RIO BLANCO, A NEWLY DISCOVERED PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN NORTHERN PERU
RIO BLANCO, A NEWLY DISCOVERED PORPHYRY
COPPER DEPOSIT IN NORTHERN PERU
ABSTRACT
Rio Blanco is a virgin porphyry copper discovery, located in Peru
along the Ecuador border at the north end of a belt of copper
systems that includes porphyry Cu-Mo, porphyry Cu-Au and high-
sulfidation types. To date, Minera Coripacha has conducted regional-
and prospect-scale stream sediment sampling, rock and soil sampling
and geological mapping, and has drilled 18 DDHs totaling
5,367m.
This work has defined a protore system about 1 Km in diameter
exceeding 0.4% Cu cutoff with important Mo credits. The system
formed within a composite porphyry complex of intermediate composition
(RBPC) that intruded the Portachuela batholith of lower Miocene age.
Intrusive breccias with distal crackle breccia and stockwork halos formed
in the southern portion of the porphyry complex. The breccias and
stockworks controlled texture-destructive quartz-sericite-pyrite alteration
(TDQSP) with associated chalcopyrite and molybdenite. The TDQSP
zone is located within a chlorite-clay alteration halo. Potassic alteration
is unknown. The protore is zoned with low pyrite:chalcopyrite (<3) and
high Mo (>120ppm) in the core, grading outward to higher zinc and
pyrite:chalcopyrite and lower copper and molybdenum. Polymetallic
veins and veinlets of Cu-Zn-Au-Ag-As-Sb occur in the outer periphery
for a distance of >5 Km.
Chalcocite-covellite enrichment, grading in excess of 1% Cu and
up to 134 m thick, underlies a 100-150 meter leached capping grading
about 0.03% Cu. The chalcocite zone is best developed beneath the
ridges, and copper appears to be lost below leached capping on the
steep flanks. The enrichment is interpreted to be single-cycle formed
during an earlier, more arid climate.
Bleached, altered porphyry, near absence of limonites and copper
oxide minerals, moderately anomalous Cu, strongly anomalous Mo and
below-background zinc values characterize the infrequent outcrops of
the system’s center. Molybdenum values exceeding 120 ppm, even in
deeply weathered material, best define the Cu-Mo system.
Eric Braun
Gustavo Calvo
César Riofrio
MINERA CYPRUS ANTACORI
Rio Blanco is a porphyry Cu-Mo system containing low Au and As.
The presence of andalusite, diaspore and pyrophyllite, intense QSP
alteration and absence of potassic alteration indicate a shallow level of
erosional exposure. Its present form is the product of rugged
topographic relief, an earlier episode of leaching/enrichment and recent
tropical weathering. The prospects minebility lies in the perceived
potential to enlarge and upgrade the chalcocite resource and find higher-
grade Mo-Cu such as was seen in Hole RB9.
INTRODUCTION
Location and Access
The Rio Blanco project area is located in the northeast corner of
the Piura Department of Peru, adjacent to the Ecuadorian border. It is
the northernmost known system of the Miocene porphyry copper belt of
northern Peru that includes systems of porphyry Cu-Mo, porphyry Au-
Cu and high-sulfidation Au-(Cu) types and extends 600 Km in a north-
northwest trend from Michiquillay to Rio Blanco (Fig. 1). Road access
to Rio Blanco is achieved via Chiclayo, Jaén, San Ignacio and Namballe
(about 500 Km). The camp is located 35 Km to the northwest of
Namballe alongside Rio Blanco.
The area lies at 2,200-3,000 meter elevation in steep, heavily
weathered and densely vegetated country, formed by a tropical rainforest
climate. Rainfall varies between 150-200 cm/yr falling mostly in the
rainy season of November-April. The abrupt topography, high rainfall
and poor-quality soils have precluded human habitation in the
area.
Previ
Previous W
evious ork
Work
No evidence of prospecting or mining activity existed at Rio Blanco
prior to entry by Newcrest geologists in 1994. Newcrest executed a
stream sediment geochemical recon program aimed to discover
epithermal gold along the Tertiary volcanic belt of northern Peru.
197
Eric Braun, Gustavo Calvo, César Riofrio

FIGURE 1 Km strike), located on the edge of a circular zone about 1 Km in

P ROJECT LOCATI
OCATION MAP
TION diameter of primary sulfides grading an average 0.54% Cu and 0.03%
Mo (Calvo et al, 1999).

