LECTURE 4: MINERALs and rocks

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MINERALS AND ROCKS
The planet on which we live can be seen
Types of Rocks
as a large rock or as a large sphere Igneous, Sedimentary, Metamorphic
composed of many types of rocks IGNEOUS ROCK
What is the difference of Rocks and Minerals • formed from the cooling and
ROCKS solidification of magma or lava
• Rocks are composed of tiny fragments 2 types:
of one or more materials 1. CRYSTALINE
• These materials are minerals, which o Intrusive or Plutonic Rocks
result from the interaction of different - Have large crystals
chemical elements (pressure and - Texture is phaneritic
temperature) - Greek word “phaneros”> Visible
- The longer the cooling time the
• Both rocks and minerals are studied in
larger the crystals formed.
the branches of geology called
PETROLOGY and MINERALOGY
• From a chemical perspective
-a mineral is a homogeneous substance
-a rock is composed of different
chemical substances, which in turn are
components of minerals.
It is possible to distinguish between rocks and
minerals.
MINERALS
• An inorganic naturally occurring solid
that has a definite chemical composition
and an ordered internal structure (atomic o Extrusive or Volcanic Rocks
structure) - Has small or no crystals because
• Mineralogy of fast cooling.
Characteristics of a mineral: - Could be glassy or vesicular (with
air bubbles)
• Color - Aphanitic texture
• Hardness - Greek word “aphaneros” > not
• Luster visible
2. PYROLASTIC
• Streak • Volcanic tuff rocks
• Cleavage / fracture - Greek word “pyro”>fire
• Others (magnetic property, odor, - Greek word “klastos”>shattered
etc. ) - Texture is the result of lithification
of erupted volcanic materials
WHAT ARE MINERALS ? - Distinguished by its particles
-are building blocks of rocks component.
WHAT IS A ROCK ?
1. Solid mass of mineral or mineral-like
matter occurring naturally as a part
of our planet.
2. Naturally occurring, coherent
aggregate of minerals such as natural
glass or organic matter.
3. Found in the lithosphere
4. Perology
 SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
• formed from the compaction and
cementation of sediments
3 types:
1. CLASTIC
- classified according to sediment
size
- Form from the lithification of rock
and mineral fragments.
2. CRYSTALLINE
- forms from evaporation
precipitation of minerals in water
3. BIOCALASTIC
- forms from the compaction and
cementation of organic matter
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
• Formed from the exposure to the
intense heat and/ or pressure.
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHISM :
CONTACT METAMORPHISM
-caused by direct contact with the heat, magma
or lava.
REGIONAL METAMORPHISM
- caused by internal pressure
2 TYPES OF METAMORPHIC ROCKS :
FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- undergo regional metamorphism
(pressure)
o Mineral alignment
- minerals line up as a result of
intense pressure
o Banding
- Under even greater pressure,
minerals separate into dark and
light stripes called bands.
NON-FOLIATED METAMORPHIC ROCKS
- Can undergo regional
metamorphism and/ or contact
metamorphism
 ROCK CYCLE
- Occurs on the Earth’s surface and
interior
- a model that describes all the
processes by which rocks are
forms, modified, transported,
decomposed, melted, and
reformed
 LECTURE 5: MINERALS AND Resources
ORES
• Materials from which one or more Metamorphic Rocks
valuable substances can be extracted Form a new mineral by reaction between the :
economically. contact rock and the escaping high
Metallic temperature gaseous emanation
- Gold with other important minerals from the magma
- Silver
- Copper
- Lead
- Zinc
- Iron
- Aluminum
Non-Metallic
- Sand
- Gravel
- Gypsum
- Halite
- Dimension Stone chamber

Magmatic Process
- One minerals are concentrated within a body of
igneous rock by magmatic processes
- crystal fractionation and crystal setting

WHAT ARE DEPOSITS?

Naturally occurring accumulations or
concentration of metals or minerals or sufficient
size and concentration that have economic
value.
HOW DO DEPOSITS FORM?
Kimberlite Eruption
1. Hydrothermal fluid circulation
2. Metamorphic processes - Kimberlite magmas
- Form pipes or diatreme as they erupt
3. Magmatic processes
- Rich in Carbon dioxide and water- brings the
4. Kimberlite Eruption
magma quickly and violently in the surface
5. Chemical Sedimentary Processes
6. Hydraulic Sorting
Chemical Sedimentary Process
7. Chemical Weathering
-Chemical precipitation from lake or seawater
-Minerals containing valuable substances are
Hydrothermal fluid
precipitated directly out of the water.
forms mineral deposits as a result of cooling of
hydrothermal fluids when it passes through open
spaces like cavities, pores, cracks, fissures, etc.
of the host rocks
 Hydraulic Sorting
-The velocity of flowing water determines 4. DESIGNING AND CONSTRUCTING
whether minerals are carries in suspension THE MINE
-Low velocity = large minerals or high-density • Surface Mining
minerals deposited (Placer Deposits) Open Pit
- Large excavation to the air
- Less expensive
- Less dangerous

