`epsob. i) Tkaci hk V`epsob 9/6 piri ubi soci
ipc`fif`öb, d) rkaci hk V`epsob 6/< piri ubi soci ipc`fif`öb, f) rkaci hk V`epsob
9/6 hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck, y h ) rkaci hk V`epsob hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck piri ub
býekro hk skaekbtos tibto `epirks foeo pirks. Odskrvk quk piri tohos cos fisos
b hkdk skr ≫ 9.
Listi iquå, tohis cis nöreucis hk `btkarif`öb bueàr`fi sk lib disiho kb hitos
`auicekbtk kspif`ihos. Kb ci préft`fi, kx`stkb euflis s`tuif`obks kb hobhk ksti
supos`f`öb bo sk sit`snifk y sk t`kbkb skaekbtos hk tieiùos hks`auicks. Zor kmkepco,
cos hitos odtkb`hos kxpkr`ekbticekbtk i ekbuho sob hk kstk t`po. Kb ticks fisos, ub
eàtoho fobs`stk kb ipc`fir ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o i fihi skaekbto y sueir cos rksuctihos=
hobhk l` 5 kc ibflo hkc skaekbto `. Odskrvk quk àstk nuk kc e`seo profkh`e`kbto quk
sk ut`c`zö kb ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck. Ci ýb`fi h`nkrkbf`i kbtrk cis
(49.<) y (49.44) ks
kfuif`obks (49.<) y (49.44) ks quk cis l kb ci pr`ekri sob fobstibtks. Kbtobfks, ci
(49.<) pohråi
kfuif`öb (49.<) pohråi s`epc`n`firsk ic iarupir tàre`bos piri odtkbkr ci kfuif`öb
(49.0).. Iubquk ksti s`epc`n`fif`öb bo pukhk ipc`firsk i ci kfuif`öb (49.44),
(49.0) (49.44), ks pos`dck
hksirroccir néf`cekbtk ub proariei foeputif`obic piri ifoeohir cos skaekbtos hk
tieiùo hks`auic. Ibtks hk hksirroccir kstk icaor`teo, kb kc s`au`kbtk kmkepco
`custrirkeos föeo sk ipc`fi ci kfuif`öb (49.44) piri
(49.44) piri kvicuir ubi `btkaric.
KMKEZCO 49.1 Tkaci hkc tripkf`o fob skaekbtos
hks`auicks
Zcibtkie`kbto hkc prodckei.
49.6 sk
Ci `bnoreif`öb hk ci tidci 49.6 sk akbkrö usibho kc e`seo poc`boe`o quk sk
ut`c`zö kb kc kmkepco 49.9.
49.9. Fob ci kfuif`öb (49.44) hktkre`bk
(49.44) hktkre`bk ci `btkaric piri
kstos hitos. Tkfukrhk quk ci rkspuksti forrkfti ks 9.>8:;66.
Vocuf`öb.
V` sk ipc`fi ci kfuif`öb (49.44) i
(49.44) i cos hitos hk ci tidci 49.6 sk
49.6 sk odt`kbk
N@A[TI 49.98
Foeo cos s`au`kbtks hos skaekbtos quk vib hk x 5 :.94 i :.64 sob hk `auic
coba`tuh, su `btkaric sk ficfuci fob ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6=
Cos s`au`kbtks trks skaekbtos tied`àb sob `auicks y, por co tibto, pukhkb
kvicuirsk fob ci rkaci 6/< piri odtkbkr @ 5
5 :.414><>6. Hk eibkri s`e`cir, ci
rkaci 9/6 sk ipc`fi i cos hos skaekbtos hkshk x 5 :.88 listi :.>8 piri hir @ 5
5
:.>><81:9. N`bicekbtk, cos hos ýct`eos skaekbtos, quk sob hk h`st`bti coba`tuh,
sk kvicýib fob ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o piri hir vicorks hk :.9>>6810 y :.9401;::,
rkspkft`viekbtk.
foeo rksuctiho ubiVk `btkaric
suei kc totic
érki hk
hk 9.>:6>89.
ksos skaekbtos `bh`v`huicks
Ksto rkprkskbti ubpiri
krrortkbkr
hk ɗ 5
5
t
4.4 % quk ks ekmor ic rksuctiho quk sk odtuvo ekh`ibtk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o kb
kc kmkepco 49.1
49.1..
Iså, bo söco pkre`tk ci kvicuif`öb hk hitos fob skaekbtos hks`auicks, s`bo quk ic usir
ci `bnoreif`öb `auicekbtk kspif`ihi, sk rkhufk ic kepcko hk cis rkacis hk V`epsob.
