EARTH SCIENCE REVIEWER
Stratosphere – Ozone layer (planes
(omg sht is getting real)
WEEK 1: EARTH
- Earth is the only planet in the solar
system known to harbor life. Earth is in the
GOLDILOCKS ZONE.
- Earth is the only place in the known
universe confirmed to nest life and is the only
one known for sure to have LIQUID WATER
on the SURFACE.
Reasons why earth is a living planet
1. It has the right distance from the sun.
2. It is protected from harmful solar
radiation by its magnetic field.
3. The atmosphere keeps us warm.
4. It has the right amount of ingredients
for life. Including water and carbon.
Question to remember!!!
Why Is Earth Called the living planet?
ORIGIN & STRUCTURE OF THE EARTH
(THE 4 SUBSYSTEMS)
1. Biosphere – is made up of the parts of
Earth where life exists-all ecosystems.
2. Hydrosphere – is the total amount of
water on a planet. It includes water on
the surface of the planet, underground
and in the air.
Reasons why water is ESSENTIAL
o It can be in any form (solid, liquid,
gas)
o Water has a neutral PH scale
o Water is a good conductor of heat &
energy)
o It is a UNIVERSAL SOLVENT
o Water is a high specific key
3. Geosphere – includes rocks and
minerals on Earth.
Layers of the Earth
• Crust
• Mantle
• Core (inner and outer)
✓ The outer core is liquid because it
does not have enough pressure to
sustain itself.
4. Atmosphere – the atmosphere is a
gaseous barrier that protects the
earth.
• The atmosphere is made up of: 78%
nitrogen, 21% oxygen, and 1% of
other gases.
Layers of the Atmosphere
1. Troposphere – lowest layer (clouds are
present here)
2.
can be seen here)
3. Mesosphere – coldest layer (“Meso”
means middle)
4. Thermosphere – hottest layer (where
the Aurora Borealis can be seen)
5. Exosphere – outermost layer
(spacecrafts can be seen here)
Something to remember!!!
The 4 Subsystems are interconnected,
ex: volcanic eruption, it affects all of the
subsystems.
PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
Minerals are:
1. Naturally Occurring
2. Inorganic
3. Homogenous Solid
4. Definite chemical Composition
5. Orderly crystalline structure
PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF MINERALS
A. Color
- It is the most observable
characteristics of a mineral.
- Minerals color may change
depending on the surface.
B. Streak
- Color of a mineral in powdered
form.
C. Hardness
- It is a measure of the resistance of
a mineral (not specifically surface)
to abrasion.
D. Cleavage and Fracture
- Cleavage refers to the tendency of
minerals to break along very
smooth, flat and shiny surfaces.
A mineral fracture may break along
random, irregular surfaces.
 E. Crystal Habit other bodies of water at the Earth’s
- The external/natural shape of a surface.
crystal or groups of crystals is
displayed/observed as these
crystals grow in open spaces.
F. Diaphaneity/Amount of Transparency
- Ability to allow light to pass
through it. This is affected by
chemical makeup of the mineral
shape.
G. Luster
- It is how light is reflected off a
surface.
- A mineral with high luster is very
reflective. Lithification – it is the process of compaction
H. Tenacity and cementation of sediments.
- Describes the minerals reaction to Compaction- occurs when layers of sediment
stress. compress the rock below it.
Cementation – is when sediments are glued
WEEK 2: ROCKS together by minerals deposited between
- A rock is a solid collection of them.
mineral grains that grow or Remember: Different types of fossils can be
become cemented together. seen/embedded in sedimentary rocks.
- There are 3 kinds of rocks:
TYPES OF SEDIMENTARY ROCK:
Igneous, Sedimentary and
• Clastic Sedimentary Rock – it is
Metamorphic rocks.
formed by mechanical weathering.
IGNEOUS ROCK
• Chemical Sedimentary Rock – it is
• They are formed through the cooling
formed when dissolved materials
and solidification of magma or lava.
precipitate from solution.
• Volcanic/Plutonic rocks
• Organic Sedimentary Rock – it is
Classification of Igneous Rocks
formed from the build up of plants and
o Intrusive Igneous Rock (Course
or animals.
grained/Phaneritic texure) – this
METAMORPHIC ROCKS
type of rock is formed from
- Came from pre-existing rocks
solidification of magma below the
called parent rocks.
surface. They have large crystals of
- Subjected to heat, pressure, and
minerals that forms overtime through
chemically-active fluids.
a slow process of crystallization in a
- Its parent rock can be an igneous,
magma.
sedimentary or metamorphic rock.
o Extrusive Igneous Rock (Fine
Factors that Influence metamorphism:
grained/Aphanitic texture – This
1. Heat
type of rock is formed through a
2. Pressure
faster rate of solidification of lava
3. Chemically-active fluids
on the surface of the Earth.
Example of metamorphic rocks:
Mineral Composition of Igneous Rocks
Granite – Gneiss
Felsic – Is composed mostly of light-colored
Sandstone – Quartzite
silicates. Ex: Granite
Shale – Slate
Mafic – it contains a substantial amount of
We classify metamorphic rocks as
dark colored silicates. Ex: Basalt, Gabbro
FOLIATED and NON-FOLIATED.
