EVENT 1 FROZEN ACID & INTERMEDIET STONE

Asfira Anugrah
Practice Mineralogy and Petrology

ABSTRACT
Petrology is a branch of geology that deals with the rocks that make up the earth's crust, such as their
causes or genes. Rocks are aggressions or collections of minerals (similar or not similar) which, in a
certain proportion, are usually not homogeneous and also do not have a fixed chemical composition and
physical properties and are formed in nature. Meanwhile, minerals are homogeneous solid materials
formed by nature consisting of organic or inorganic materials which have certain physical and chemical
properties. Igneous rock is rock formed from the freezing of magma / lava or crystallization of minerals in
the form of aggression and interlocking. Igneous rock can be classified based on the process in which it is
formed and also based on its chemical properties and mineral composition. In this practicum, we will find
out things about acid igneous rocks and intermediates. Starting from the physical and chemical properties
of the rock, mineral composition, rock structure, how the rocks are named based on certain classifications,
and the uses of these rocks.

I. PRELIMINARY organic or inorganic materials which have

Mineralogy can be defined as organic
solid material that occurs naturally, which
consists of chemical elements in a certain
ratio, where the atoms in it are arranged
according to a systematic pattern. The study
of studying everything about minerals is
called "Mineralogy", in which it also
includes knowledge about "Crystals", which
are the main elements in mineral
composition.
Petrology is a branch of geology that
discusses the rocks that make up the earth's
crust, such as the causes or ways of
occurring (genesa) in their formation, their
types and their relationship to geology.
Rocks are aggressions or collections of
minerals (similar or not similar) which, in a
certain proportion, are usually not
homogeneous and also do not have a fixed
chemical composition and physical
properties and are formed in nature.
Meanwhile, minerals are homogeneous solid
materials formed by nature consisting of
certain physical and chemical properties.
Igneous rocks can be classified based on
their chemical properties and mineral
composition, including acid igneous rocks,
intermediate igneous rocks, alkaline igneous
rocks, and ultra-alkaline igneous rocks.
Based on the chemical properties of these
igneous rocks, it has actually been used by
many people in everyday life. However,
most people only know how to use it. In this
case, a laboratory practicum is carried out to
find out things about acid igneous rocks and
these intermediates. Starting from the
physical and chemical properties of the rock,
mineral composition, rock structure, how the
rocks are named based on certain
classifications, and the uses of these rocks.
The purpose of this practicum is to identify
rock demonstration samples that have been
provided, to find out the characteristics or
chemical properties of the rock,
II. LITERATURE REVIEW
Definition of frozen rock
 Igneous rock is rock formed from the
freezing of magma / lava or crystallization
of minerals in the form of aggression and
interlocking (Assistant Team, 2021).
Igneous comes from the word ignis
which means fire or incandescent, because
magma is a hot and incandescent silicate
material found in the earth. Igneous rock is
rock that comes from the freezing process of
magma and is a collection of interlocking
silicate mineral aggregates from magma
cooling, the occurrence of igneous rocks can
be in the earth, namely plutonic igneous
rocks or intrusive igneous rocks or can occur
near the surface or surface of the earth,
namely rocks volcanic igneous, or extrusive
igneous rock (Amin, 2014).
Igneous rock is rock that is formed as a
result of freezing magma. Based on where it
occurs, igneous rocks are divided into two
types, namely intrusive rocks and extrusive
rocks (Melisa, et al. 2017).
Frozen Rock Formation Process
Magma Differentiation
Magma differentiation is the process of
separating homogeneous magma in fractions
with different compositions due to the
following effects:
a. Migration of ions or molecules in magma
b. Transfer of gases
c. Separation of magma fluid, with other
magma fluids
d. Filterpressing: transfer of residual liquid
to another magma.
Assimilation
Assimilation is the reaction or dissolving
process between magma and the
surrounding rock (Wall Rock). This
generally occurs in alkaline magma
intrusions against acidic rocks, for example
the reaction of gabroid magma intrusion
with granitic rocks to produce diorite
(intermediate) igneous rocks (Team
Assistant, 2021).