REGIONAL GEOLOGY
Rio Blanco is located within the “Andes de Huancabamba”, which
extends between 3º S (the E-W Jubones fault in Ecuador) and 7º S,
(the Cajamarca deflection). The Huancabamba segment represents
the transition between the Northern Andes, characterized by early
Cretaceous and early Tertiary acretion of allocthonous terranes and
transpresional deformation striking NNE, and the Central Andes of
Peru that formed during the same period as a marginal arc to NE
oriented subduction (Mourier, 1988). Rio Blanco is located within
this geotectonic transition, termed the Huancabamba Deflection
(Fig. 2).
Ordovician-Silurian quartzite and phyllite of the Salas Group occur
to the west. These sedimentary rocks have suffered quartz-albite-
muscovite-chlorite metamorphism and strong N-S oriented folding. To
the east, a N-S ductile shear zone of gneiss and migmatite that
continues into Ecuador has been dated at 228 Ma (Litherland et al.,
1994).
The metasedimentary rocks were intruded by the Portachuela
batholith of granodiorite-tonalite composition (dated by K-Ar at 12-20

FIGURE 2
R EGIONAL GEOLOGY
Instead, they discovered strong Cu and Mo anomalies with local gold
highs. In 1996, Newcrest and Cyprus-Antacori signed an accord that
would permit Cyprus to earn a 50% interest in the project.
In July-September of 1996, Minera Coripacha, the joint venture
operating company, carried out an extensive program of mapping and
sampling (including 1,008 rock and soil samples) followed by drilling
of seven core holes for a total 2,280 meters. Significant enriched
copper intercepts were encountered in two of the holes, RB1: 130 m
@ 1.16% Cu and RB7: 123 m @ 1.47% Cu (McIntyre et al, 1996).
The following year was spent awaiting a Presidential Supreme
Decree permitting foreign companies to hold mineral title in the border
region of Peru. During this hiatus, we negotiated contracts with the
communities and conducted preliminary environmental and limited field
studies. The Decree was awarded on August 28, too late to mount a
field campaign in 1997.
The 1998 program was designed to test the extent of potentially
economic mineralization indicated in the 1996 drill program. It involved
geological and geochemical target definition, evaluation of peripheral
anomalies and drilling of eleven diamond drill holes for a total of
3,087 meters. The 18 holes drilled to date indicate a long narrow
resource of enriched copper along Henry Ridge (avg. 1.2% Cu over 1.3

