You are on page 1of 44

5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.

com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 1
Understanding Marketing
Management

󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁲󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁶󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁢󰁹 󰁢󰁯󰁴󰁨 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁹 󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳. 󰁇󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁥󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀓 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥. 󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳
󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁬󰁡󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁳, 󰁴󰁯󰁯󰁬󰁳, 󰁦󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁲
󰁓󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁡󰁳 󰁷󰁥 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲.

󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁹 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥

󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧   󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 

󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁡
󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁹 Scope of Marketing 
󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁁 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰀺

󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁯󰁢󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮


󰁷󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 What is Marketing?  

󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳, 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡 󰁳󰁥󰁴
󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀬 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲

󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁴󰁳
󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰀮 
󰁥󰁸󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧
 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
What is Marketed?  

󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥
󰁓󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳, 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳,
󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁳. 

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 1/44
󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 1 󰀭 󰁕󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧
5/21/2018 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
Summary-slidepdf.com

Who Markets?  

󰁁 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁳 󰁡 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥, 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥, 󰁶󰁯󰁴󰁥, 󰁤󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁴󰁣
󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡󰁮󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁫󰁥󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴.


󰁅󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥󰀺
󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󲀢 󰁎󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
󲀢 󰁎󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀢 󰁌󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
 
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁲 • 󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 
󲀢 󰁉󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁃󰁍󰁏 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰀺 󲀢 󰁆󰁵󰁬󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤


󲀢 󰁏󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁵󰁬󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
󲀢 󰁕󰁮󰁷󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤

󲀢 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁫󰁥󰁹 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳  󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳, 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳, 󰁧󰁬󰁯󰁢󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳,
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁮󰁯󰁮󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳.
󲀢 󰁍󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳
 

󲀢 󰁄󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁷 Core Marketing Concepts:


󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 •   󰁎󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰀭 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁦󰁥󰁬󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁸 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁩.󰁥. 󰁉 󰁡󰁭 󰁨󰁵󰁮󰁧󰁲󰁹.
󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
•   󰁗󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳  󰀭 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡 󰁨󰁵󰁭󰁡󰁮 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬
󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁩.󰁥. 󰁉 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁡 󰁨󰁡󰁭󰁢󰁵󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁲, 󰁆󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁨 󰁦󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡 󰁳󰁯󰁦󰁴 󰁤󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁫.
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 •   󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰀭 󰁨󰁵󰁭󰁡󰁮 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁢󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲. 󰁩.󰁥. 󰁉 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳
󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁬.
󲀢 󰁇󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧
•   󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳  󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨
󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁦󰁵󰁬
󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁹.
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 •   󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮  󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁰󰁨󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁹 󰁡󰁳
󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁁 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥.
󲀢 󰁕󰁴󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁷
•   󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁭 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁓󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󲀙󰁳 󰁪󰁵󰁤󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤
󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥.
•   󰁔󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁡 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁳, 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁳.
•   󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁲󰁡󰁷 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
󰁴󰁯 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 2/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 1 󰀭 󰁕󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
Summary-slidepdf.com

 
Company orientation towards Marketplaces:  

󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁯󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰀺


󲀢 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴
󰁯 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁡󰁶󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁶󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥.
󰁯 󰁉󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󲀢 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴
󰁎󰁥󰁷 󰁯 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁡󰁶󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁩󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳.
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󲀢 󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴

󰁒󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳󰀺 󰁯 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁢󰁵󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 󰁩󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁳/ 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳.
󲀢 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴

󰁓󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁯 󰁆󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳/ 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 & 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲
󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳.
󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󲀢 󰁓󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴

󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁯 󰁆󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳/ 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 & 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥.
󲀢 󰁈󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴
󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁯󰁤󰁡󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁯 󰁂󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴, 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁴󰁨 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁳.
󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹, 󲀢 󰁒󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧

󰁧󰁬󰁯󰁢󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁯 󰁁󰁩󰁭󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁭󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁫󰁥󰁹


󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳.  

󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮,
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮,
󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁤
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, Marketing Management Tasks:  

󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁫󰁳󰀺

󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󲀢 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁳


󲀢 󰁃󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁉󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲
󲀢 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬 󲀢 󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳
󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󲀢 󰁓󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁏󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󲀢 󰁄󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥
󲀢 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥
󲀢 󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁌󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁔󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁇󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁴󰁨  

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 3/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 2
Developing Marketing
Strategies And Plans 
󰁉󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲, 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁤
󲀢 󰁈󰁯󰁷 󰁤󰁯󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥?
󲀢 󰁈󰁯󰁷 󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁡󰁴 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮?
󲀢 󰁗󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁤󰁯󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥?

󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥
󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁧󰁯 󰁡 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁡󰁹 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳. 󰁆󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹 󰁡󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁧󰁵󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮 󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳. 

󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁴󰁯󰁤󰁡󰁹 󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳
The Value Delivery Process 
󰁉󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳, 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁦
󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥. 󰁁 󰁳󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬󰀭󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤
󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁢󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁩󰁣󰁲󰁯󰀭󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥
󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁲 󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁄󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹 󰁓󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧:

󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰀮 󰁁󰁬󰁳󰁯󰀬 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁔󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀮 


󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳
 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁮󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣
󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲
󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹
󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫󰀬 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 Core Competencies 
󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁡󰁳 󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁃󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁥, 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳
󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁩󰁮󰀮  󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁳 󰁥󰁸󰁣󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰀭󰁤󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮
󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁥󰁸󰁣󰁥󰁬 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳: 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c
󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁢󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧. 4/44
5/21/2018󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 2 󰀭 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler Summary󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳
-slidepdf.com 󰁁󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁳

󰁁 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁣󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁳󰀭󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁭󰁳
•  󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰀭󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳
•  󰁎󰁥󰁷󰀭󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳
󰁈󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣 •  󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁁󰁣󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳
•  󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁒󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 •  󰁆󰁵󰁬󰁦󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳
󰁈󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁮󰁳, Value Chain 
󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁩󰁮  󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁴󰁯󰁯󰁬 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲

󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀬 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥 9 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󲀓 5 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 4 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴.

󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹
󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭,
󰁭󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁣󰁯󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 Strategic Planning 
󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁫󰁥󰁹
󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁦󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲
󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳, 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁡󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮  󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁬
󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁡 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁴. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮
󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳: 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬.

󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳 •  󰁔󰁨󰁥  󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧  󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁬󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲, 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦
󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳.
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, •  󰁔󰁨󰁥  󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴
󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁥󰁤, 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥.

󰁩󰁮 󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯
󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥,
Corporate Headquarters 
󰁁󰁬󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
  󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮

󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤
  󰁅󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁳

󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
  󰁁󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁕󰁮󰁩󰁴

󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥.  

󰁁󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳

󰁉󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮  󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬. 󰁓󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥


󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁨 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡 󰁹󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁨 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁰󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁬󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁴󰁯
󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁡󰁮 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 5/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 2 󰀭 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧Kotler
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁁󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁳
Summary-slidepdf.com

  Mission Statement 
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁍󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡 󰁶󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁬󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳
󰁡 󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁸󰁴 10 󰁯󰁲 20 󰁹󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁳. 󰁁 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
󰁦󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦 󰁧󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳, 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁫󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁡

󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷. 󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴, 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁡󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥.

󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁕󰁮󰁩󰁴
󰁁 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 Business Unit Strategic Planning 
󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁕󰁮󰁩󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁕󰁮󰁩󰁴 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁐󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁰󰁳
󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 (󰁯󰁲
󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 1.  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁍󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁅󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁳󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳) 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 2.  󰁓󰁗󰁏󰁔 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁳, 󰁗󰁥󰁡󰁫󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳,
󰁏󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁓󰁗󰁏󰁔 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁷󰁡󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁤
󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴.
󰁳󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭
󰁔󰁯 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁏󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳.
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 3.  󰁇󰁯󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁧󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁩󰁳 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁡󰁳 󰁇󰁯󰁡󰁬
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󰀮 󰁂󰁹 󰁆󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥. 󰁇󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴

󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁢󰁥 󰁡 󰁭󰁩󰁸 󰁯󰁦 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳.
 
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁓󰁂󰁕󰁳󰀬 󰁩󰁴 4. 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹 󰁆󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁧󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳
󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹, 󰁔󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡 󰁓󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹.
󰁩󰁳 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 5.  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭 󰁆󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁧󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳
󰁳󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁵󰁳 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫 󰁵󰁰󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭 󰁴󰁯󰁧󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲.
6.  󰁉󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁅󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁡 󰁰󰁯󰁯󰁲
󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥
󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁉󰁴 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁫󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁬󰁹.
󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀮 
󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁫󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁳 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬.
7.  󰁆󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁢󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁫󰁥󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁨 󰁩󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁥󰁸󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁤󰁯󰁰󰁴 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁧󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲󰁳. 󰁉󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁤󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴, 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁡 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 6/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 3
Capturing Marketing insights
and Spotting Market Trends 

󰁔󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁰󰁩󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴
󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁨󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁵󰁰󰀭󰁴󰁯󰀭󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁣󰁲󰁯 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁳 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁳 󰁭󰁩󰁣󰁲󰁯
󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁢󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁬󰁯󰁯󰁫󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁣󰁲󰁯󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴
󰁍󰁉󰁓 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳. 

(󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁉󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 MIS (Marketing Information System)  
󰁓󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭)   󰁍󰁉󰁓 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁓󰁷󰁩󰁳󰁳 󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳, G󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁳 󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁥󰁳󰁥. 󰁉󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁳, 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨.
C󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥,
󰁍󰁉󰁓 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴. 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁳
󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁦 󰁍󰁉󰁓 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁮󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁷.
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳, 󰁴󰁯
󲀢 󰁔󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁹 󰁯󰁢󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲, 󰁳󰁯󰁲󰁴, 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳.
󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁥, 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁥
󲀢 󰁍󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥. E.󰁧. 󰁭󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁹 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁦󰁬󰁡󰁷󰁳.
󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁥󰁤, 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󲀢 󰁎󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁳, 󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲
󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤
󰁢󰁥 󰁤󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹.
󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯
󲀢 󰁕󰁳󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 (C󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁳, 󰁎󰁓󰁓󰁏 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁳) 󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 (AC󰀭󰁎󰁩󰁥󰁬󰁳󰁥󰁮, 󰁥󰁴󰁣)
󲀢 C󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡 󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁳󰁴, 󰁳󰁯󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁢󰁡󰁣󰁫.
󲀢 󰁕󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁵󰁭󰁳, 󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷󰁳, C󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁳, 

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 7/44
5/21/2018 C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 3 󰀭 󰁃󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁳
Kotler Summary 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
-slidepdf.com

Internal Company Records 


•  󰁏󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁐󰁡󰁹󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥 󰀭  C󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰀭> 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳
󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰀭> 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁢󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁣󰁫 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰀭>
󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁰󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰀭> 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁡󰁹󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴. 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥󰁳.
•  󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁉󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁓󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭  󰀭 󰁋󰁥󰁥󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮
󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰 󰁩󰁮 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳.
•  󰁄󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰀯 󰁄󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰀯 󰁄󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁍󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰀭  󰁓󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁥 (󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥) 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳.
󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥

󰁍󰁡󰁣󰁲󰁯 Major Macro Environmental Forces


󰁅󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
Demographic
󰁆󰁡󰁤 󲀓 16.7% 󰁯󰁦 󰁗󰁯󰁲󰁬󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁰󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁡; 󰁍󰁡󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁯 F󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁥 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯 󰁯󰁦 933:1000
󰁕󰁮󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁣󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥, 󰁐󰁯󰁰󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁁󰁧󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁸 : 󰁭󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 23.8 󰁹󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁳, 34% 󰁢/󰁷 12 󰁡󰁮󰁤 25󰁹󰁲󰁳, 24% 󰁢/󰁷 25 󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴󰀭󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤, 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁴 34 󰁹󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁳


󰁌󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁹 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰀺 65.38% 󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥, 75.8% 󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 54.16% 󰁦󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳, 76% 󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁹 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮
󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣 󰁯󰁲
15󰀭24󰁹󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰, 64.5% 󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁹 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 25󰀭34󰁹󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰.
󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥
󰁔󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰀭
󰁓󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
Economic 
󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥, 󰁳󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁴 󰁡󰁶󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹. 󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁡󲀙󰁳 GD󰁐 󰁩󰁳
󰁭󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁵󰁭 󰁡󰁮󰁤 $1.2 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁯󰁦 $3100
󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 77.7% 󰁯󰁦 󰁵󰁲󰁢󰁡󰁮 󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁵󰁰 󰁴󰁯 󰁒󰁳3000/󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁨 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥
󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 2.1% 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁒󰁳 10,000/󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁨.
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰀮
󰁃󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁡󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳󰀺  󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁥 ( 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁒󰁳16,000 󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹, 󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥
󰁍󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤 󲀓
󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥),  󰁁󰁳󰁰󰁩󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳  ( 󰁒󰁳 16,000 󰁴󰁯 󰁒󰁳22,000, 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮
󰁌󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭), 󰁃󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁳, (󰁒󰁳 22,000 󰁴󰁯 󰁒󰁳 45,000, 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁢󰁵󰁹 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁨), 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳  ( 󰁒󰁳 45, 000 󰁴󰁯 󰁒󰁳 2,15,000, 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥

󰁳󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁩󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁡󰁹), 󰁒󰁩󰁣󰁨  ( 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁒󰁳 2,15 000, 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁡
󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳).
󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁔󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁷󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 % 󰁯󰁦 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁃󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁡 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 % 󰁯󰁦 󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁥 
󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰀮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁁󰁳󰁰󰁩󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳.

Social-Cultural
󰁓󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁹 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁦󰁳, 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳, 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁳, 󰁦󰁯󰁯󰁤
󰁨󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁴󰁳, 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳. 󰁔󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁷󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁮 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁢󰁩󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁷󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁴 󰁷󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳, 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 F󰁍CG 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 8/44
5/21/2018 C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 3 󰀭 󰁃󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler Summary󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
-slidepdf.com

  Natural
D󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁮 󰁥.󰁧. G󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁮󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁥 E󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴, 󰁏󰁺󰁯󰁮󰁥
󰁬󰁡󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁬 󰁦󰁵󰁥󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. G󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 E󰁵󰁲󰁯󰀭2
󰁥󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 C󰁎G.
A󰁬󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁤󰁯 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁹
󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥
(󰁡) 󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 (󰁢) 󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁤󰁯󰁥󰁳
󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴.
󰁃󰁯󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁅󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁭 󰁩󰁳  󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁵󰁥󰁳
󰁗󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁦󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁤. E.󰁧.
F󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁎󰁯󰁮󰀭󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁷󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁊󰁡󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁨󰁡 󰁯󰁩󰁬, 󰁐󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 C󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬 󰁓󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥
󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁦󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁳, 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁮 C󰁎G 󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳.

󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁡
Technological
󰁆󰁡󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡 F󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
(󰁡) A󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁐󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 C󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥: 󰁥.󰁧. A󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 23.5 󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 2006
󰁔󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰀿 (󰁢) 󰁕󰁮󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁏󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁉󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁥.󰁧. D󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 B󰁩󰁯󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨,
󰁁 󰁦󰁡󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁒󰁯󰁢󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳, 󰁡󰁩󰁤 󰁶󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁰󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁳.

󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁩󰁴 (󰁣) 󰁖󰁡󰁲󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁒 & D B󰁵󰁤󰁧󰁥󰁴: 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁒 & D 󰁩󰁮 󰁐󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁣󰁥󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 C󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁡,
D󰁲. 󰁒󰁥󰁤󰁤󰁹󲀙󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁒󰁡󰁮󰁢󰁡󰁸󰁹
󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 (󰁤) 󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁥.󰁧. D󰁲󰁵󰁧󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁡󰁣󰁴, 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬
󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥, 󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬, 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁲󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁲󰁵󰁧󰁳.
󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬
󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥, 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁲
󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦 Political and Legal
󰁔󰁷󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁡󰁳
(󰁡) 󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁳󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁵󰁮󰁦󰁡󰁩󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁴󰁯
󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁵󰁮󰁦󰁡󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁹 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁵󰁮󰁢󰁲󰁩󰁤󰁬󰁥󰁤

󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁴󰀮 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳
󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳
(󰁢) G󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 C󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
A󰁣󰁴.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 9/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 4
Conducting Marketing Research
and Forecasting Demand

Why Marketing Research?


󰁓󰁵󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁬󰁹, 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥
󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁡󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁨 󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥
󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤.

󰁗󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 What are the major steps of Marketing Research


󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 1 : 󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥

󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰀿  
󰁓󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮, 󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 2 : 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮
󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦
󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 3 : 󰁃󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮

󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁡
󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 4 : 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹.

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 5 : 󰁐󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 6 : 󰁍󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 10/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 4 󰀭 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁣 󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler Summary󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁮 󰁆󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
-slidepdf.com

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 󰀱󰀺
󰁁󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁣󰁯󰁰󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨.

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 󰀲󰀺
󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁄󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧:

󰁓󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁲󰁹
󰁄󰁡󰁴󰁡󰀺 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁍󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁔󰁯󰁯󰁬󰁳

󰁁󰁬󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁹 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀢󰁏󰁢󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯 󰁡󰁬 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨: 󰁏󰁢󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧


󲀢󰁑󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁡󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳: 󰁁 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷󰁳, 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥
󰁴󰁯󰁯󰁬󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥
󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲
󰁷󰁡󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁵󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁮󰀭󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁤󰀭󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁤.
󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󲀢󰁆󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁇󰁲󰁯󰁵 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨: 󰁁 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁡
󲀢󰁑󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁡 󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁍󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳: 󰁒󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁹
󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁥 󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁲 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁵󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁣 󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨
󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁬 󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥󰁳
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁯
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󲀢󰁔󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳: 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁳󰁫󰁩󰁮
󲀢󰁓󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹 󰁒󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨: 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁯 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁮 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥.
󰁰󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥󲀙󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁦󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󲀢󰁓󰁡󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁩 󰁧 󰁐󰁬󰁡󰁮: 󰁁 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁯 󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯󰁭 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹, 󰁨󰁯󰁷
󲀢󰁂󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁴󰁡: 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬
󰁄󰁡󰁴󰁡󰀺  󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁯 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁰 󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹, 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁷󰁥
󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹.

󰁆󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁨󰁬󰁹 󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹󰁳 󰁡󰁬󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󲀢󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁣  󰁍󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳: 󰁍󰁡󰁩󰁬 󰁑󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁡󰁩󰁲󰁥,
󰁨󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰 󰁩󰁮
󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨 󰁳󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁔󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁰󰁨󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷, 󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬

󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹. 󰁅󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷, 󰁏󰁮󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷.


󲀢󰁅󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨: 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴. 󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁩󰁮
󰁯󰁢󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁩 󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳.

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 󰀳󰀺
󰁄󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥󰀭󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁰󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁩󰁴 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁶󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁨󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹 󰁯󰁦
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴 . 󰁈󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴.

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 󰀴󰀺
󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁨󰁯󰁰󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳.

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 󰀵󰀺
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲 󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪 󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥 󰁴.
 
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 11/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 4 󰀭 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 Kotler
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁆󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Summary-slidepdf.com

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 󰀶󰀺
󰁔󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁩󰁳 󰁪󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁡 󰁴󰁯󰁯󰁬 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁄󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲
 

󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁦󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳, 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁴


󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁂󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨
󰁐󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 •   󰁎󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁷 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁯 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨
•   󰁕󰁮󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁃󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
•   󰁐󰁯󰁯󰁲 󰁦󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭
󰁓󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯 •   󰁌󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁡 󰁳󰁵󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴 •   󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 & 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳
󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁡
󰁍󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁹
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲.
󰁔󰁯 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥

  󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳
󰁁󰁶󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 •   󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁩󰁸 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁨󰁯󰁷
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁳
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 •   󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁄󰁡󰁳󰁨󰁢󰁯󰁡󰁲󰁤 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁡󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁳 󰁧󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁮󰁥󰁤
󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳
󰁓󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯
󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥
󰁔󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲.   󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁢󰁥 󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁢󰁹 󰁡 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰 󰁩󰁮 󰁡

󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁧󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧


󰁥󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁡 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭
󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 •  󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁧󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁤
󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁶󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥
󰁃󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹
•  󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁢󰁹 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬
󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁥. 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬, 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁆󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
•  󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁢󰁹 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳,
󰁐󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥󲀙󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁰󰁵󰁴, 󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴 󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁺󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲

󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁳, 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳


󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳
󰁓󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯
󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁔󰁯 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬,
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹'󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥

󰁔󰁯 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳󲀙 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳


󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥󲀙󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁰󰁵󰁴, 󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴 󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁳, 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 12/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 5
Creating Customer Value,
Satisfaction and Loyalty

󰁉󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯󰁤󰁡󰁹 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁴󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁦
󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁬. 󰁍󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀭󰁴󰁯󰀭󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁯󰁰󰁨󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁯󰁰󰁨󰁹,
󰁨󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲, 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁡 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁁󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁯󰁰󰁨󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳.
󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹. 󰁁󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲, 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁤󰁯󰁰󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁰.
󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰀺  

Total Customer Benefit


󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣, 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬, 󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰀺 󰁉󰁴 󰁰󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡 󰁧󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁤.
󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥

󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 Total Customer Cost
󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁵󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁯󰁢󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧,
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳
󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁧󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁹, 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥, 󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁹, 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁰󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳.
󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧,
󰁖󰁥󰁲󰁹 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮, 󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁮 󰁢󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁉󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳. 󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁷
1.  󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥.
2.  󰁁󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 13/44
5/21/2018󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀵 󰀭 󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰀬
Kotler Summary 󰁓󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁌󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹
-slidepdf.com

3.  󰁁󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴.
4.  󰁁󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥
󰁡󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴 󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳.
 
󰀵. 󰁍󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁹, 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳
󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥.

󰁔󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬
󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 Customer profitability 
󰁁 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁹󰁩󰁥󰁬󰁤󰁳 󰁡 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁵󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹
󰁓󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲.
󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦
󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳
󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥
150-20 Rule
󰁔󰁨󰁥 20% 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 1󰀵0% 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󰀻 󰁴󰁨󰁥 20% 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥 100% 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳.
󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁍󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁌󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰀨󰁃󰁌󰁖󰀩󰀮
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁃󰁌󰁖 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁭 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥

󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳. 󰁃󰁌󰁖 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁡 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥.
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯
󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰀮

Customer Relationship Management (CRM)


󰁓󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁳
󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁵󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁵󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤/󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹.
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹󰁳󰀮 󰁃󰁒󰁍 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 4 󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁰󰁳 󲀓
1.  󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁹󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲
2.  󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁹󰁯󰁵󰁲
󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹.
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 3.  󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥 󰁹󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲
󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰󰁳.
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 4.  󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲.

󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀯󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳
󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀮
󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲

󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰, 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭, 󰁥󰁴󰁣.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 14/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀵 󰀭 󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰀬
Kotler Summary 󰁓󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁌󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹
-slidepdf.com

 
Building Customer Loyalty
󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳 󲀓
1.  󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 
2.  󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁳 

3.  󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 


4.  󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 

Database marketing
󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲
󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁴, 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰󰁳.

Customer Database
󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳󰀻 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁳, 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳
󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣.

Datamining
󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁳, 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣.
󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥. 󰁉󰁴 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥
󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁥󰁴󰁣.

Disadvantages of Datamining and CRM


1.  󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁨󰁵󰁧󰁥 󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁮

󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥.


2.  󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳.
3.  󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁣󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡.
󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁲 󰁯󰁦 󰁃󰁒󰁍 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁯󰁦.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 15/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 6
Analyzing Consumer Markets

󰁓󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲, 󰁩󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁰󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁫󰁳 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳
󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁧󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲. 󰁁
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥
󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁳󰁯 󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹.

Factors affecting Consumer Buying


Behaviour
󰀱󰀮  󰁃󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁡.  󰁃󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰀭 󰁆󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳. 󰁅.󰁧. 󰁃󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁤
󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹 & 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳.
󰁢.  󰁓󰁵󰁢󰀭󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰀭 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥
󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳.
󰁣.  󰁓󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁃󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳 󲀓 󰁈󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁹 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤. 󰁍󰁥󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲.
󰀲󰀮  󰁓󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁡.  󰁒󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁇󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󲀓 󰁈󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲. 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳: 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹, 󰁦󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳,
󰁮󰁥󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁳. 󰁓󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳: 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬, 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳.
 󰁁󰁳󰁰󰁩󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁇󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 : 󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰁨󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁪󰁯󰁩󰁮. 󰁄󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳󰀺 
󰁷󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁲󰁥󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳.
󰁢.  󰁆󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹 󲀓 󰁆󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳. 󰁁󰁣󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁴󰁯󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁰󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣󰁳, 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁭󰁢󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁦
󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁨 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁯󰁶󰁥. 󰁆󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁮. 󰁍󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴
󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲.
󰁣.  󰁒󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁳 󲀓 󰁒󰁯󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁳 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭. 󰁅󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁳
󰁳󰁹󰁭󰁢󰁯󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 16/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 6 󰀭 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler Summary󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲
-slidepdf.com 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳

󰀳󰀮  󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳


  󰁡.  󰁁󰁧󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁌󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁃󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥 󲀓 󰁔󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳.
󰁢.  󰁏󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁅󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣 󰁃󰁩󰁲󰁣󰁵󰁭󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󲀓 󰁅󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣 󰁃󰁩󰁲󰁣󰁵󰁭󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥
󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥, 󰁳󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳, 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁴󰁳, 󰁤󰁥󰁢󰁴󰁳, 󰁢󰁯󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁴󰁣 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁳.
󰁣.  󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁦 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴 󲀓 󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁵󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁨󰁩󰁳/󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲. 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁤 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁦
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰀮  
󰁤.  󰁌󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁹󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳
󰀴󰀮  󰁐󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁡.  󰁍󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁆󰁲󰁥󰁵󰁤󲀙󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁯󰁲󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁤, 󰁥󰁧󰁯 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁧󰁯; 󰁍󰁡󰁳󰁬󰁯󰁷󲀙󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤

󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁯󰁲󰁹; 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁺󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁧󲀙󰁳 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬.


󰁢.  󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁷󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴, 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁩󰁮󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁳. 󰁉󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹.
󰁣.  󰁌󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀓 󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁤󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳.
󰁤.  󰁍󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁹 󲀓 󰁓󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁭󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁹. 󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁤󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁹.

󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭 󰁉󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁅󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥


󰁒󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁮 󰁓󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨 󰁁󰁬󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁂󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲

The Buying Decision Process


•  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭 󰁒󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮  󰀭 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁧󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁲
󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁩. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁣󰁩󰁲󰁣󰁵󰁭󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁧󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳.

  󰁉󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁓󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨  󰀭 󰁔󰁷󰁯 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󲀓 󰁈󰁥󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮  󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. 󰁁󰁴 󰁮󰁥󰁸󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰀬 󰁬󰁯󰁯󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬, 󰁰󰁨󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁥󰁴󰁣.
•  󰁅󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁁󰁬󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳  󰀭 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳, 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁦󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁹 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥.
•  󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮  󰀭 󰁂󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮, 2
󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁹󰀭 󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁕󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤

󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁯󰁫󰁥 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁫
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁴.
•  󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁂󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰀭 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮,
󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 17/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 6 󰀭Kotler
󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳
Summary-slidepdf.com

 
Level of customer involvement
Involvement
High Low

   t
  n
   d
  s   i
  a
  c Complex
  n   f
   i Buying Variety Seeking
  a   n
  r   g Behaviour
   B   i
   S
  n
   i
  s  
  e
  c
  n
  e   t
  r   n
  e   a
   f   c
Dissonance Habitual
   f    i
   i    f Reducing
   i
   D  n
  g
   i
  s
  n
   I
 

1.  󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁸 󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁂󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲󰀺 󰁗󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥


󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁳󰁴 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥.
2.  󰁖󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁹 󰁓󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺  󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁰 󰁳󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁪󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁯󰁦
