 It is formed lava.

When a volcano erupts,

magma is spewed out onto earth’s surface.
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
 They are formed when sediments accumulate
layer by layer over thousands and even million
of years. These sediments are broken down by
wind or water and carried away to different
places.
 Fossil organism are found in it.
Types of sedimentary rocks
Rock is a natural occurring aggregate of one or more  CLASTIC- It is formed from the compaction
mineral or mineral materials. and cementation of other pieces of rocks.
Rocks are broadly classified into 3 groups based on  Example:shale
their process formation
 ORGANIC- It is formed from the remains of
 Igneous Rocks plants and animals.
 Plutonic Rocks  Example: coal
 Volcanic Rocks  CHEMICAL- It is formed from solvent that
 Metamorphic Rocks evaporate and leave behind precipitation.

 Texture  Example: limestone, gypsum

 Mineralogical METAMORPHIC ROCK

 Chemical  They are formed when tremendous heat and

pressure from deep within Earth cause a
 Sedimentary Rocks chemical change in the composition of
 Clastic igneous, sedimentary and even metamorphic
rocks.
 Chemical
THE PHYSICAL AND CHEMICAL
 Organic PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
IGNEOUS ROCKS Mineralogy
 When a molten rocks or magma from  Mineralogy is the study of minerals.
volcanoes undergoes crystallization.
 Minerals are the building blocks of rocks.
 They are naturally formed, generally
inorganic, crystalline solid composed of an
ordered array atoms having a specific
chemical composition.
Mineral, therefore, can be described as follows:
 a) inorganic - formed by natural geological
processes
 b) formed in nature
 INTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK-It is formed when  c) solids - crystalline substance that are solid
magma, found hundreds of feet deep beneath at certain temperature on the Earth’s surface
Earth’s surface, solidifies before it comes
close to the surface.  d) atoms have the same crystalline pattern
and with specific chemical composition
EXTRUSIVE IGNEOUS ROCK
  e) crystalline atoms are arranged in an
orderly repetitive manner, and
 f) can be represented by a chemical formula
Physical Properties of Minerals
A. LUSTER
It refers to the way light is reflected from a
mineral’s surface. Some have a metallic surface
such as gold, silver, and copper. Others are
described as vitreous or glassy, pearly, silky,
resinous, and earthy or dull.
B. HARDNESS
 It is the mineral’s resistance to being
scratched.
 The harder ones are difficult to scratch while
the others are less resistant to scratches.
 Frederich Moh, a German mineralogist,
prepared a scale of hardness with numbers
1-10 in the increasing hardness.
C. STREAK
 Streak is the color of the mineral in powder
form.
 In cases when the color of minerals appear
different because of trace particles inside
them, scientists would pulverize them to get
their true color.
 In this case, the color of the minerals become
more visible and clearer. However,
pulverizing minerals is tedious and makes the
minerals lose their integrity.
D. COLOR
 Color is one of the most obvious property of
minerals, but it is often of limited diagnostic
value, especially in minerals that are not
opaque.
 While many metallic and earthy minerals
have distinctive colors, translucent or
transparent minerals can vary widely in
color.
 Quartz, for example, can vary from colorless
to white to yellow to gray to pink to purple
to black.
E. Cleavage and Fracture
Cleavage is the tendency of minerals to break along
planes of weak bonding. It is described by the
number of planes exhibited and the angles at which
they meet.
 Fracture minerals do not exhibit cleavage but
are said to fracture when broken.
 Some break like glass, some into splinters or
fiber.
f. Specific Gravity
 The specific gravity of a mineral is the weight
of that mineral divided by the weight of an
equal volume of water.
 The specific gravity of water is equal to 1.0.
Chemical Properties of Minerals
a. Silicate Class
Silicate class is the largest and most abundant group
containing silicon and oxygen with some aluminum,
magnesium, iron, and calcium.
 Silicate minerals are classified as being
either ferromagnesian or non-
ferromagnesian depending on whether or not
they have iron (Fe) and/or magnesium (Mg) in
their formula
b. Carbonate Class
 Carbonate class is mostly deposited in
marine environments.