Intermediate – rocks with composition from
1. Foliated – formed through pressure
dark and light silicates. Ex: Diorite
due to compression. It has differential
SEDIMENTARY ROCKS
pressure.
- Is formed by the deposition and
2. Non-Foliated – it has no foliation or
cementation of mineral or organic
bands. It has equal or not enough
particles on the floor of oceans and
pressure to compress it.
3 FACORS THAT CREATES THE ROCK CYCLE:
1. The movement of Plate Tectonics
2. Weathering
3. Erosion
WEEK 3: ORE MINERALS/MINING
Mining – is the process of mineral extraction
from a rock seam or ore – a natural rock or
sediment containing one or more valuable
minerals.
Ore Extracting – raw materials, mining,
deposited beneath the earth.
A. Surface Mining
- It is used to extract ore minerals
near the surface of the earth.
- In surface mining, the ground is
blasted so that ores near the
Earth’s surface can be removed to
the surrounding and is carried to
refineries to extract the minerals.
- Surface mining can be destructive
to the mining surrounding
landscape.
1. OPEN PIT MINING
- This is the most common type of
surface mining. Open pit means a
big hole in the ground.
- It is Less expensive, safer, easy
and fast.
2. STRIP MINING
- This mining type involves the
removal of a thin strip of
overburden above a desired
deposit, dumping the removed
overburden behind the deposit,
extracting the desired deposit,
creating a second parallel strip in
the same manner, and depending
depositing the waste materials
from that second strip unto the
first strip. (libog noh?)
- Shallow, horizontally located
deposits or ores.
3. DREDGING
- Process of mining
materials/minerals from the
bottom of a body of water,
including rivers, lakes and oceans.
B. Underground mining
- Is used to extract the rocks,
minerals and other precious stones
that can be found beneath the
earth’s surface.
- Most expensive in terms of
production cost.
- Mponeng gold mine, located in
Johannesburg, South Africa is the
deepest mine in the world.
MINERAL PROCESSING
• Sampling – is the removal of a portion
which represents a whole, needed for
the analysis of the materials.
• Analysis – is important to evaluate the
valuable component in an ore. This
includes chemical, mineral and
particle size analysis.
• Comminution – is the process where
the valuable components of the ore is
separated through crushing and
grinding.
• Concentration – involves the
separation of the valuable minerals
from the raw materials.
• Dewatering – uses the concentration
to convert it to usable materials.
FOSSIL FUELS
- Fossil fuels are basically remains
of plants and animals that died
millions of years ago. (non-
renewable kay dugay man na
form)
- They are all composed of
hydrocarbons.
3 MAJOR TYPES OF FOSSIL FUELS
1. Coal - it is important and primary
fossil fuel present on Earth.
o ANTHRACITE – it is brittle and has
a black lustrous coal, often called
as HARD COAL, containing 86% to
97% carbon.
o BITUMINOUS – it usually has a
high heating value and it is the
most common type of coal used in
electricity generation. It appears
smooth at first glance, but it has
 layer of you look closely. It has
45% to 86% carbon.
o SUBBITOMINOUS – black in color
and dull and has a higher heating
value than lignite. It has 35% to
45% carbon.
o LIGNITE – brown coal (baby coal),
it is the lowest grade coal with a
crumbly and high moisture content.
It has 25% to 35% carbon.
2. Oil – is an organic material mostly
algae, which was buried in mud at the
bottom of the sea and lakes.
- Petroleum in Latin means Rock Oil.
- Liquified Fossil Fuel
3. Natural Gas – it is mostly composed
of methane.
- Naturally occurring hydrocarbon
gas with the mixture of methane.
- It can be extracted through
drilling.
WEEK 4: RENEWABLE ENERGY
- Is energy derived from natural
resources that are replenished at a
higher rate than they are
consumed.
A. Solar Energy
- An impressive renewable resource
that can substitute fossil fuels.
- It can be utilized to generating
electricity from solar cells,
permitting people to access
electricity without letting go of
destructive gassed into the
atmosphere.
B. Wind Energy
- Another source of energy that is
very functional is wind power and
presently, it is the quickest-
developing energy that can be
accessed.
C. Hydroelectric Energy/Power
- The most reliable source of energy
- The best energy source on Earth
because it is already stead and
dependable.
D. Geothermal Energy
- It uses steam obtained from these
geothermal reservoirs to generate
electricity.
- Wells are drilled at the appropriate
locations to bring this geothermal
energy up to the surface.
Types of Geothermal Powerplant
1. Dry Steam Powerplant – This is the
simplest and oldest type of
geothermal plant. It directly uses
steam from the reservoir to operate
the turbine.
2. Flash Steam Powerplant – The most
employed in geothermal plants today.
(taas ang process ani )
3. Binary Cycle Powerplant - Binary
powerplants are a recent
development. They have made it
possible to produce electricity from
geothermal reservoirs with
temperatures lower than 150-degree
Celsius.
