STUDY ON GREEN

CONCRETE

PREPARED BY: ATHARVA GANESH SOYGAONKAR

CLASS: T. E. CIVIL B
ROLL NO: 20CV113
UNDER THE GUIDANCE OF
PROF. S.A.CHAVAN
OVERVIEW OF THE PRESENTATION
 In this presentation on Green Concrete, I would
be discussing about the following aspects of green
concrete.
1. Introduction
2. Genesis
3. Advantages
4. Production
5. literature review
6. Limitations
7. Scope in India
8. Conclusions
INTRODUCTION
 Green concrete is a revolutionary topic in the
history of concrete industry. This was first invented
in Denmark in the year 1998.

 Green concrete is a type of concrete

which resembles the conventional concrete but
the production or usage of such concrete requires
minimum amount of energy and causes least
harm to the environment.

 Green concrete has nothing to do with colour.

AIM
 To reduce the carbon emission in the
environment.

 To give a healthy environment.

OBJECTIVE
 Reduction of CO2 emissions by 21 %.

 Increase the use of inorganic residual products from industries other

than the concrete industry by approx. 20%.

 Reduce the use of fossil fuels by increasing the use of waste derived
fuels in the cement industry.

 The recycling capacity of the green concrete must not be less

compared to existing concrete types.

 The production and the use of green concrete must not deteriorate the
working environment.

 The structures do not impose much harm to the environment during

their service life.
BACKGROUND
 Since concrete is the second most consumed entity after
water it accounts for around 5% of the world’s total CO2 emission.

 The CO2 emission related to concrete production, inclusive of

cement production, is between 0.1 and 0.2 t per tonne of
produced concrete.

 Though these figures might seem to be minute but owing to the

voluminous quantities of concrete produced each year, these
figures attain a colossal amount.

 Further, due to increasing eco-awareness, the concrete producers

needed a new technology that would reduce the environmental
impact of concrete rather than switching to some substitute to it.
Global Green house gas emissions in year 2022 (Gt of
CO2 equivalents)
Concrete
Industry, 1.40

Other GHGs,
14.80

Fossil Fuels,
23.90

Deforestation
, 3.94
OVERVIEW
 The increasing awareness and activity to conserve the
environment and the realisation that concrete production
too releases a considerable amount of CO 2 in the
atmosphere were strong initiatives to catalyse the genesis
of Green Concrete.

 In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol was signed which required

the countries to cut down their CO 2 emissions as assigned.

 After this, Denmark focused on cement and concrete

production because approximately 2% of Denmark’s total
CO2 emission stems from cement and concrete production.
 Cement and concrete may have an important role to play in
enabling the developed countries to fulfil their obligation to
reduce the total CO2 emission by 21 % compared to the
1990-level before 2012, as agreed at the Kyoto
conference.

 A typical cubic yard (0.7643 m3) of concrete contains about

10% by weight of cement. There have been a number of
articles written about reducing the CO 2 emissions from
concrete primarily through the use of lower amounts of
cement and higher amounts of supplementary
cementitious material (SCM) such as fly ash and slag,
which is using green concrete.

 Due to growing interest in sustainable development

engineers and architects were motivated more than ever
before to choose concrete that is more sustainable.
WHAT IS GREEN CONCRETE?
• Most people associate GREEN concrete with concrete that is
colored with pigment.
• However, it is also referred which has not yet hardened. But
in the context of this topic, green concrete is taken to mean
environmentally friendly concrete.
• This means concrete that uses less energy in its production &
produces less carbon dioxide than normal concrete is green
concrete.
 ADVANTAGES OF GREEN
CONCRETE

Green concrete has manifold advantages over the conventional

concrete.
 Reduces CO2 emissions, saves energy and waste water.

 Since it uses the recycled aggregates and materials, it

reduces the extra load in landfills and mitigates the
wastage of aggregates.

 Economy.

 Elemental to sustainable development since it is eco-

friendly itself.
 Helps in reducing the consumption of cement overall.

 The use waste materials also solve the problem of

disposing the excessive amount industrial wastes.

 Green concrete might solve some of the societies’

problems with the use of inorganic, residual products
which should otherwise be deposited.

 Use of fly ash in the concrete also increases its

workability and many other properties like durability
to an appreciable extent.
PRODUCTION OF
GREEN CONCRETE
DIFFERENT METHODS OF GREEN
CONCRETE PRODUCTION • sewage sludge.
incineration ash
residual • stone dust,
products
from
concrete slurry
other • combustion ash
industries from water
purifying plants

Green concrete Supplement • large qty of fly ash

=conventional -ary
and microsilica
cement+coarse cementitiou
-s materials • GGBS
aggregate+……

cement
with • mineralised
reduced cement
environme
ntal • limestone addition
impact
RESULTS OF STUDIES
BASED ON REPORTED
LITERATURE - I
LITERATURE REVIEW
SR. NAME OF TITLE OF PAPER PUBLICATION/ REMARK/
NO AUTHOR ISSUE NO/VOL. COMMENT

1 Neeraj RESEARCH ON IJIRMPS | Proper overview of

Agarwal, GREEN Volume 6, Issue green concrete and
Nikhil CONCRETE 4, 2018 introduction to its
Garg basic .