 Minerals belonging to this group are formed
from the shells of dead plankton and other
marine organisms.
c. Sulphate Class
 Sulphate class forms in areas with high
evaporation rates and where salty waters
slowly evaporate.
 During this process, the formation of
sulphates and halides in water-sediment
interface occurs.
d. Halide Class
 Halide class contains natural salts.
 Minerals in this class have relatively low
hardness, may be transparent, have good
cleavage, have low specific gravities, and are
poor conductors.
 The halides group of minerals are salts of
sodium, fluoride, and hydrochloric acid. The
 minerals halite, sylvite, and carnallite from
this group contain exclusive chloride having
petrogenic significance.
 Halite (NaCl) is the mineral form of sodium
chloride and is commonly known as rock salt.
e. Oxide Class
 Oxide class is a diverse class. These minerals
are important as they carry histories of
changes in Earth’s magnetic field.
 They are formed as precipitates close to
Earth’s surface or as oxidation products of
minerals during the process of weathering.
 The oxide mineral class includes those
minerals in which the oxide anion (O ) is
2−
bonded to one or more metal alloys.
 Magnetic minerals, typically iron oxides and
some iron sulfides, preserve a record of the
ancient magnetic field of planetary bodies
and, as such, carry a wealth of geoscientific
information. Hematite (ferric iron oxide) is a
common magnetic mineral on Earth and Mars
f. Sulphide Class
 Sulphide class has important metals such as
copper, lead, and silver which are considered
economically significant.
 These metals are found in electric wires,
industrial materials, and other things that
are needed in construction.
g. Phosphate Class
 Phosphate class contains minerals with
phosphorus.
 The phosphate class is considered an
important biological mineral found in the
teeth and bones of many animals.
h. Native Element Class
 Native element class contains intermetallic
elements (e.g., gold, silver, and copper),
semimetals, non-metals (e.g., antimony,
bismuth, graphite, and sulphur) or natural
alloys, and constituents of a few rare
meteorites.
 An intermetallic (also called an intermetallic
compound, intermetallic alloy, ordered
intermetallic alloy, and a long-range-ordered
alloy) is a type of metallic alloy that forms an
ordered solid-state compound between two
or more metallic elements.
Uses of Some Common Minerals
1. Silica
 They are used in heat-ray lamps, prism and
spectrographic lenses.
 It is also used in manufacturing glass, paints,
abrasives, refractory materials and precision
instrument.
2. Silver
 It is used in coins and medals, electrical and
electronic devices, industrial applications,
jewelry, silverware and photography.
 Silver bromide is used in photography as a
component of an emulsion that helps develop
a photographic image.
3. Aluminum
 it is the most abundant metal element in
Earth’s crust.
 It is used in transportation (automobiles),
packaging, building/construction, electrical,
machinery and other applications.
4. Copper
 It is widely used in building construction;
electric and electronic products (cables and
wires, switches, plumbing heating);
transportation equipment; roofing; chemical
and pharmaceutical machinery; and alloys
(brass, bronze and beryllium alloyed with
copper are particularly vibration resistant);
alloy castings; electroplated protective
coatings; and undercoats for nickel,
chromium, zinc, etc.
 More recently, copper is being used in
medical equipment due to its anti- microbial
properties.
5. Gold
 It is used in jewelry and arts; dentistry and
medicine; medallions and coins and as an
electrolyte in the electroplating industry.
6. Feldspar
 It is a rock-forming mineral that is
industrially important in glass and ceramic
industries, patter and enamelware, soaps,
bond for abrasive wheels, cements,
insulating compositions, fertilizer, tarred
roofing materials, and as a sizing, or filler, in
textiles and paper.
  In pottery and glass, feldspar functions as a
flux.
7. Gypsum
 It is processed and used as prefabricated
wallboard or an industrial or building plaster;
used in cement manufacturing; agriculture
and other uses.
8. Halite (sodium chloride salt)
 It is used in human and animal diet, both a
seasoning and a preservative. It is also used
to prepare sodium hydroxide, soda ash,
caustic soda, hydrochloric acid, chlorine,
metallic sodium, ceramic glazes, mineral
waters, soap manufacturing, home water
softeners, highway de-icing, photography
and in scientific equipment for optical parts.