Mixing Process Of Magma
Volcanic rock and shallow intrusion can
be produced by a mixture of partially
crystallized magma, for example basalt,
andesite, and rhyolite occurs by the presence
of replacement where the rapid eruption of a
crater hole. Usually in these rocks are found
phenocryst and zoning plagioclase which is
rich in Ca at its core.
Basic minerals (rich in Mg and Ca)
crystallize before acidic minerals (rich in Na
and K). During crystallization there is
always a tendency to maintain an
equilibrium between the solid and liquid
phases. In this case, the initially formed
crystals will react with the liquid, thus
changing its composition. This reaction
occurs continuously in the crystallization of
acid plagioclase minerals. Other parties react
suddenly at a certain temperature, in the
crystallization of ferromagnetic minerals
(mafic minerals) called "discontinuous
series" eg olivine becomes hypersthene,
augite becomes hornblende (Assistant Team,
2021).
On cooling magma, not everything
freezes immediately, this freezing takes
place gradually depending on the decrease in
temperature. At certain times, magma forms
rapidly to produce minerals, most of which
are gel (gel base mass). The freezing of
minerals caused by a decrease in
temperature in the magma body is arranged
by Bowen, known as the Bowen Reaction
Series (Milson, 2003), where this reaction
describes the process of mineral formation
during slow cooling of magma so that the
magma undergoes specific reactions both in
shape and form. the size of the crystal
(Suroyo, 2019).
Below is a diagram of the "BOWN
REACTION SERIES"
Bowen Reaction Series Pictures
Igneous Rock Forming Minerals
Haldar. SK, (2014) states: Minerals are
homogeneous objects with an orderly
arrangement of atoms and a crystallized
atomic structure. Minerals are an integral
part of the Earth's crust, and have a constant
chemical composition that can be expressed
by chemical formulas. Under specific
conditions of temperature and pressure,
minerals have stable physical properties.
Basically igneous rock is composed of
six mineral groups such as olivine, pyroxine,
ampibole, mica, feldspar and quartz. In
igneous rocks the constituent elements
include Si, Al, Ca, Na, K, Fe, Mg and O2.
Flint (1997) states that the composition of
magma from chemical analysis shows a
range of 45% to 75% SiO2 (Flint, 1997 in
Andreas, 2018).
The composition of igneous rock (99%)
consists of the main elements oxygen,
silicon, aluminum, calcium, sodium,
potassium and magnesium. These elements
form silicate minerals, namely feldspar,
olivine, pyroxene, amphibole, quartz and
mica. The mineral composition of rocks is
related to the nature of the rock color. Rocks
that contain lots of silica and alumina
minerals will tend to be light in color, while
those that contain lots of magnesium, iron
and calcium generally have a dark color
(Tantowi, 2018).
Acidic rocks with a SiO2 content higher
than 66 wt%); such rocks are also riche in
alkalis Na, K, and often in iron (sometimes
ferric iron) and hygromagmaphiles elements
(F, B, Zr, Nb, Sn, W); acid rocks are often
felsic rocks, which is a different notion
referring to their mineralogy and not to their
chemistry; intermediate rocks, with a SiO2
content comprised between 52 and 66 wt%;
basic rocks (SiO2 between 45 and 52 wt%);
ultrabasic rocks (SiO2 <45%) (Demange,
2012).
a. Quartz
This mineral has the chemical formula
Si02, has a horizontal line on the side of
its crystal plane, is clear in color, bleak
white and others. It crystallizes in the
hexagonal system, hardness 7, generally
the crystal form is not good (anhedral),
and the type of gloss is like glass.
b. Feldspar
Feldspar minerals are divided into 2
groups, namely K Feldspar (K AI
Si3O8) and Plagioclase (Na, Ca)
AlSi3O8. F Feldspar consists of
orthoclast, microcline, sanidine,
adularia, and anortoclast minerals, which
are pale red, white, flesh red, and gray in
color. Viterus luster, good cleavage area,
usually 2 directions, and a hardness of 6
on the Mohs scale.