2 Ahmed Revision Study Basrah Journal Review based on

Sagban for Engineering the previous studies
Saadoon of Green Sciences, vol.19, of green concrete
Concrete no.2, September,
Abdulnas 2019
ser
Mohamm
ed Abbas
LITERATURE REVIEW
SR. NAME OF TITLE OF PAPER PUBLICATION/ REMARK/
NO AUTHOR ISSUE COMMENT
NO./VOL.
3. Aakash Experimental Volume 5 Issue The study
Srivastava, Study on Green IV, April 2017 highlighted the
Rajneesh Concrete experimental study
on green concrete.
Kumar

4. Anantha Green Concrete-for International It shows the future

Lekshmi M L the Future Journal of aspects of green
Engineering concrete and bright
Research & side of the
Technology construction
(IJERT) ISSN: industry in near
2278-0181 future
Published by,
www.ijert.org
RICESD - 2019
Conference
Proceedings
Volume 4, Issue
08 S
LITERATURE REVIEW
SR. NAME OF TITLE OF PUBLICATION REMARK/
NO AUTHOR PAPER S/ COMMENT
ISSUE
NO./VOL.
5. Mohammed Trends and development M.S. Imbabi et al. / It show the future
S. Imbabi in green cement and International Journal trends and
concrete technology of Sustainable Built development on green
Environment 1 (2018) concrete.
194–216

6. Dr. K. Strength Study on ISSN: 2321-9653; Deep analyzing the

Chandramouli Green Concrete IC Value: 45.98; SJ strength of green
J.Sree Naga Impact Factor: concrete and
Chaitanya ,
Dr. D. Vijaya
7.538 Volume 10 comparing it with other
Kumar, Shaik Issue VIII Aug concrete
Nizamuddin 2022
LITERATURE REVIEW
SR NAME OF TITLE OF PUBLICATIONS/ REMARK/
No. AUTHOR PAPER ISSUE NO./VOL. COMMENT

7. Mohamed Green Concrete - International It tells us about the

Nasheed N A Sustainable Journal of Science
sustainable solution in
Solution and Research
(IJSR), Volume 7 near future and also
Issue 4, April and also environment
2018, pp. 1639- friendly
1643

8. Harish Kumar Green International It gave us a proper

Journal of
Concrete: A review on the research
Manik Goyal Engineering
Literature Research & we done to analyze the
Review Technology context.
(IJERT) ISSN:
2278-0181
Published by,
www.ijert.org
RTCEC - 2018
Conference
Proceedings
THE RAW MATERIALS USED WERE
 Fly ash and slag: with 28% normal consistency and specific surface
3300 cm2/g.

 Marble sludge powder: It had a high specific surface area. Specific

gravity of the marble sludge powder is 2.212.

 Quarry rock dust: The specific gravity is 2.677. Moisture content

and bulk density of waste are less than the sand properties.

 Fine aggregate: Modulus of fineness = 2.20; Specific gravity 2.677

 Coarse aggregate: Crushed stone with a size of 5-20 mm. Flakiness

within limits.

 Water: Potable

 Super plasticizer: ‘Roff Superplast 320’ was used to get and

preserve the designed workability.
 RESULTS
Workability Comparisons
Mix Slump in mm Slump flow in mm V-funnel time in sec

Mix A (Control) 210 420 23

Mix B (Green concrete) 255 657 14

Compressive and Split tensile strength

Average Compressive Strength in N/mm 2 Split Tensile Strength in N/mm2
Mix
3 Days 7 days 28 days 3 days 7 days 28 days

Mix A
15.45 18.33 36.85 2.40 2.60 4.62
(Concrete)
Mix B (Green
13.54 19.52 40.35 2.15 2.98 5.02
Concrete)
 Durability and Resistance to Sulphate attack
Percentage of weight loss
% of water
28 days 90 days 150 days
Mix absorption
after 28 days Na2SO4 and Na2SO4 and Na2SO4 and
H2SO4 H2SO4 H2SO4
MgSO4 MgSO4 MgSO4

Mix A
2.85 1.65 2.10 2.20 2.65 2.95 3.15
(Control)
Mix B
(Green 3.74 1.15 0.80 1.95 1.10 2.10 1.80
concrete)

 In addition, the marble powder can reduce the content of

calcium aluminates in cementitious material, leading to
increase of sulphate resistance of concrete.
CONCLUSIONS
 The replacement of fine aggregate with 50% marble
sludge powder and 50% Quarry rock dust (Green
concrete) gives an excellent result in strength aspect
and quality aspect.

 Green concrete induced higher workability and it

satisfy the self compacting concrete performance
which is the slump flow is 657mm without affecting
the strength of concrete.

 The water absorption of green concrete is slightly

higher than conventional concrete.