9. Lead
 It is used in lead-acid batteries, tanks, solders
and seals or bearings.
 It is also used in electrical and electronic
applications (TV tubes and glass),
construction, communications and protective
coatings, ballast or weights, ceramics or
crystal glass, X-ray and gamma radiation
shielding, soundproofing material and
ammunition.
10. Vanadium
 It use is primarily as an alloying agent for
iron and steel, accounting for about 94
percent of domestic vanadium consumption.
Energy defines the capacity of a system to do work.
Energy is intimately related to power.
Energy exists in everybody whether they are human
beings or animals or non living things. e g: Jet, Light,
Machines etc..
FOSSIL FUEL
 are natural sources of fuel that formed
through geological processes.
 They have been used as sources of heat and
medicine by early civilizations.
 They remain as primary sources of energy
until today.
 Fossil fuels are deposits of organisms
(biomass) that are primarily used for energy
generation.
 They are formed millions of years ago.
 They form when the remains of organisms are
buried under layers of sediments immediately
after they perished.
 Fossil fuels were able to form because the
remains of the different organisms
experienced only little to partial
decomposition.
 Fully decomposed remains turn to humus
instead.
 As these sediments build up, heat and
pressure increase prompting changes in the
biomass.
 Finally, the remains convert to the final form
of fossil fuels.
TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS
NONRENEWABLE RESOURCES
A nonrenewable resource is a natural resource that
cannot be re-made or re-grown at a scale comparable
to its consumption.
The span of producing these non renewable source of
energy is a lot longer that the time spent in consuming
them.
COAL, CRUDE OIL, AND GAS
Coal, crude oil, and natural gas are considered
nonrenewable because they can not be replenished in
a short period of time. These are called fossil fuels.
CRUDE OIL
 Crude oil is unrefined petroleum extracted
from the underground reservoirs.
 It can be treated to form other products such
as gasoline, plastics, and tar.
What is natural gas?
Natural gas occurs deep beneath the earth's surface.
Natural gas consists mainly of methane, a compound
with one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms.
Natural gas also contains small amounts of
hydrocarbon liquid gas and nonhydrocarbon gases.
We use natural gas as a fuel and to make materials
and chemicals.
It is a fossil fuel in gaseous state. Mainly composed of
methane. The use of NG is becoming more and more
popular. Commercial, industrial, residential. Cann be
used in the form of LPG.
Natural gas is a naturally occurring hydrocarbon gas
made up of methane and other alkanes such as
butane and propane. Natural gas can be used as fuel
for cooking and generating electricity. Crude oil and
natural gas
are from marine organisms.
HOW ARE OIL AND GAS MADE ???
COAL
 Coal is a flammable black hard rock used as a
solid fossil fuel. It is mainly made up of 65-
95% carbon and also contains hydrogen,
sulphur, oxygen and nitrogen. It is a
sedimentary rock formed from peat, by the
pressure of rocks laid down later on top.
 Coal is a rock-like material made from plant
matter that lived in swampy areas and is
widely used as a fuel.
COAL IS WIDELY USED AS FOSSIL FUEL BCOZ IT IS
ABUNDANT AND AFFORDABLE. THOUGH IT’S A
NONRENEWABLE IT HAS THE LARGEST RESERVE
AROUND THE WORLD.
HOW IS COAL MADE ???
TYPES AND FORMATION OF COAL
PEAT
 It is an accumulation of plant organic
materials that only partially decomposed due
to exposure to water and carbon dioxide.
 It is recognizable due to the evidence of plant
remains and water.
 Peat is quite unconventional to use because
it needs to be dried out and it produces large
amounts of smoke.
Lignite
 Lignite coal, aka brown coal, is the lowest
grade coal with the least concentration of
carbon. Lignite has a low heating value and a
high moisture content and is mainly used in
electricity generation.
 It is formed when increased pressure from
sediments transforms peat. It still has traces
of plant remains. It is abundant but used only
when more efficient fuels are unavailable.
Bituminous
 forms when even more pressure is applied
to lignite. No trace of plant materials can be
observed in this stage. It is the most
abundant form of coal and a major source of
heat energy.
Anthracite
 is the last stage of coal formation. It has the
hardest consistency among the stages of
coal. This form resulted from extreme
pressure and high temperature on the layers
of sediments. Anthracite burns with a short
flame and only produces a little smoke.
 Anthracite, also known as hard coal and
black coal, is a hard, compact variety of coal
that has a submetallic lustre. It has the
highest carbon content, the fewest
impurities, and the highest energy density of
all types of coal
ENERGY SOURCES
GEOTHERMAL ENERGY
 GEOTHERMAL ENERGY has been used for
thousands of years in some countries for
cooking and heating.
 It is simply power derived from the
Earth’s internal heat.
  This thermal energy is contained in the
rock and fluids beneath Earth’s crust.
 geothermal comes from the Greek words
geo (earth) and thermos (heat).
 It covers all techniques used to recover
the heat that is naturally present in the
Earth’s subsurface.
 About half this thermal (or “heat”) energy
comes from the residual heat produced
when the planet was formed 4.5 billion  Thermal energy, contained in earth, can
years ago and about half from natural be used directly to supply heat or can be
radioactivity. converted to mechanical or electrical
energy.
The Different Types of Geothermal Energy
Types of geothermal power plants:
Geothermal technologies differ with the
temperature of geothermal water, which DRY STEAM
determines what can be done with it:
the oldest geothermal technology, takes steam
 1 out of fractures in the ground and uses it to
directly drive a turbine
 At 20 °C to 90 °C, geothermal heat and
water are used for geothermal heating. FLASH PLANT
This is called low-temperature geothermal
 Flash plants pull deep, high-pressure hot
energy.
water into cooler, low-pressure water.
2 The steam that results from this process is
used to drive the turbine.
 At 90 °C to 160 °C, the water is used on
the surface in liquid form. BINARY PLANT
 It transfers its heat to another fluid, which  In binary plants, the hot water is passed
vaporizes at low temperature and drives a by a secondary fluid with a much lower
turbine to generate power. boiling point than water.
 This is called medium – temperature  This causes the secondary fluid to turn to
geothermal energy. vapor, which then drives a turbine.
3  Most geothermal power plants in the
future will be binary plants.
 Attemperaturesabove160 °C, the water
turns into steam when it reaches the Flash steam Power Plant
Earth’s surface.
 Flash steam plants are the most common
 It drives turbines to generate power. type of geothermal power generation
plants in operation today.
 This is called high – temperature
geothermal energy.  Fluid at temperatures greater than 360 °F
(182 °C) is pumped under high pressure
 Medium and high – temperature
into a tank at the surface held at a much
geothermal energy is used in a wide
lower pressure, causing some of the fluid
variety of applications. In industry, for
to rapidly vaporize, or "flash. “
example, geothermal water and steam
can be used to wash and dry wool.  The vapor then drives a turbine, which
drives a generator. If any liquid remains in
 They can also be used to manufacture
pulp or treat biomass.
 the tank, it can be flashed again in a
second tank to extract even more energy.
Binary Cycle Power Plant
 Binary cycle geothermal power generation
plants differ from Dry Steam and Flash
Steam systems in that the water or steam
from the geothermal reservoir never
comes in contact with the
turbine/generator units.
 Low to moderately heated (below 400°F)
geothermal fluid and a secondary (hence,
"binary") fluid with a much lower boiling
point that water pass through a heat
exchanger.
 Heat from the geothermal fluid causes the
secondary fluid to flash to vapor, which
then drives the turbines and
subsequently, the generators.
HYDROPOWER, the Leading Renewable Energy
 Hydropower, or hydro energy, is a form of
renewable energy that uses the water
stored in dams, as well as flowing in rivers
to create electricity in hydropower plants.
 The falling water rotates blades of a
turbine, which then spins a generator that
converts the mechanical energy of the
spinning turbine into electrical energy.
 Hydroelectric power is a significant
component of electricity production
worldwide.