Plagioclase has physical characteristics
of white or gray color and others. Two-
way hemispheric vitreous shine, and the
 hardness is 6 on the Mohs scale. This
mineral consists of plagioclase calcite
(anortite, bitownite, labradorite, and
andesine) and a small amount of
plagioclase (albite, oligoclast, and
andesine).
c. Feldspatoid
It is a substitute for the mineral feldspar
because it is formed under conditions
where SiO2 is lacking. This mineral
consists of leusite, nephelin, sodalite,
and cancrinite. White or bluish gray in
color and 6 Mohs scale hardness.
d. Mika (Glimmer)
Consists of muscovie (white), biotite
(black), plogopit (brown). Hardness 2-3
mohs scale, one-way cleavage.
e. Amphibole
Amphibole is a long prismatic mineral
form six sided, blackish green color, 2-
way cleavage, vitreous luster, 5-6 Mohs
scale hardness and the most important of
this group is hornblende.
f. Pyroxene
Pyroxene is a short, eight-sided
prismatic mineral. Brown to black,
hardness 5 -6 mohs scale, consisting of
the minerals enstatite, hypersthene,
diopsid, and augite. 2-way slice.
g. Olivine
Green, brownish yellow, hardness 6 to 7.
Acidic Igneous Rocks, these igneous
rocks contain more than 66% silicate, are
rich in alkaline elements and less calcium /
lime and ferro-magnesium minerals,
generally light in color. Examples of rocks:
Granite, Aplite, Pegmatite, Rhyolite,
Obsidian, Pumice, Syenite, Trachyte.
Intermediate Igneous Rocks, these
igneous rocks contain silicate minerals
between 52 - 66% the ratio between
minerals rich in alkaline, lime and
ferromagnesian minerals begins to appear.
The stones are usually light to dark.
Frozen Rock Texture
Based on the place of freezing,
igneous rocks are divided into
extrusive and intrusive igneous
rocks. This in turn will cause
differences in the texture of each of
these rocks (Noor, 2012)
a. Crystallization, Crystallization is the
level of minerals in a rock which
includes holocrystalline (composed of
clearly visible crystals), hypocrystalline
(composed of part crystals and part
glass), and holohyalin (composed
entirely of amorphous / glass minerals).
b. Granulity, Granulity is the degree of
mineral crystal grain that makes up the
rock which includes:
1) Faneritik: the constituent mineral
crystals can be clearly distinguished by
the ordinary eye or with the help of a
loup.
2) Porphyritic: the presence of large
minerals (phenocrysts) in the basic mass.
Divided into 2 types, namely
Phaneroporitic (phenocrysts contained in
the faneritic base mass of CMV crystals)
and Porphyroafanitics (phenocrysts
contained in the affanitic base mass of
crystals).
3) Afanitic
Discristalline: crystals of the constituent
minerals that are indistinguishable from
ordinary eyes or loup.
Cryptocristaline: its constituent
components consist of minerals whose
crystals are so fine that they cannot be
distinguished by an ordinary
microscope.
c. Fabric, Fabric is the relationship
between the crystals or the arrangement
of the crystals with one another.
1) Crystal form: the basis of the clarity
and shape of the boundary plane of
mineral crystals in terms of two-
dimensional appearance individually, is
divided into 3, namely Euhedral (the
shape of the boundary plane of a well-
ordered and clearly visible crystal),
Subhedral (the shape of the boundary
plane of the crystal varies, the
combination from the irregular shape the
mineral boundary is still visible),
Anhedral (the shape of the boundary
plane of the crystal does not show the
sides).
2) Relation, Relationship is the
relationship between crystal grains to
one another, which includes
Equigranular (the grain size of the
crystals that make up the rock is almost
the same as the size, and Inequigranular
(the grain size of the crystals that make
up the rock is not the same).
