Republic of the Philippines

Western Mindanao State University

College of Engineering
Department of Civil Engineering
Normal Road Baliwasan, Zamboanga City, Philippines
Tel. No. 991-9365

FINAL REQUIREMENTS
GEOLOGY FOR CIVIL ENGINEERS
2:00-4:00 P.M.
SATURDAY

Submitted by:
BANDAHALA, AHMED-DEEN U.

Submitted to:
ENGR. NURJIMAR UJAJI

JUNE 23, 2020

 Geology means is the study of earth. Basically, the Earth’s crust is made up
of rocks and minerals. Rocks are composed of tiny fragments of one or more
materials. Both rocks and minerals are studied in the branches of geology called
petrology and mineralogy.

Minerals are the bricks of materials that make up the Earth especially the
rock. A mineral is a naturally occurring solid with specific composition and
distinctive internal crystal structure. Most mineral are chemical compounds
composed of two or more chemical elements. They are primarily classified
according to their chemical composition; Native elements, hydroxide, sulfides,
oxides, halides, carbonates, borates and nitrates, silicates, organic minerals,
sulfates, chromates, tungstate, arsenates, phosphates, and vanadate. They are
certain properties determined by the crystalline structure and chemical composition
of a mineral. They are the color, luster, streak, cleavage, fracture, tenacity,
hardness, refractive index and fluorescence. All minerals take on a crystalline
structure as they form. Most crystal originates when molten rock from inside the
Earths cools and hardens. The best example of crystal is salt, sugar and
snowflakes. Crystallography is the branch of science that studies the growth, shape
and geometric characteristics of crystals.

A rock is a naturally occurring and coherent aggregate of one or more

minerals. There are three majors of rock—igneous, sedimentary, and metamorphic.
Wind, ice and water, these are natural elements cause great changes in the Earth’s
landscape. Erosion and transportation are processes that produce and spread rock
materials. Then, when these materials settle and become compacted, new rocks are
created. The series of processes by which rock are created, broken down, and
reconstituted as new rocks is kown as the rock cycle. These processes depend on
pressure, temperatures, time, and changes in environmental conditions in Earth’s
crust and surface. At various stages in the rock cycle, old rocks are broken down,
new minerals form, and new rocks originate from the components of the old. Thus
a rock that began at the surface as an igneous rock may be reworked into a
sedimentary rock, metamorphic rock, or new igneous rock to continue the cycle
again. Igneous rocks form from the melted rock called magma. The word igneous
comes from Latin word means fire formed. When magmas solidify underground,
intrusive rocks such as granite are created. Intrusive rocks are also known as
plutonic rocks. If the magma flows onto the surface of the land or ocean bed,
extrusive rocks such as basalt are formed. Basalt is the most common types of
igneous rock and it covers the ocean floor and thus, exists over two-thirds of the
earth’s surface. Sedimentary rocks are usually made of deposits laid down on
Earth’s surface by water, wind or ice. They almost always occur in layers or strata.
Stratification survives compaction and cementation and is a distinguishing feature
of sedimentary rocks. Some sedimentary rocks are of chemical origin, having been
deposited in solid form from a solution. Others are of biochemical origin and aare
composed predominantly of the compound calcium carbonate. When existing
rocks are subjected to extreme temperatures or pressures, or both, their
composition, texture, and internal structure may be altered to form metamorphic
rocks. The original rock may be igneous, sedimentary, or metamorphic.
Metamorphic rock, any of a class of rocks that result from the alteration of
preexisting rocks in response to changing environmental conditions, such as
variations in temperature, pressure and mechanical stress, and the addition or
subtraction of chemical components.