 Water energy encompasses both plants
installed on land—on rivers and lakes—
and ocean energy, which is still being
developed and harnesses the force of
waves, tides, and currents.
 Widely used for decades, hydropower
plants are the world’s leading renewable
energy source, producing 83% of
renewable power.
The three main types of hydropower plants:
Impoundment facilities
 Impoundment facilities are the most
common technology which uses a dam to
create a large reservoir of water.
 Electricity is made when water passes
through turbines in the dam.
Pumped storage facilities
 Pumped storage facilities are similar but
have a second reservoir below the dam.
 Water can be pumped from the lower
reservoir to the upper reservoir, storing
energy for use at a later time.
Run-of River facilities
 Run-of River facilities rely more on natural
water flow rates, diverting just a portion
of river water through turbines,
sometimes without the use of a dam or
reservoirs.
 Since run-of-river hydro is subject to
natural water variability, it is more
intermittent than dammed hydro.
The three main components of hydroelectric
power plant:
 A dam that creates a large waterfall and
stores enough water to always supply the
plant. It also helps to regulate flooding
aside from producing and storing energy.
 A penstock that channels water from its
natural environment (river or lake) to
supply the dam reservoir. It may be an
open channel, a tunnel or pipeline.
 A powerhouse that houses the turbines
driven by the waterfall and the generator
driven by the turbines.
Advantages of Hydropower Plant
 Hydropower is fueled by water, so it's a
clean fuel source, meaning it won't pollute
the airlike power plants that burn fossil
fuels, such as coal or natural gas.
 Hydroelectric power is a domestic source
of energy, allowing each state to produce
their own energy without being reliant on
international fuel sources.
 The energy generated through
hydropower relies on the water cycle,
which is driven by the sun, making it a
renewable power source, making it a
 more reliable and affordable source than
fossil fuels that are rapidly being depleted.
Advantages of Hydropower Plant
 Impoundment hydropower creates
reservoirs that offer a variety of
recreational opportunities, notably
fishing, swimming, and boating. Most
waterpower installations are required to
provide some public access to the
reservoir to allow the public to take
advantage of these opportunities.
 Some hydropower facilities can quickly go
from zero power to maximum output.
Because hydropower plants can generate
power to the grid immediately, they
provide essential back-up power during
major electricity outages or disruptions.
Advantages of Hydropower Plant
 In addition to a sustainable fuel source,
hydropower efforts produce a number of
benefits, such as flood control, irrigation,
and water supply.
Water Resources
The Vastness of Earth's Water Resources
Did you know that about 71 percent of the Earth's
surface is covered in water? It's a staggering amount
that's difficult to comprehend. The total water
resources on our planet equal approximately 326
million cubic miles, with each cubic mile containing
roughly 1 trillion gallons of water. To visualize just one
trillion gallons, imagine an astonishing 40 million
swimming pools or a mind-boggling 24 billion baths.
Now, multiply those numbers by 326 million!
Of all of this water, only about 2.5 percent is
freshwater: the other 97.5 percent is saltwater.
Almost 69 percent of fresh water resources are tied
up in glaciers and an icecap, about 30 percent is
groundwater, and a mere 0.27 percent is surface
water. While all kinds of water resources are
important for the survival of the planet, accessible
freshwater is especially important for humans.
Saltwater – 97.5%
Most of the water on Earth is saltwater, which is
about 97.5 % of the total water resources on the
planet. Unfortunately, humans can't use it directly.
Humans cannot use saltwater directly – which you
probably know if you’ve ever swallowed ocean water
and felt sick afterward. Before humans can use
saltwater for drinking or farmland irrigation, it must
be treated to remove the salts, through a process
called desalinization. Desalinization is costly and
requires a lot of energy, but for places that are
extremely dry this process can provide people with
much-needed freshwater.
 Desalination is the process by which the
dissolved mineral salts in water are removed.
Currently, this process, applied to seawater, is
one of the most used to obtain fresh water for
human consumption or agricultural purposes.