Igneous Rock Structures
Igneous rock structure is the
appearance / shape and composition
of the frozen which includes:
a. Massive / compact structures, namely
the compact arrangement of minerals in
the rock, do not show the presence of
pores, mineral alignments or flow forms.
b. The structure due to the release of
volatile materials, consists of:
Vesiculation, which is a structure that
shows the presence of holes due to the
release of gas bubbles from the magma,
is divided into 3, namely:
1) Vesiculation: Structure showing
angled holes
2) Scoria: A highly porous and irregular
structure in the base mass of a glass,
generally showing rounded holes
3) Pumiceous: Froth structure with
longitudinal holes indicating the
direction of foam flow.
Amygdaloidal, which is an igneous rock
structure, where the holes in the rock due
to the release of gas have been filled
with secondary minerals.
c. The surface structure of the solution
phase includes:
1) Xenolith, which is a structure that
shows the presence of foreign rocks in a
rock
2) Pillow, namely a thin spheroidal
appearance that is not continuous or a
collection of ellipsoidal-ellipsoidal like a
pillow.
III.METHODOLOGY
Mineralogy and Petrology
Practicum Event 1 Acid &
Intermediate Frozen Rocks will be
held on March 6, 2021 starting at
09.00 at the Department of
Geography, Faculty of Mathematics
and Natural Sciences, Makassar
State University.
Literature review
This stage is the stage where we
have not identified the mineral
display. At this stage, we only
prepare tools and materials in the
form of writing tools, practicum
worksheets (LKP), fenton
 classification tables, cameras,
practicum manuals that can support
the practicum to identify the physical
and chemical characteristics of the
rock. We also prepare five rock
modeling samples each to identify
each physical and chemical feature
of the rock.
Practice
At this stage we observe the
demonstration sample to gather
information about the physical and
chemical characteristics of the
observed rock before analyzing the
data.
Data analysis
At this stage we identify five
rock samples, to obtain information
in the form of physical
characteristics (color, texture,
structure), chemical characteristics
(minerals), how to describe crystal
and mineral elements, mineral
crystal values, field indices and
crystal classes and minerals in these
igneous rocks.
IV. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
Sample 1 (Andesite)
Andesite rock image
Sample No. sequence 1 no. display 62
has a fresh grayish-white color and a
reddish-brown weathered color. The
crystallization texture is Hypocrystalline.
The granularity is Phaneritic. Furthermore,
Fabrik, which is seen from the shape of the
crystal, this rock is included in Euhedral -
Anhedral. With Inequigranular relations. Its
structure is Vesicular. The mineral
composition contained in this rock is white
quartz with a long prismatic shape of 40%.
The second mineral, pyroxine, is black with
a prismatic form of 15%. And the last
mineral is plagioclase, which is milky white
with a sheet shape of 45%. Based on the
results of observations made and in
accordance with Fenton's classification, it
can be concluded that the name of the rock
is Andesite (Quartz Diorite).
Andesite is found in lava flows produced
by stratovulkano. Lava that rises to the
surface will experience a rapid cooling
process, this is what causes the texture of the
andesite to become smoother. Andesites are
generally formed after "melting" (melting /
melting) of oceanic plates due to subduction.
Subduction that causes "melting" in this
zone is a source of magma which when it
rises to the surface will form andesite.
Andesites can also form further away from
subduction zone environments. Andesites
can also form during eruptions in structures
in continental plates where the source
magma melts in the continental crust or
mixes with continental magma. In
conclusion, there are many other
environments in which andesite could
possibly have formed.
Andesite stone is widely used in
megalithic buildings, temples and pyramids.
Likewise, many tools from prehistoric times
use this material, for example: sarcophagi,
punden terraces, stone mortars, stone tables,
statues, etc. Nowadays andesite stone is still
used as material for Chinese graves, mortar,
herbal mortar, garden cupola / lampshade
and statues for decoration. One of the
andesite stone craft centers is Magelang.