198
 RIO BLANCO, A NEWLY DISCOVERED PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN NORTHERN PERU
Ma; Litherland et. al., 1994). The batholith extends from Ecuador
about 65 Km in a north-south direction. Emplaced within the
Portachuela batholith is the porphyry complex (RBPC) that produced
the Rio Blanco porphyry copper system (Fig. 3). Andesitic volcanic
rocks tentatively dated at middle-upper Miocene age (Reyes y Caldas,
1987) crop out at higher elevations to the west.
FIGURE 3
L OCAL GEOLOGY
PROSPECT GEOLOGY
Rocks
The Portachuela batholith is coarse-grained hypidiomorphic granular
with an average composition of tonalite (Fig. 4a). Samples examined
microscopically average 20% quartz, 60% plagioclase, 10%
orthoclase, and 12% biotite. The tonalite generally occurs in the
periphery or peripheral to the system, but locally hosts strong copper
(e.g., hole RB10).
The mineralization at Rio Blanco is spatially and genetically related
to the Rio Blanco Porphyry Complex (RBPC), a late-differentiated
hypabyssal suite that intrudes the Portachuela batholith southwest of
Rio Blanco. Three main types of porphyry have been recognized in
geological and petrographic studies:
Dacite porphyry consists of about 30% plagioclase and 20% partially
resorbed quartz phenocrysts in an aphanatic grooundmass usually altered
to quartz-sericite (Fig. 4b). Phenocrysts range from 2-4 mm in size.
Dacite porphyry is the dominant rock of central holes RB8 and RB9,
and exhibits intense QSP alteration where seen. It is pre-mineral in age
and believed to represent the rock closest in origin to the mineralized
system.
Andesite porphyry is characterized by 2-7% quartz eyes and 40-
65% altered plagioclase phenocrysts (Fig 4c). The rock contains
significantly less quartz phenocrysts and usually more abundant
feldspar phenocrysts than dacite porphyry. “Crowded feldspar
porphyry” is applied to a variety that contains in excess of 65%
phenocrysts.
Late andesite dikes cut both the batholith and main porphyry
complex in a northeast direction. Compared with dacite and andesite
porphyry, feldspar phenocryst content is less and both quartz and biotite
are rare (Fig. 4d). The late dikes range from intra- to post-mineral in
age.
Breccias and Stockworks
Breccia varieties recognized at Rio Blanco include intrusive milled
breccias, mosaic breccia, crackle breccia, pebble dikes and
pseudobreccia. Ground preparation in the form of fractures, stockworks
and breccias control the mineralization at Rio Blanco, but there has
been significant confusion in the quantity and type of breccias present.
Thin section petrography and careful analysis of core has helped clarify
breccia interpretations (Fig. 6).
Stockwork and crackle/mosaic breccias types form a gradational
suite defined by the intensity of fracturing and degree of clast rotation.
Stockwork fracturing is defined as a random fracturing of rock at the
rate of <40 cracks per linear meter; more than 40 fractures per meter
is considered crackle breccia. The more intensely fractured crackle
breccia is dominant in the central part of the system. Locally, where
the clasts exhibit displacement, but not mixing, the term mosaic breccia
is applied. Rotated clast breccia as dikes and pipes is less abundant
than crackle/mosaic breccias, but locally controls higher grade
mineralization.
The tendency for mineralization to replace inward from fractures
leaving remnants of less altered clasts enhances the breccia aspect and
forms a type of pseudo breccia.
Structural Linears
The north-south elongation direction of the Portachuela batholith
indicates that it is coeval and controlled by the structural directions that
formed the Miocene Andean fold belt. Within the prospect area, SLAR
images show a complementary set of NNW and ENE linear trends. The
same trends define elongation directions of the RBPC, breccia bodies,
and orientations of post-mineral dikes and veins.
199
Eric Braun, Gustavo Calvo, César Riofrio

4A) RX 98001 4B) RB9-326 4C) RB9-228

FIGURE 4. PHOTOMICROGRAPHS SHOWING IGNEOUS

PETROLOGY: A) TONALITE, B) DACITE PORPHYRY WITH
20% PARTLY QUARTZ (Q) PHENOCRYSTS, C) ANDESITE
PORPHYRY WITH SPARSE QUARTZ PHENOCRYSTS AND D)
CONTACT OF ANDESITE DIKE (A) CUTTING TDQSP ALTERED
TONALITE (T)

FIGURE 5: PHOTOMICROGRAPHS SHOWING ALTERATION:

A) PROPYLITIC ALTERATION OF TONALITE WITH BIOTITE -
-> CHLORITE ((ch
ch
ch)) AND PLAGIOCLASE --> CLAY ((clcl),
cl),
B) TONALITE, CUT BY A PYRITE-QUARTZ VEINLET (V)
WITH TDQSP AUREOLE, C) A NDESITE PORPHYRY
EXHIBITING TDQSP WITH LOCAL PSEUDOMORPHS OF
SERICITE AFTER PLAGIOCLASE ((pl
pl
pl)) AND D) ENLARGEMENT
OF C.