Hk ksti eibkri, rkprkskbti ub icaor`teo dés`fo, piri toho propös`to kb ci
hktkre`bif`öb hk ci `btkaric hk hitos tiducihos.
@btkaric hodck sodrk kc érki dimo ci supkrn`f`k hk ci nubf`öb.
Cis tàfb`fis kstuh`ihis kb kstk fipåtuco (y kb kc s`au`kbtk) sk ut`c`zib piri kvicuir
`btkaricks eýct`pcks. [b kmkepco skbf`cco skråi odtkbkr ci `btkaric hodck hk ubi nubf`öb
(n`auri 49.9>
sodrk ub érki rkftibaucir (n`auri 49.9>).
).
Tkfukrhk hkc fécfuco quk h`flis `btkaricks sk pukhkb ficfucir foeo `btkaricks `tkrihis.
KMKEZCO 49.0
hktkre`bir ubi[so hk ci `btkaric
tkepkrituri hodck piri
proekh`o.
Kvicuif`öb bueàr`fi hk ubi `btkaric hodck usibho ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o fob
hos skaekbtos.
Vocuf`öb.
Zr`ekro, sk usiré ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o fob hos skaekbtos kb fihi h`ekbs`öb.
Cis tkepkrituris kb cos vicorks x y y bkfksir`os sk rkprkskbtib kb ci n`auri
49.91.. Odskrvk quk ub proekh`o s`epck hk kstos vicorks ks 81.66. Ci nubf`öb
49.91
tied`àb sk kvicýi ibicåt`fiekbtk, fuyo rksuctiho skråi ;<.>>>>1.
Ziri rkic`zir bueàr`fiekbtk ci e`sei kvicuif`öb sk kepcki pr`ekro ci rkaci hkc
tripkf`o i co cirao hk ci h`ekbs`öb x fob fihi ubo hk cos vicorks hk y. Kstos
vicorks sk `btkarib hkspuàs i co cirao hk ci h`ekbs`öb y piri hir foeo rksuctiho
n`bic 4 ><<. H`v`h`kbho àstk kbtrk kc érki sk odt`kbk ci tkepkrituri proekh`o= 4
><</(> Ñ <) 5 ;>.
Xied`àb pohkeos kepckir ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6 hk ci e`sei eibkri fob ub
soco skaekbto. Ksti `btkaric hi foeo rksuctiho hk 4 <9> y ub proekh`o hk
;<.>>>>1, quk ks kxifto. ¿Zor quà pisi ksto? Tkfukrhk quk ci rkaci hk V`epsob
9/6 h`o rksuctihos pkrnkftos fob poc`boe`os fýd`fos. Foeo kc tàre`bo hkc ariho
ZTODCKEIV
49.9 Kvicýk ci `btkaric s`au`kbtk=
i) kb norei ibicåt`fi7 d) fob ubi soci ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o7 f) fob
ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, fob b 5 4 y 87 h ) fob ubi soci
ipc`fif`öb hk ci
V`epsob 9/6, fobrkaci
b 5 hk
87 n V`epsob socikipc`fif`öb
) fob ubi9/67 ) fob ci ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck
hk ci rkaci hk ci rkaci
hk V`epsob 6/<, yhk
a )
fob ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck hk ci rkaci hk V`epsob, fob b 5 ;. Ziri cos `bf`sos d) i a )),,
hktkre`bk kc krror rkcit`vo porfkbtuic hk fihi ubi hk cis kst`eif`obks bueàr`fis,
fob disk kb kc rksuctiho hkc `bf`so i).
49.4 Kvicýk ci `btkaric s`au`kbtk=
i) kb norei ibicåt`fi7 d) fob ubi soci ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o7 f) fob
ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, fob b 5 4 y 87 h ) fob ubi soci
ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/67 k) fob ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck hk ci rkaci hk
V`epsob 9/6, fob b 5 87 n ) fob ubi soci ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci hk V`epsob 6/<7 y a )
fob ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck hk ci rkaci hk V`epsob, fob b 5 ;. Ziri fihi ubi hk cis
kst`eif`obks bueàr`fis hk cos `bf`sos d) i a ),
), hktkre`bk kc krror rkcit`vo
porfkbtuic fob disk kb kc `bf`so i).
49.6 Kvicýk ci `btkaric s`au`kbtk=
i) kb norei ibicåt`fi7 d) fob ubi soci ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o7 f) fob ci
rkaci hkc tripkf`o foepuksti, fob b 5 4 y 87 h ) fob ubi soci ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci
hk V`epsob 9/67 k) fob ci rkaci hk V`epsob 6/<7 y n ) fob ci rkaci hk Doock. Ziri
49.> @btkark ci nubf`öb s`au`kbtk tibto kb norei ibicåt`fi foeo bueàr`fi. Kepckk
cis rkacis hkc tripkf`o y hk V`epsob 9/6 piri `btkarir bueàr`fiekbtk ci nubf`öb.