Sample 2 (Granite)
Granite rock image
Sample No. sequence 2, no. display 56
has a fresh gray white color and a yellowish
brown weathered color. The crystallization
texture is Holocrystalline. The granularity is
Faneritic. Furthermore, Fabrik, which is
seen from the crystal shape, this rock is
included in Subhedral with Equigranular
relations. The structure is massive /
compact. The mineral composition
contained in this rock, namely Hornblende,
has a glossy black color with a 20% long
prismatic shape, bright white plagioclase
with 15% sheet shape, and white pink
orthoclase with a 65% prismatic shape.
Based on the results of observations made
and in accordance with Fenton's
classification, it can be concluded that the
name of the rock is Granite (Granite
Pegmatite).
Granite rocks belong to the category of
intrusive igneous rock. The process of
forming granite rocks begins with the
movement of magma from the magma
chamber. After that the magma comes under
pressure from below. Magma which is
lighter than other rocks is continuously
pressed so that it moves upward toward the
earth's surface. The magma movement stops
only below the soil layer because the
pressure applied is too small. Magma that is
in the layers of the earth's crust gradually
undergoes a crystallization process because
the temperature near the earth's surface is
lower than the temperature in the magma
chamber. After experiencing the
crystallization process, the magma will
freeze and become granite, which is a type
of igneous rock.
The nature of granite, which is hard and
strong, makes this rock widely used in
various fields. People often mine granite.
Even granite is one of the types of rock that
is most often sought after as dimensional
rock, namely pieces of natural stone in the
form of thick slabs or blocks of a certain
length and width. Nowadays granite can be
found easily by miners, even though it is
located deep in the earth's crust. The acidic
nature of granite makes this rock resistant to
acid rain so it is widely used in the field of
building construction. In addition, granite is
also used as a reference for measuring tools,
building interiors, building exteriors, and
materials for sculpture.
Sample 3 (Dasit)
Drawing of dacite rock
Sample No. sequence 3 with no. Exhibit
19 has a fresh light gray color and a
weathered yellowish gray color. The
crystallization texture is Holocrystalline.
The granularity is Faneritic. Furthermore,
Fabrik, which is seen from the crystal shape,
this rock is included in Subhedral - Euhedral
with Inequigranular relations. The structure
is massive / compact. The mineral
composition contained in this rock is the
first: Plagioclase, which is grayish white
with a sheet shape of 65%. The second
mineral, Hornblende, is shiny black with a
long prismatic shape of 15%. The next
mineral, namely glossy white quartz with a
20% prismatic shape. Based on the results of
observations made and in accordance with
Syenite rock image
Fenton's classification, it can be concluded
Sample No. sequence 4 with
that the name of the rock is Dasit.
no. This exhibit 47 has a fresh gray
Dacites generally develop in subduction
color and a reddish yellow weathered
zones, namely on relatively young oceanic
color. Has a crystallized texture,
plates submerged beneath continental plates.
namely Holocrystalline. The
When the oceanic plate descends into the
granularity is Porphyroafanitic.
Earth's mantle, it will experience partial
Furthermore, Fabrik, which is seen
melting (melting) along with the liberation
from the shape of the crystal, this
of magma water which also facilitates
rock is included in the Anhedral-
melting of surrounding rocks. Dacite magma
Subhedral with Inequigranular
is sometimes involved with explosive
relations. The structure is massive /
eruptions. Dacite magma is viscous and
compact. The mineral composition
sometimes contains abundant gas can cause
contained in this rock is the first:
explosive eruptions when the magma
Quartz is shiny white with a 20%
reaches the surface. Whereas dacitic magma
prismatic shape. Hornblende is
is thick with a little gas will come out in the
glossy black in color with an 80%
form of thick lava flows and slowly form a
prismatic shape. Orthoclasts are 50%
steep dome above the volcanic vents.
short prismatic gray white. Based on
Dacite is usually used as an aggregate
the results of observations made and
(crushed rock / crushed stone). Dacite
in accordance with Fenton's
aggregate can be used as a fill material in
classification, it can be concluded
various construction projects. However, it
that the name of the rock is Syenite.