 The durability of green concrete under sulphate is

higher to that of conventional concrete.
Five different concrete mixes were prepared with one as control.
Their mix proportion is as shown below in the table:

Control PV1 PV2 PV3 PV4

Cement Content(kg) 148 120 101 85 61

Content of Fly Ash (%) 24 50 50 60 70

Content of Micro Silica (%) 6 - 6 6 6

CO2 reduction - 18 31 41 57

Water/Cement 0.71 0.78 0.80 0.70 0.74

The fly ash content was increased from 24 to 70%, resulting in a

reduction of CO2 emission from 18 to 57%.

These mixes were then subjected to a passive environment and their

strength development was analyzed.

Passive signifies dry atmosphere with no risk of corossion.

STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT IN PASSIVE
ENVIRONMENT

35
Compressive Strength (MPa)

30

25

20 Control
PV1
15 PV2
10 PV3
PV4
5

0
48 168 672 1344
Time (h)
Six different concrete mixes were prepared with one as control.
Their mix proportion is as shown below in the table:

Control AV1 AV2 AV3 AV4 AV5

Cement Content(kg) 309 274 272 219 190 189

Content of Fly Ash (%) 9 9 18 30 40 40

Content of Micro Silica (%) 5 5 5 5 5 5

CO2 reduction - 33 33 46 54 54

Water/Cement 0.37 0.421 0.42 0.42 0.42 0.42

The fly ash content was increased from 9 to 40% resulting in a

reduction of CO2 emission from 33 to 54%.

These mixes were then subjected to a aggressive environment and

their strength development was analyzed.

Aggressive: Moist atmosphere, with significant alkaline and/or

chloride influence on the concrete surface or where there is risk of
water saturation combined with frost.
STRENGTH DEVELOPMENT IN AGGRESSIVE
ENVIRONMENT
70
Compressive Strength (MPa)

60

50
Control
40 AV1
30 AV2
AV3
20 AV4
10 AV5

0
48 168 672 1344
Time (h)
INFERENCES
 The figures show that PV4, which has a fly ash
content of 70%, has strength that is far too low: it
appears that the fly ash content must not exceed
approximately 60%. Even so, the strength
development is still too slow. As regards the
concrete in the aggressive environmental class,
the strength development is similar for all
concrete types. However, preliminary testing
indicates that the high-volume fly ash concrete
might have problems with frost resistance.
LIMITATIONS OF GREEN
CONCRETE
 The cardinal concern is its durability.

 Split tension of green concrete is less than that of

conventional concrete.

 Susceptible to frost action.

SCOPE IN INDIA
 Concrete is an indispensible entity for a developing
country like India which desperately needs a
continuously expanding infrastructure. India is
the second largest producer of cement in the
world.

 India would be facing an exponential growth in the

concrete demand by 2011.
Cement Demand (Mt/annum)

Year GDPtotal GDPindustry GDPconstruction GDPaverage

2001 103.0 107.6 106.2 105.6

2006 139.5 148.7 150.8 146.3

2011 186.9 204.2 210.4 200.5

THE NET CO2 EMISSIONS FROM THE CONSTRUCTION
AGENCY ARE GREATER THAN ANY OTHER INDUSTRY.
Operation of Operation
building, of business
10.20% facilities,
9.90%
Construction
work, 1.30%

Transportatio
n for Other
construction, Industries,
5.00% 62.70%
Production of
materials for
construction,
10.90%
 India being a developing country produces concrete in
gargantuan quantities which result in huge volumes of CO 2
being emitted into the atmosphere each year.

 In order to act in a responsible manner towards a

sustainable development of the nation, Green concrete is
the need of the hour.

 The total energy consumption (a rough estimate of the net

CO2 emissions) during the manufacture of cement in India
is tabulated as below:
Fuel Units 1991-92 1992-93 1993-94
Electricity GWh 4800.52 6420.97 6754.60
Coal Mt 10.8 11.7 11.1
Petroleum
Mt 0.293 0.296 0.291
Products
Total
Cement Mt 53.6 54.1 58.0
Production
 The other advantageous factor is economy.

 As green concrete is made with concrete wastes and

recycled aggregates, which are cheaper than
conventional substitutes, and also with most of the
industries facing problems with their waste
disposal, put it out of the question to discard it.

 The above facts clearly state a wide and promising

scope of Green Concrete in the near future in our
country.
CONCLUSIONS
 The presentation has given us an overview of the
green concrete.

 The urgency in the environmental matters have

forced us to resort to the resource saving and eco-
friendly practices. Green concrete fulfills both the
criteria.

 It is realistic to assume that the technology can be

developed, which can halve the CO2 emission
related to concrete production, and with the large
energy consumption of concrete and the following
large emission of CO2 this will mean a potential
reduction of total CO2 emission by 2%.
 The net emission from a typical ton of concrete
emits 0.1 to 0.2 ton of CO2 .

 So whatever way one looks at it focusing on just the

production of concrete accounts for a very small
percent of overall CO2 emissions.

 However one should keep in mind that whatever

CO2 emission reductions that are possible will still
account for at best a 2% global CO2 reduction
(assuming a challenging 21% reduction in global
CO2 emissions).
Thank You