Assignment

In
Science

Jhune Dominique P. Galang

VII-James

Mrs. Riza M. Fontelera

Science teacher

1. Define rocks.
 Rock (mineral) is naturally occurring solid material consisting of one or more minerals. Minerals are
solid, naturally occurring chemical elements or compounds that are homogenous, meaning they have a definite
chemical composition and a very regular arrangement of atoms. Rocks are everywhere, in the ground, forming
mountains, and at the bottom of the oceans. Earth’s outer layer, or crust, is made mostly of rock. Some common
rocks include granite and basalt.
2. Describe and give examples of igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic rocks.
Igneous Rock, rock formed when molten or partially molten material, called magma, cools and
solidifies. Igneous rocks are one of the three main types of rocks; the other types are sedimentary rocks and
metamorphic rocks. Of the three types of rocks, only igneous rocks are formed from melted material. The two
most common types of igneous rocks are granite and basalt. Granite is light colored and is composed of large
crystals of the minerals quartz, feldspar, and mica. Basalt is dark and contains minute crystals of the minerals
olivine, pyroxene, and feldspar.
Rocks formed within the earth are called intrusive or plutonic rocks because the magma from which
they form often intrudes into the neighboring rock. Rocks formed at the surface of the earth are called extrusive
rocks. In extrusive rocks, the magma has extruded, or erupted, through a volcano or fissure.
Geologists can tell the difference between intrusive and extrusive rocks by the size of their crystals:
crystals in intrusive rocks are larger than those in extrusive rocks. The crystals in intrusive rocks are larger
because the magma that forms them is insulated by the surrounding rock and therefore cools slowly. This slow
cooling gives the crystals time to grow larger. Extrusive rocks cool rapidly, so the crystals are very small. In
some cases, the magma cools so rapidly that crystals have no time to form, and the magma hardens in an
amorphous glass, such as obsidian.

Examples: of Igneous Rocks:

Pegmatite Granite

Sedimentary Rock, in geology, rock composed of geologically reworked materials, formed by the
accumulation and consolidation of mineral and particulate matter deposited by the action of water or, less
frequently, wind or glacial ice. Most sedimentary rocks are characterized by parallel or discordant bedding that
reflects variations in either the rate of deposition of the material or the nature of the matter that is deposited.
Sedimentary rocks are classified according to their manner of origin into mechanical or chemical
sedimentary rocks. Mechanical rocks, or fragmental rocks, are composed of mineral particles produced by the
mechanical disintegration of other rocks and transported, without chemical deterioration, by flowing water.
They are carried into larger bodies of water, where they are deposited in layers. Shale, sandstone, and
conglomerate are common sedimentary rocks of mechanical origin.

Examples of Sedimentary Rocks:

Graded Bedding Limestone

Sandstone

Metamorphic Rock is type of rock formed when rocky material experiences intense heat and pressure
in the crust of the earth. Metamorphic rocks are one of the three main groups of rocks. The other two groups are
igneous rocks, which form when magma or molten lava solidifies, and sedimentary rocks, which form when
wind or water deposit sediments and the sediments become compacted. Through the metamorphic process, both
igneous rocks and sedimentary rocks can change into metamorphic rocks, and a metamorphic rock can change
into another type of metamorphic rock. Heat and pressure do not change the chemical makeup of the parent
rocks but they do change the mineral structure and physical properties of those rocks. By studying the
composition and texture of metamorphic rocks, geologists can determine from what parent rocks the
metamorphic rocks were formed.

Example of Metamorphic Rocks:

Micaschist, Quartzite and Marble Gneiss