5A) RX 98003 4D) RB10-200

RB10-200

5B) RB10-132 5C) RB1-374 5D) RB1-374

200
 RIO BLANCO, A NEWLY DISCOVERED PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN NORTHERN PERU
FIGURE 6
B RECCIA TYPES
Alteration
The Rio Blanco system is centered over a zone of intense phyllic
alteration within a lesser mineralized propylitic halo (Fig. 7). Potassic
alteration has not been recognized.
Phyllic
The quartz-sericite-pyrite (QSP) zone affects the central part of
the system and is controlled by the occurrence of breccias and stockworks.
Phyllic alteration is characterized by strong sericitization of feldspar
and Fe-Mg minerals with intergranular, groundmass and matrix silica
flooding (Figs. 5b,c and d). The QSP forms a replacement
front extending outward from fractures (Fig. 5b). The
alteration ranges from pervasive and rock texture-
destructive (generally for the breccia intervals) to partial
with remnants of unaltered or partially altered rock away
from fractures. Where intense QSP destroys rock texture
to the point that original rock cannot be discerned, the
term, “texture-destructive QSP” (TDQSP) is applied.
Tourmaline accompanies phyllic alteration in the core
breccias of Rio Blanco and in satellitic mineralized areas.
The tourmaline occurs as disseminated rosettes. Relicts
of andalucite, pyrophyllite and diaspore (Williams, 1996,
Ocharan, 1999) are recognized in hole RB-1.
Propylitic
The minerals chlorite-clay-sericite-pyrite characterize
the outer pyritic halo (Fig 5a). Traces of magnetite and
epidote are locally present. Chlorite replaces
biotite and hornblende, sericite-clay replaces
plagioclase and the ratio of pyrite:chalcopyrite
is greater than that of the phyllic zone.
Argillic
Late andesite dikes exhibit strong clay
alteration of feldspar phenocrysts and
groundmass; this argillic alteration is barren or
weakly mineralized. In the supergene zone,
dominantly illite and smectite forms at the
expense of sericite and feldspars.
Mineralization
Rio Blanco is a zoned hypogene porphyry
Cu-Mo system overprinted by supergene leaching
and enrichment. The average grade of six cen-
tral holes is 0.54% Cu and 0.03% Mo, 2.5 g/
T silver; gold and arsenic are both insignificant.
All holes are leached in their upper part, but
only holes located along the ridges have
significant supergene intervals. Three holes located along Henry Ridge
cut enriched intervals ranging from 72 to 135 meters in thickness and
1.07% and 1.58% copper.
Hypogene
Hypogene pyrite-chalcopyrite occurs as disseminations> veinlets
in the TDQSP zone. Although this mineralization is expressed as
fine-grained disseminations, it, like the phyllic alteration, is controlled
by fractures and breccias. Molybdenum in protore grades between
about 150 ppm and 0.5% and occurs as paint on fractures, with
FIGURE 7
A LTERATI
TERATION
TION
201
Eric Braun, Gustavo Calvo, César Riofrio

FIGURE 8 Because of super leaching of limonites with some precipitation as

C U PRO
ROTTORE exotic coatings on fractures, the original sulfide mineralogy and content
in the leached capping is difficult to interpret. Limonites in the upper
part of the capping are strongly goethite-jarosite, with insignificant
hematite and an absence of recognized molybdenum oxides. Hematite
content generally increases in the limonite towards the base indicating
destruction of chalcocite in the transition. A transition to sulfides often
involves some sulfide remnants in the leached zone, but otherwise the
change to supergene sulfides is abrupt. We interpret these data as
evidence for single-stage leaching and enrichment that likely occurred
during a more arid climate.

Enrichment
Enrichment is variable in grade and thickness with the best intercepts
occurring below ridges in the phyllic zone. Holes located in the steeply
eroded flanks of the ridges have well developed leached cappings, but
insignificant chalcocite enrichment. In these areas, copper was probably
leached out of the system. The enrichment occurs as covellite =
chalcocite. The enrichment factor averages 2.2 and varies between
1.5 and 2.6. The chalcocite-covellite occurs as replacements of origi-
nal chalcopyrite, as coatings on pyrite and as replacement of sulfide
veinlets.

FIGURE 9
quartz in veinlets and as matrix filling of mosaic and crackle breccias. MO PROTORE
Although molybdenum generally occurs in the copper-rich core zone,
its younger than copper and appears to be controlled by dilatent
fractures that cut the earlier quartz-sericite-pyrite-chalcopyrite
assemblage.
The >0.4% copper core at Rio Blanco (Fig. 8) conforms with the
higher molybdenum zone >150 ppm (Fig. 9), lowest pyrite:chalcopyrite
<3 (Fig. 10) and lower volume-percent sulfides. In the transitional
phyllic/propylitic halo, Cu is 0.2-0.4%, Mo is 50- 150 ppm, and py:cpy
is 3-6. The outer propylitic halo averages <0.2% Cu, <50 ppm Mo
and > 6 py:cpy. The mode of sulfide mineralization also changes
systematically from dominantly disseminated to dominantly fracture
controlled from core to periphery.