Chemical Weathering
-Leaching removes ions from the rock elements
that are not leached will occur in higher
concentration in the residual rock

Strip Mining
- Same with the open pit but
shallower
- A cycle of stripping off overburden,
then replacing with the waste back
MINING - Waste fraction is almost constant

1. PROSPECTING AND EXPLORATION

- evidence of metal enrichment
Color
- enrichment often results in
discoloration of the soil and rock.
Geophysical Surveys
- Magnetism
- Gravity
- Radioactivity
Geochemical Surveys
- Water
- Stream sediment
- Soil
- Biota
2. DRILLING
• Core drilling
- To collect subsurface samples
Underground Mining
- To determine the grade of the ore
- vertical shaft = adit
- To determine the extent of an ore
- Ores are removed from the walls of
- To determine how it will be mined
the tunnels by drilling and lasting
3. MODELLING AND IDENTIFYING AND
- Excavated ores are hauled to the
ASSESING THE POTENTIAL
surface for processing
IMPACTS
- More expensive
- More dangerous
5. ORE EXTRACTION AND MILLING

6. MINE SITE DECOMISSIONING

• Hydropower plant
• Ecotourism park

LOCAL MINERALS
• Tetrahedrite – Tennantite
• Chrysocolla, Malachite
• Feldspar
• Chromite
• Limonite-Hematite
• Magnetite
• Laterite with Nickel
• Chalcopyrite
• Malachite, Azurite
• Metallurgical chromite
• Leopard type chromite
• Fish Scale Hematite
• Magnetite Sand
• Garnierite
• Muscovite Mica
• Calcite
• Pyrite
• Sulfur
• Quartz
• Pyrolusite
• Alabaster
• Selenite
• Quartz vein with Gold
• Gold nuggets
 LECTURE 6: ENERGY SOURCES
SOURCES OF ENERGY

1. Renewable Energy
- Can be replenished over fairly
short spans of time
2. Non-Renewable Energy
- Take millions of years to form and
accumulate

Renewable Energy
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
• Earth’s internal heat as source of WIND ENERGY
energy. • Wind- movement of the air caused by
• Heat inside the Earth is leftover differences in atmospheric pressure
energy from its formation. • Short duration: high speed wind, Gust
• Long duration; various strength:
Breeze, Gale, Storm, hurricane
• Wind flows or air current produces
mechanical power
• wind farms- collection of individual
wind turbines
• Clean energy source
- no air or water pollution
- No fuel burned

HYDROTHERMAL ENERGY
• Hydropower- power generated by the
energy from falling water or fast running
water
• Generetaed by hydroelectricity
SOLAR ENERGY
• Comes from the sun
• Solar collector- converts solar energy
to electricity
• Clean energy source
- fuel free
- No air or water pollution
- No greenhouse gases
 Non-Renewable Energy
FOSSIL FUELS
• Hydrocarbons that may be used as fuel.
• Formed from the remains of plants
and animals that died millions of
years ago.
• Coal
• Petroleum
• Natural Gas

BIOMASS
• Biological material derived from living or
recently deceased organisms
- Dendrothermal
- Alcogas
- Biogas
• Disadvantages:
- May lead to soil degradation,
erosion, and desertification
- may cause eutrophication and fish
kills
- Energy expenditure might be
higher than energy produced
COAL
• Made up of elemental carbon,
hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, and sulfur
• Peat – precursor of coal containing
• 50% carbon
• Lignite – soft, dark- brown, low-rank
• with 70% carbon
• Bituminous – dull, black, mid-rank
• with 70% carbon.
• Anthracite – shiny, black, high-rank
• with 95% carbon.
• Energy = carbon content

PETROLEUM AND NATURAL GAS

Petroleum
- Naturally occurring liquid made up
of hydrocarbon
- Found underneath the Earth’s
Surface
Natural Gas
- Made up of methane
- Lighter than air
- Highly flammable
FOSSIL FUELS AND CARBON CYCLE

NUCLEAR ENERGY
• Fission – splitting of heavy atoms into
lighter atoms
• Fusion – combination of two light
atoms to form heavier atom.