ADVANTAGES OF USING RES:
- It is renewable
- No harmful gases are emitted
- No greenhouse effects
- Cost of fuel is negligible
- Capital cost is 40-60% less than
thermal & nuclear plants.
DISADVANTAGES OF USING RES:
- Availability at certain regions only
- Low efficiency
- It is hard to replace fossil fuels
because of its energy capacity.
WATER AS A RESOURCE
Water Sources
- Surface Water
- Glaciers
- Underwater flow
- Groundwaters
Where’s Water (kadtong vid)
- Drinkable water is mostly hidden
underground.
- There is Blue and Green water: Blue
water are rivers, lakes,
groundwaters while Green water is
water inside soil/agriculture.
Water Cycle
- Condensation – Precipitation –
Collection – Evaporation
-
Water Pollutants - Organisms/Biological factors
- Water stress (water is insufficient - Landscape/Topography
for its need) - Parent Material (it determines
- Population growth what type of soil will form)
- Expansion of Business activity Residual soil – are formed through
- Climate change weathering of its underlying rock.
- Depletion of Aquifers Soil Texture – defined as the relative
High Temperature = Low Oxygen proportion of the particle sizes in the soil –
WEEK 5: SOIL sand, silt and clay.
- Unconsolidated mineral and Sand – 2.00-0.05mm
organic material on the immediate Silt – 0.05 – 0.002mm
surface of the Earth that serves as Clay - <0.002mm
the natural medium for the growth
of land plants/plant growth.
Soil forms the PEDOSPHERE
- Soil is the living skin of the Earth
- The soil is teeming with life. It is
teeming with a variety of various
types of life microbes. It is the
unconsolidated mineral or organic
material.
7 Roles of Soil
• Soil serves as the media for the
growth of all kinds of plants.
• Soils modify the atmosphere by
emitting and absorbing gases like
CO2, methane, water vapor, and dust.
• Soils provide habitats for animals that
live in the soil to organisms that
account for most of the living things
on Earth.
How to calculate soil texture?
• Soils absorb, hold, release, alter and
Divide the depth of each layer of soil by the
purify most of the water in terrestrial
total depth in the jar, and multiply by 100.
systems.
• Soils process recycled nutrients,
including carbon, so that living things
can use them over and over again.
• Soils serve as an engineering media
for the construction of foundations,
roadbeds, dams, and buildings, and
can both preserve or destroy artifacts
of human endeavors.
• Soil act as a living filter to clean water
before it moves into an aquifer.
Soil Composition
- 25% water
- 25% air
- 45% minerals
- 5% organic matter
It takes 200-400 years to make soil, thus
LAYERS A,B,C are the basic layers of soil.
making soil a nonrenewable source and it is
Soil Orders
finite.
1. Gelisols – Frozen soils found in the
FACTORS THAT AFFECT SOIL FORMATION
coldest regions on Earth
- Time
2. Histosols – High organic content and
- Weather/climate
wet
 3. Spodosols – Sandy and acidic soils o Liquid Waste
found in moist climates that often o Gaseous waste
support dense forests. o Bio, Nonbio, Hazardous, NonHazard
4. Andisols – composed of volcanic ash Wastes according to Generation (Origin)
5. Oxisols – Very weathered and • Municipal Solid Waste
common in tropical climates • Industrial Waste
6. Vertisols – Claylike soils that shrink • Agricultural Waste
and swell • Fishery Waste
7. Aridisols – Very dry soils in arid • Radioactive Waste
regions • E-Waste
8. Ultisols – Weathered soils • Biomedical Waste
9. Mollisols – Deep and fertile soils WASTE MANAGEMENT
10. Alfisols – Moderately weathered • Landfills – easiest buhaton
productive soils found in temperate • Incineration – sunugon ang waste
and humid regions unya I limpyo pana ang gaseous
11. Inceptisols – Slightly developed, waste para ma gamit.
young soils found on steep slopes and • Compost and Mulch
mountain ranges • 3 R’s
12. Entisols – Newly-formed soils found in
steep rocky lands
Human Activities affecting Quality of Soil
- Farming
- Construction & Development
- Mining
- Waste Disposal
Protection & Conservation of Soil
- Soil conservation techniques are
intended to preserve soil in place
and maintain its fertility.
• Conservation Tillage – To limit the Source Reduction
number of times a field is tilled,
plowed each year, to reduce the soil
being washed away.
• Terraces Planting – Crops are planted
on the flat tops of the terraces to hold
rainwater and prevent it from running
downhill.
• Forest Protection
• Buffer strips
• Fewer Concrete Surfaces
• Plant Windbreak Areas
• Crop rotation
• Water the soil
• Maintain the pH level
• Indigenous Crop
• Afforestation
• Monitor Grazing
• Dams
• Fertilizers (Organic dili Synthetic)
• No soil compacting

WEEK 6: WASTE
Waste – are unwanted or unusable materials.
Kinds of Waste:
o Solid waste