Supergene

Leached Capping
Copper and zinc are leached from the upper levels of all holes,
but molybdenum and gold are unaffected. Leached cap is present
for all holes, ranging from 52 to 189 meters in thickness and averages
117 meters. Copper averages 0.03% in leached cap overlying the
phyllic zone and about 0.08% over the transitional phyllic/propylitic
zone, where altered feldspars are tainted bluish by copper.

26
02
 RIO BLANCO, A NEWLY DISCOVERED PORPHYRY COPPER DEPOSIT IN NORTHERN PERU
FIGURE 10
P Y: CPY RATIO
TIO
GEOCHEMICAL CHARACTERISTICS
Trace Elements
Except for copper and molybdenum, other elements are low. The
average values are: Ag: 2.8 g/t; Au: 26 ppb; Zn: 114 ppm; Pb: 49
ppm; As: 19 ppm; Sb: 2.7 ppm; W: 22 ppm and Mn: 160 ppm. These
same elements are locally elevated in vein or veinlet zones, but their
overall levels are unimportant as byproducts, penalties or pathfinder
elements.
Geochemical Zoning
To date, 156 stream sediment samples,
1328 soil samples and 1150 rock samples
have been collected over the project area.
Molybdenum best defines the mineralized
center (1 Km zone of > 0.4% Cu) and a
combination of copper, zinc, molybdenum and
gold indicates the mineralized system’s
presence (Fig. 11). Small, satellitic mineralized
areas also are defined by elevated Cu-Mo-Au,
with less consistent As, Ag and Pb.
Molybdenum, because it is strongly
anomalous, centrally zoned, and immobile in
the weathering environment, provides an excellent indicator of the
central copper zone. Mo is consistently greater than 50 ppm over
the central zone and contours at >150 ppm over the higher-grade
zones.
Copper forms a broad pear-shaped zone of >200 ppm about 5
Km in dimension elongate along the E-NE and N-NW structural directions.
Copper is less successful in predicting the high-copper core of the
porphyry system, where it is leached to about 250 ppm. In the propylitic
halo, where chlorite and clays adsorb copper, the leached capping
ranges 600-1000 ppm. In the outer propylitic zone, Cu is erratic and
exhibits strong structural control.
Zinc is highest in the propylitic zone as veins and veinlets. As such,
it forms a halo around a depleted core grading <30 ppm. The low-Zn
core is explained as the product of leaching over the phyllic capping of
material originally grading 114 ppm Zn on average.
Gold is anomalous (>15 ppb over the Cu >200 ppm anomaly). It
is weakly anomalous over the core and erratically anomalous across the
propylitic halo.
Arsenic forms a broad weak anomaly on the southwest side of the
main mineralized zone, with higher values associated with satellitic
structurally controlled mineralization. The elevated As appears to be
related to Cu-sulfosalt mineralization in veins and veinlets of the propylitic
zone.
Other elements that are inconsistently elevated include Pb, Ag, Sb,
and Mn. Lead is weakly anomalous in the center and erratically present
in veins of the periphery. Ag is leached from the central zone and
erratically greater than 5 ppm in peripheral veins. Antimony is locally
high in veins as sulfosalt minerals. Manganese forms a negative anomaly
over the >0.4% Cu zone.
FIGURE 11
GEOCHEMICAL ZONATION
203
Eric Braun, Gustavo Calvo, César Riofrio
DISCUSSION
Rio Blanco is a calc-alkaline porphyry copper-molybdenum system
located along the Andean trend of northern Peru. It is the northernmost
porphyry Cu system of the northern Peru Cu-Au belt, discovered in
pristine conditions by recon exploration methods. As such it reminds us
that well-directed and well-executed reconnaissance geology can
generate significant value to the sponsoring companies.
Rio Blanco formed in association with a late-differentiate porphyry
complex that derived from and intruded into the Miocene Portachuela
batholith. An intense fracture/breccia system formed in the southern
part of the prophyry complex, probably along structural linears with
intense TDQSP alteration flooding the stockwork zone. Pyrite and
chalcopyrite were deposited along with the QSP alteration with later
Molybdenite filling fractures and breccias.
Uplift and erosion has been rapid, but time has only permitted a