The Salty Seas and Oceans
Did you know that roughly 97.5 percent of the Earth's
water is saltwater? The most abundant ions found in
saltwater are chloride and sodium, but there are
many other ions and elements present as well,
including magnesium, sulfur, calcium, potassium, and
more. These ions create salts, which give oceans, seas,
and some lakes their salty or saline characteristic.
Ice - 2.06%
Ice Caps and Glaciers
Ice caps and glaciers store most of the freshwater on
Earth. Scientists can study them to learn about the
Earth's climate.
Permanent Snow and Permafrost
Regions with permanent snow and permafrost have
large deposits of freshwater, which are crucial for the
survival of Arctic and Antarctic wildlife.
 Approximately 90% the Earth’s ice is in
Antarctica.
 Ice seems motionless but many ice features
move and flow, just very slowly.
 Ice caps and glaciers form in layers, as snow
and frozen water is deposited over long
periods of time. As each layer forms, gasses,
dust, and other molecules get trapped,
forming a record of the climate conditions
that year. Climate scientists can drill deep into
ice caps and glaciers to analyze how the
Earth’s climate has changed over millions of
years.
The Frozen Reserves of Freshwater
Most of the freshwater on Earth is actually frozen,
stored in ice caps, glaciers, and snowy regions. In fact,
if all of this frozen freshwater were to melt at once,
the sea level would rise by about 6 meters (20 feet).
Even the ice floating in oceans and seas is made of
freshwater, because saltwater freezes at lower
temperatures than freshwater. This frozen freshwater
is an important reserve, and its study can provide
insights into the Earth's climate.
Groundwater - 0.9%
Groundwater can be thousands of years old and is
found almost everywhere on Earth. It's an essential
resource for drinking and farming, but pollution and
overuse have put it at risk.
 Nearly anywhere you can stand on the Earth’s
surface, there is water in the ground
underneath your feet.
 Water from rain trickles downward through
the soil until it reaches material that is already
saturated with water.
The Precious Resource of Groundwater
Aquifers, the places where groundwater collects in
water wells, are an important source of freshwater for
human use. However, over-use, pollution, and sea
level rise threaten this precious resource. The Great
Artesian Basin in Australia is one of the world's largest
and deepest aquifers, covering 1.7 million square
kilometers (660,000 square miles) or 23% of the
Australian continent. Humans rely heavily on
groundwater for drinking, farming, and other uses, so
it's important to protect and manage this vital
resource.
Lakes - 0.008%
Recreation
Lakes offer a variety of recreational activities like
swimming, boating, and fishing.
Water Supply
Many freshwater lakes are used for drinking water,
hydroelectric power generation, and irrigation
purposes.
 Lakes – 0.008%
 Lakes are just one type of surface-water –
water that is
 easily accessible and visible on the surface of
the Earth. Lakes
 form where water runoff from rain and snow
accumulates. In
 some places, lakes form in areas where
groundwater seeps up
 to the surface.
Lakes: Surface-Water Wonder
Lakes are a fascinating type of surface-water that can
be found all over the Earth. They form when water
runoff from rain and snow accumulates, or in places
where groundwater seeps up to the surface. Lakes
come in various shapes and sizes and can contain
either salty or fresh water. They provide not only
recreational activities like swimming, boating, and
fishing, but also serve as essential sources of water
supply for drinking, power generation, and irrigation
purposes.
Wetlands - 0.001%
Diversity
Wetlands are teeming with organisms and are home
to a wide variety of plant and animal species.
Functions
Wetlands are important for water filtration, erosion
control, and flood control.
Threats
Human activities like land development and pollution
have destroyed more than half of all wetlands on the
planet.
Wetlands: Nature's Waterlogged Wonders
 Wetlands occur in areas where water covers
the soil for varying periods of time.
 This phenomenon can occur along coastlines
where tides move water back and forth over
the land, and in areas that are prone to
flooding such as low lying areas around lakes
and rivers.
 Wetlands also fill important roles such as
nursery habitats for fish, resting places for
migrating birds, and buffer zones from storm
damage.
Rivers - 0.0002%
Importance
Rivers have been an important resource for humans
throughout history, serving as a mode of
transportation and a source of freshwater.
Hydroelectricity
Rivers can be harnessed for electricity generation
using hydropower.
Tourism
Rivers are popular tourist destinations for activities
such as rafting, kayaking, and boating.
Rivers: Nature's Lifelines
Rivers play a crucial role in our planet's ecosystem.
Formed by the downhill flow of water, they provide a
habitat for a wide variety of plant and animal species.
Despite making up a small portion of Earth's water
resources, rivers continue to be vital for humans. They
serve as transit systems for exploration and
transporting goods, generate power through
hydroelectricity, offer recreational opportunities, and
most importantly, provide a source of freshwater.
Human Activities that Affect the Water Quality and
Availability
1. Long time drought
This is a natural instance, where perhaps we humans
do not have control of.
That is why in many areas in our locality people makes
dam as artificial storage for water in time of drought.
 They usually direct water flow through
irrigation canals leading to their farms
particularly rice fields.
 There are also natural water sources like
rivers and likes. But never-the-less, they might
just dry –up if dry season takes too long.
Wasteful / excessive use
This is one of the major human activities which need
to be addressed.
 This is one of the major human activities
which need to be addressed.
 Simply turning-off the faucets after using is
already a gesture of showing concern on
saving water.
Mismanagement of water source
 A particular locality has to have a good
community water association that would
manage the utilization and maintenance of
water for the continuous consumption of all
residents.
Pollution
 Water pollution is considered a factor for
water scarcity, thus we must be well-guided in
making sure not to contaminate our bodies of
water.
WATER QUALITY
 Water quality would basically refer to the
safeness of water we consume or use for
talking a bath or washing. It may also imply
the safeness of aquatic organisms.
Lets talk about water quality
 Pollution is a change in air, water, or even
land that might cause harm to the living
things. Usually when we hear water pollution,
we picture out floating water bottles and
plastics which is also indeed a form of water
pollution but still manageable compared to
those chemicals combining with the water
already.
 There are other forms of water pollution
which is more complicated like acid rains,
chemicals from factories and disease-causing
microorganisms.
 Imagine yourself swimming in the pool full of
vinegars, how
 would it feel? It might cleanse your skin but it
might reach to the point that it would irritate
and harm your skin because of too much
acidity.
Acid Rain
 Rain water for instance is becoming more
acidic nowadays.
 Acid rain is the condition in which rain
becomes acidic because of too much acid in
the atmosphere accumulating in it.
 Many human activities are responsible for the
change in rainwater.
 Chemical fertilizers release nitrogen oxides to
the air.
 Industrial plants and automobile exhausts give
off sulfur and nitrogen oxides. Both types of
oxides combine with water in the air. They
eventually mixed with rain thus causing
acidity.
Chemicals
 Most chemicals come from big factories but it
may also come from us in our daily activities
such using of detergents from washed
clothes, bleaches and fertilizers.
 fertilizers. This will result to the formation of
too much algae. When algae die they are
decomposed by bacteria, which require much
oxygen. With lesser oxygen, aquatic creatures
may die.
Sediments
 These sediments fill in water-ways, harbors,
and reservoirs.
 They keep sunlight from reaching underwater
plants and decrease plant growth. Fishes that
depend on these plants die.
  Erosion and runoff from the agriculture and
construction deposit trillion of kilograms of
sediments in United States water each year.
Disease Causing Organisms
 Sewage contains viruses and germs that cause
disease in human and animals. If the sewage
is not properly treated, disease can spread.
 The wastes from farm animals, meat packing
plants and leather-making industries also
release harmful organisms in the streams.
Salt water intrusion
 when the saline water moves into fresh water
aquifers, which the main source of drinking
water in coastalnareas, it often leads
contamination. Intrusion of salt
waterbhappens naturally because of the
varying densities of salt water and fresh
water. However, when the demand for fresh
water is greater than the natural recharge
rate of the aquifer (primarily)though, the rest
of saltwater intrusion increases, leading to the
depletion of usable ground water.To mitigate
the effects of saltwater intrusion, injection
wells are built where fresh water is injected.
The addition of freshwater in injection wells
creates a hydraulic pressure or barrier to
saltwater intrusion.