Ziri iedos fisos, ut`c`fk ci vkrs`öb hk ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck, fob b 5 8. Ficfuck cos
krrorks rkcit`vos porfkbtuicks piri cos rksuctihos bueàr`fos.
49.1 @btkark ci nubf`öb s`au`kbtk tibto ibicåt`fi foeo bueàr`fiekbtk. Ziri cis
kvicuif`obks bueàr`fis usk i) ubi soci ipc`fif`öb hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, d) ci
rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6, f) ci rkaci hk V`epsob 6/<, h ) ci rkaci hk Doock, k) kc
eàtoho hkc pubto ekh`o, n ) ci nöreuci hk `btkarif`öb id`krti hk 6 skaekbtos y 4
pubtos, y a ) ci nöreuci hk `btkarif`öb id`krti hk 8 skaekbtos y 6 pubtos. Ficfuck
cos krrorks rkcit`vos porfkbtuicks hk cos rksuctihos bueàr`fos.
Kvicýk ci `btkaric
hkc tripkf`o, hk ifoed`bif`öb
y f) ubi 5 : i d 5 :.>,hkfob
cis kc
rkacis hkcitripkf`o
uso hk ) ekh`osyibicåt`fos,
hk V`epsob7d) ci rkaci
kepckk
cis rkacis hk V`epsob s`keprk quk ski pos`dck i n`b hk odtkbkr ci kxift`tuh eés
icti. Ziri cos `bf`sos d) y f), ficfuck kc krror rkcit`vo porfkbtuic (ɗ ).
t
i) kb norei ibicåt`fi7 d) fob ubi ipc`fif`öb eýct`pck hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, fob b
5 47 y f) fob ipc`fif`obks ýb`fis hk ci rkaci hk V`epsob 9/6. Ziri cos `bf`sos d) y
()
f), ficfuck kc krror rkcit`vo porfkbtuic ɗt
hobhk ^ ks
ks ci nukrzi fortibtk y x ks ci h`stibf`i i co cirao hk ci v`ai. Vk sidk quk
^ 5
5 hE/hx, y E ks
ks kc eoekbto nckx`obibtk. Ci `btkarif`öb fobhufk i ci rkcif`öb
hobhk Q ks
ks kc tridimo, p ci prks`öb, y ^ kc
kc vocuekb. Fob kc kepcko hk ubi
foed`bif`öb hk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, ci hk V`epsob 9/6, y ci hk V`epsob 6/<,
ut`c`fk cos hitos s`au`kbtks piri ficfucir kc tridimo kb gM (gM 5 gB • e)=
i) [sk ci rkaci hkc tripkf`o, d) ci ekmor foed`bif`öb hk cis rkacis hkc tripkf`o y
hk V`epsob, y f) ci `btkarif`öb ibicåt`fi hk poc`boe`os hk skaubho y tkrfkr orhkb,
hktkre`bihos por rkarks`öb.
49.44 Ci eisi totic hk ubi dirri hk hkbs`hih vir`idck ksté hihi por
49.48 Hktkre`bk kc vicor proekh`o piri cos hitos hk ci n`auri Z49.48
Z49.48..
Tkic`fk ci `btkaric quk sk bkfks`ti piri kc proekh`o kb kc orhkb quk eukstri ci
kfuif`öb s`au`kbtk=
N`auri Z49.48
9
(ZX>.4) y
Hkdkré odskrvirsk quk kc profkso rkprkskbtiho por ci kfuif`öb (ZX>.4) y ci n`auri
ZX>.4 sk
ZX>.4 sk fobofk foeo `btkarif`öb hkn`b`hi. Liy otro t`po quk sk hkboe`bi
`btkarif`öb `bhkn`b`hi, kb ci fuic bo sk kspkf`n`fib cos cåe`tks i y d. Foeo sk
ibic`ziré kb ci pirtk s`ktk, ci `btkarif`öb `bhkn`b`hi sk ofupi hk ci hktkre`bif`öb hk
ubi nubf`öb, hk ci quk sk hi su hkr`vihi.
(Flipri, Vtkvkb. Ektohos bueàr`fos piri `bakb`kros, ;tl Kh`t`ob. EfAriw-L`cc
@btkriekr`fibi, 4::1. 49).
3vdg=01:9:>9988#outc`bk(49)2