CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

𝒔𝒊𝒏𝟐 ≤ 𝟏
𝒄𝒐𝒔𝟐 ≤ 𝟏
|𝒔𝒊𝒏| ≤ 𝟏
|𝒄𝒐𝒔| ≤ 𝟏 ‫ﺣﻔﻆ‬
𝒍𝒏 𝒏 > 𝟏
𝒍𝒏 𝒏 < 𝒏
𝟏
𝒏𝟐 <𝒏
𝟐 𝟑
𝒏𝟓 < 𝒏𝟐

Examples:
2
∞ 𝑠𝑖𝑛
1- ∑𝑛=1 4 𝐶𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛 𝑡𝑒𝑠𝑡
𝑛

𝑠𝑖𝑛2 < 1 ] ÷ 𝑛4
𝑠𝑖𝑛2 1 1
< 4 𝑏𝑛 = 4 … . 𝑃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑛4 𝑛 𝑛
𝑃 = 4 > 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑠𝑖𝑛2
∴ 4 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑛

|cos 𝑛|
2- ∑∞
𝑛=1 3
𝑛2
3
|cos 𝑛| ≤ 1 ] ÷ 𝑛2
|cos 𝑛| 1 1
3 ≤ 3 𝑏𝑛 = 3 … . 𝑃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠
𝑛2 𝑛2 𝑛2
3
𝑃= < 1 𝑑𝑖𝑣 .
2
CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

6- Limit comparison test :

𝐿𝑒𝑡 � 𝑎𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑑 � 𝑏𝑛 𝑏𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 𝑤𝑖𝑡ℎ 𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑣𝑒 𝑡𝑒𝑟𝑚 𝑎𝑛𝑑

𝑎𝑛
𝑠𝑢𝑝𝑝𝑜𝑠𝑒 𝜌 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦
𝒏→∞ 𝑏
𝑛
𝐼𝑓 𝜌 𝑖𝑠 𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝜌 ≠ 0 𝑡ℎ𝑒𝑛 𝑡ℎ𝑒 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑒𝑖𝑠 𝑏𝑜𝑡ℎ 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣. 𝑜𝑟 𝑑𝑖𝑣.
Examples:
1
1- ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛
2𝑛2 −𝑛
1
𝑙𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 → 𝑃 > 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑛2
1
𝑎𝑛 2𝑛2 − 𝑛 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝑛2
𝜌 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 ] ÷ 𝒏𝟐
𝒏→∞ 𝑏 1 2
𝑛 𝒏→∞ 𝒏→∞
2𝑛 − 𝑛
𝑛2
𝟏 𝟏
= 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = → 𝝆 ≠ 𝟎 ∴ 𝒕𝒉𝒆 𝒔𝒆𝒓𝒊𝒆𝒔 𝒊𝒔 𝒄𝒐𝒏𝒗.
𝒏→∞ 𝟏 𝟐
𝟐−
𝒏
1
2- ∑∞
𝑛=1 1 𝐿𝑖𝑚𝑖𝑡 𝑐𝑜𝑚𝑝𝑎𝑟𝑖𝑠𝑜𝑛
𝑛−
4
∞
1
𝐿𝑒𝑡 𝑏𝑛 = � 𝑃 − 𝑠𝑒𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 → 𝑃 = 1 𝑑𝑖𝑣.
𝑛
𝑛=1
CHAPTER 11 INFINITE SEQUENCES AND SERIES

1
𝑎𝑛 𝑛 −1
𝜌 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 4 = 𝐥𝐢𝐦 𝒏
]÷𝒏
𝒏→∞ 𝑏 𝒏→∞ 1 𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝑛 𝒏−
𝑛 𝟒
𝟏
𝐥𝐢𝐦 =𝟏 𝒅𝒊𝒗.
𝒏→∞ 𝟏
𝟏− 𝟒
𝒏

Problems

1
1- ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛𝑠. ∶ 𝜌 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
(𝑛−1)�(𝑛−1)
1 1
2- ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛𝑠. : 𝜌 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
3(𝑛−1) −1 3

√𝑛
3- ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛𝑠. : 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑛2 +1
1
4- ∑∞
𝑛=2 𝑎𝑛𝑠. : 𝑑𝑖𝑣.
𝑛 ln(𝑛)

𝑛2 −2𝑛+1
5- ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑎𝑛𝑠. ∶ 𝜌 = 1 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑣.
𝑛4 −5𝑛+2
1
6- ∑∞
𝑛=1 𝑠𝑖𝑛 𝑎𝑛𝑠. : 𝑑𝑖𝑣.
𝑛