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• Dissolved Gases
• One to six percent of a magma by weight
• Mainly water vapor and carbon dioxide
Figure 4.6 A
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Pyroclastic Materials
Figure 4.7 A
Volcanoes
• General features
• Opening at the summit of a volcano
– Crater – steep-walled depression at the summit,
generally less than 1 kilometer in diameter
– Caldera – a summit depression typically greater than 1
kilometer in diameter, produced by collapse following
a massive eruption
• Vent – opening connected to the magma
chamber via a pipe
Figure 4.9
• 3 Types of volcanoes
• Shield volcano
– Broad, slightly dome-shaped
– Composed primarily of basaltic lava
– Generally cover large areas
– Produced by mild eruptions of large volumes of
lava
– Mauna Loa on Hawaii is a good example
Figure 4.13
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• Types of volcanoes
• Cinder cone
– Built from ejected lava (mainly cinder-sized)
fragments
– Steep slope angle
– Rather small size
– Frequently occur in groups
Volcanoes Volcanoes
• Composite cones, continued
• Types of volcanoes –Most violent type of activity (e.g., Mt. Vesuvius)
• Composite cone (stratovolcano) –Often produce a pyroclastic flow
–Most are located adjacent to the Pacific »Fiery pyroclastic flow made of hot gases
Ocean (e.g., Fujiyama, Mount St. Helens) infused with ash and other debris
–Large, classic-shaped volcano (thousands of »Move down the slopes of a volcano at speeds
feet high and several miles wide at base) up to 200 km per hour
–May produce a lahar, which is a volcanic mudflow
–Composed of interbedded lava flows and
layers of pyroclastic debris
A Composite Volcano
A Pyroclastic
Flow -
Mt. Unzen
Figure 4.11 Figure 4.21 B
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A pyroclastic
flow on Mt. St.
Helens
Pompeii –
Mount Vesuvius
Figure 4.24
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Figure 4.14
• Lava Domes
• Bulbous mass of congealed lava
• Most are associated with explosive eruptions
of gas-rich magma
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The Columbia
River basalts
Figure 4.28 A
Figure 4.27
Figure 4.29
Figure 4.31
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Figure 4.32
Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity Plate Tectonics and Igneous Activity
• Igneous activity along plate margins • Igneous activity along plate margins
– Subduction zones
– Spreading centers • Occurs with deep oceanic trenches where
• The greatest volume of volcanic rock is descending plate partially melts
produced along the oceanic ridge system • Magma slowly moves upward
• Rising magma can form either
• Mechanism of spreading- » An island arc if in the ocean
» Lithosphere pulls apart » A volcanic arc if on a continental margin
» Less pressure on underlying rocks • Associated with the Pacific Ocean Basin
» Results in partial melting of mantle » Region around the margin is known as the Ring of
Fire. Many explosive volcanoes.
» Large quantities of basaltic magma are
produced
Figure 4.20
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Figure 4.35
Figure 4.33
End of Chapter 4