MINERALS Color- caused by absorption or lack absorption of 2 types

various wavelights of light

-Formed naturally on earth and by geological
process
-Building blocks of rocks
-On earth there are 2000 varieties of minerals
Crystalline structure- the shapes and aggregates
that a certain mineral is likely to form
Fractures-occurs when bond strengths in a crystal
structure are equal in directions
Extrusive or volcanic- lava erupted on earth
surface and cool quickly
Small or no crystals because of fast cooling
Crystals within do not grow very large, 1mm in size

-Come in a variety of color size textures and sizes Luster- the ability of mineral to reflect light  Basalt
 Rhyolite
-All the physical properties of a mineral, is the
Specific gravity- ratio volume of a substance and
result of internal arrangement of atoms the weight of same volume water -Sometimes other cool quickly that the mineral is
impossible to see
5 CRITERIA OF MINERAL Streak- the color of mineral in powdered form
 Like obsidian
1.Substance must exist as a solid under normal Hardness- resistance of mineral to abrasion or
condition on earth scratching -Other lava cools quickly enough that bubbles are
trap inside or vesicular
2.The substance must be naturally occurring on Mohs scale of hardness
earth, not man made  Like pumice
1. talc 4.fluorite 7. quartz
3.The substance must be inorganic, not living or Intrusive or plutonic
made from living things 2.gypsum 5. apatite 8. topaz
-From magma
4.The substance must have a fixed chemical 3.calcite 6. orthclase 9. corundum
formula, made of specific elements -Have large crystals because of the hotness inside
10.diamond earth makes it cool slow
5. The atoms that make up the substance must be
arranged in orderly structure Rock Sedimentary

Properties
Cleavage- the tendency of a mineral to break in
particular directions due to zones of weakness in
the crustal structure
Chemical composition – elements present in
mineral
-Solid materials formed by heat, pressure, layering -Form from compaction and cementation off
sediments
- building material of lithosphere
Sediments- bits of pieces of other rocks, minerals
3 types
-Small pieces of plants, and other organic matter
Igneous- rocks that form from cooling and
that have been compressed and dipositive over a
solidification of magma or lava
long time.
Derived from latin word ignis, means fire
-If there condition exist the bits of rocks will
squeezed under the pressure of water and glued
-pressure is causing the minerals within the rocks
together with sticky mineral glue.
to almost line up with each other
Clastic- rocks made of compacted and cemented
sediments
Classified according to sediment size
 Conglomerate- sediments are rounded
 Breccia- sediments are angular
 Sandstone- sand size sediments
 Siltstone- smaller sediments
 Shale- still
Crystalline- formed from evaporation and
precipitation of imenrals in water
 Rocksalt
 Rock gypsum
Foliated rocks- result of pressure
 Shale a sedimentary rock, if forced deep
under and exposed in heat and pressure it
will morph into a rock called slate, gets
push deep, it will metamorphose and
become phyllite, even more, schidt even
more, gneiss if more deep it will melt and
become a intrusive igneous rock
 Mineral alignment- minerals line up as a
result of intense pressure
 Banding- under even greater pressure
minerals separate into dark and light
stripes called bands
Weathering- breaking down of rocks, soil and
minerals through contact with earth’s atmosphere,
water and biological organisms
Cementation- occurs when silica calcium carbonate
or iron oxide bonds the fragments together
ROCK CYCLE
-a conceptual model for understanding
processes that generate, alter, transport,
and deposit mineral materials to produce
kinds of rocks
-the term cycle emphasizes the existing
rocks supply the materials to make new
and sometimes very diff rocks.
-Whole existing can be recycled to form
new rock

Crystalline or BIOCLASTIC- sediments of bioliving

things stack together like shell
Bioclastic- compacted plant remains
METAMORPHIC
-Means changed form
-Form from exposure to intense heat and pressure
-If existing rock gets forced down by the motion of
the tectonic plates in to the earths crust, intense
-heat and pressure will cause it to change or morph
into something new.
NONFOLIATED-
 Regional- caused by pressure
 Heat- contact metamorphism, when the
rock comes into contact with really intense
heat from magma or lava near by
 Regional or contact-combination of heat
and pressure
The upper segment of the earth’s crust is made up
of about 95 percent of igneous rocks.

METAMORPHISM- process of changing from one

form of rock to another.