should be noted that this rock is very bad
Syenites are formed in areas of
when used as an aggregate for concrete
the thick continental crust which fall
mixtures because the high silica content
into a cordillant subduction zone on
when reacting with cement chemistry will
Earth. It can also be said that rock
reduce the binding capacity of the concrete.
syenite is a product of the activity of
Sample 4 (Syenit)
alkaline igneous rocks. When
protoliths from igneous rock melt at
a lower melt rate than the partial
melt form, syenite is produced. The
melting process occurs because the
potassium element is compatible and
 tends to melt first. Melt from
forming unsaturated silica will be
produced if the degree of melt is
lower than that of partial melt. This
unsaturated silica will later form
nephiline syenite rock in the form of
orthoclasts which are replaced by
feldspatoid. The crystals of anortite
under certain conditions will
precipitate from the overall liquid
magma which occurs in the process
of forming the cumulate-type rock
when it cools. As a result of this
formation process, the silica will be
drastically reduced in the remaining
melt that occurs. Syenite formation
will occur with the support of the
separation between the silica and the
melt.
Syenite stone is more widely
used in building affairs. Also used as
a stone ornament for walls and floors
of buildings or for split stone for
building foundations / roads.
Sample 5 (Granite)
Granite rock image
Sample No. sequence 5 with no. This
display 63 has a fresh gray white color and a
grayish brown weathered color. Has a
crystallized texture, namely Holocrystalline.
The granularity is Faneroporfiritik.
Furthermore, Fabrik, which is seen from the
shape of the crystal, this rock is included in
the Anhedral-Subhedral. Judging from the
relation, namely Equigranular. The rock
structure is massive. The mineral
composition contained in this rock is the
first: black pyroxine with a short prismatic
shape as much as 60%. The second mineral,
namely orthoclase, is white-gray in color
with a prismatic shape as much as 40%.
Based on the results of observations made
and in accordance with Fenton's
classification, it can be concluded that the
name of the rock is Granite.
Granite rocks are initiated by the
movement of magma from the magma
chamber. After that the magma comes under
pressure from below. Magma which is
lighter than other rocks is continuously
pressed so that it moves upward toward the
earth's surface. The magma movement stops
only below the soil layer because the
pressure applied is too small. Magma that is
in the layers of the earth's crust gradually
undergoes a crystallization process because
the temperature near the earth's surface is
lower than the temperature in the magma
chamber. After experiencing the
crystallization process, the magma will
freeze and become granite, which is a type
of igneous rock.
People often mine granite. Even granite
is one of the types of rock that is most often
sought after as dimensional rock, namely
pieces of natural stone in the form of thick
slabs or blocks of a certain length and width.
The acidic nature of granite makes this rock
resistant to acid rain so it is widely used in
the field of building construction. In
addition, granite is also used as a reference
for measuring tools, building interiors,
building exteriors, and materials for
sculpture.
V. CLOSING
Conclusion
 Based on the results of practicum on the
observation and identification of igneous
rocks, it can be concluded that acid and
intermediate igneous rocks can be grouped
based on their constituent colors and
minerals. Of the 5 samples that have been
observed, it can be grouped that there are
samples that are acid igneous rocks, namely
syenite and granite. While the other samples
are intermediate igneous rocks. This can be
seen from the color of the rocks, which are
usually light to dark.
In identifying igneous rock, it is usually
divided into 4 character categories, namely
color, texture, structure, and mineral
composition of the rock forming it.
BIBLIOGRAPHY
Alexandros Andreas, Ardian Putra. 2018.,
Comparison of the Characteristics of
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and Mount Talang, Journal of Physics
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Mathematics and Natural Sciences, Andalas
University, Padang
Michel Demange., 2012. MINERALOGY
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and Occurrences of Rock-Forming
Minerals). NEW YORK. CRC PRESS
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Pasau Guntur., 2017. Anisotropy Analysis of
Magnetic Susceptibility of Igneous Rocks
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(SVM). Journal of the Tetrika. 3 (1): 37-42
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Drs. M. Mustaghfirin Amin, MBA., 2014.

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Introduction to mineralogy and petrology.
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