shallow truncation into the upper argillic and phyllic cap of the system.
Potassic alteration type has not been encountered to date. We propose
that the TDQSP of the core zone, predominance of breccias of differing
types and the presence of tourmaline, andalusite, pyrophyllite and
diaspore are all evidence of shallow exposure, but removal of most of
a hypothesized upper epithermal cap. Rio Blanco shares some qualities
with other interpreted high-level systems such as Toquepala, Peru
(Zweng, 1995); La Granja, Peru (Schwarz, 1982): Red Mountain,
Arizona (Corn, 1975) and Sunnyside, Arizona (Graybeal, 1996).
The presence of deep leaching and chalcocite enrichment at Rio
Blanco is a positive for that system and other copper systems in the
northern Peru mountainous rain forest. The climate must have been
more arid at the time of enrichment allowing for strong single-cycle
leaching of copper over a couple hundred meters depth from surface.
Subsurface enrichment was well developed below the ridges, but it
appears that copper was mostly lost to the surface off the flanks.
However, the prevalence of structural conduits and impermeable andesite
dikes could significantly influence secondary process and put this
interpretation in error, resulting in significantly more enriched copper
awaiting discovery at Rio Blanco.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Important contributions to discovery and geological understanding
were made during the early exploration and subsequent evaluation
programs of 1996 and 1998. An incomplete list of contributers includes
Cesar Aguirre, Henry Marsden and Johan Smit of Newcrest, Galen
Knudsen (†), Raul Zuñiga, Cesar Veliz, Dave Braxton and Gaston Loyola
204
of Cyprus Antacori, and consultants John McIntyre, Richard Stokley. We
thank the managements of Cyprus and Newcrest for their support and
permission to present this study.
REFERENCES
Ahern, R. (1996) Review of core drilling results from the Rio Blanco
project: Unpub. Report for Minera Coripacha Corp. 11 p.
Calvo, G.; Riofrio, C.; Braun, E. (1999) Rio Blanco Project, Final Report for
1998: Unpubl. Report for Minera Coripacha Corp., p. 19.
Corn, R.M. (1975) Alteration-mineralization zoning, Red Mountain, Arizona:
Econ. Geol., v. 70. P. 1437-1447.
Graybeal, F.T. (1996) Sunnyside A vertically-preserved porphyry copper
system, Patagonia Mountains, Arizona: SEG Newsletter, no. 26, 6 p.
Litherland, M.; Aspden, J.A. and Jemielita, R.A. (1994) The metamorphic
belts of Ecuador: Overseas Memoir 11, British Geological Survey,
147 p.
Marsden, H., (1995) Exploration report on Rio Blanco property: Unpub.
Report for Newcrest Mining of Peru, 14 p.
McIntyre, J.; Stockley, R. and Arredondo, A. (1996) Rio Blanco Project,
Final Report for 1996: Unpubl. Report for Minera Coripacha Corp.
Mourier, T.; Mégard, F.; Reyes, L.; Pardo, A. (1988) L’évolution mesozoique
des Andes de Huancabamba (nord Pérou-sud Équateur) et l’hypothèse
de l’accrétion du Amotape-Tahuin: Bull. Soc. géol. France, t. IV, n. 1, p.
69-79.
Nielsen, R.L. (1996) Rio Blanco porphyry copper prospect: Memo for
Minera Coripacha Corp., 9 p.
Ocharán, G. (1999) Estudio petrográfico de muestras de testigos de
perforación del proyecto Río Blanco: Unpubl. Report for Minera
Coripacha, 21p.
Reyes, L.; Caldas, J. (1987) Geología de los cuadrangulos de: Las Playas
(9-c); La Tina (9-d); Las Lomas (10-c); Ayabaca (10-d); San Antonio
(10-e); Chulucanas (11-c); Morropón (11-d); Huancabamba (11-e);
Olmos (12-d); Pomahuaca (12-e), Bol. No 39, Serie A: Carta Geologica
Nacional, INGEMMET, Lima, Perú.
Schwartz, M.O. (1982) The porphyry copper deposit at La Granja, Peru:
Econ. Geol., p. 482-488.
Williams, S. (1996) Petrografic descriptions of the Rio Blanco porphyry
copper prospect: Unpubl. reports for Minera Coripacha Corp., 34 p.
Zweng, P.L. and Clark, A.H.(1995) , Hypogene evolution of the Toquepala
Porphyry Copper-Molybdenum deposit, Moquegua, Southeastern Peru,
in F. W. Pierce and J. G. Bolm eds., Porphyry Copper Deposits of the
American Cordillera, Arizona Geological Society Digest 20, p. 565-611.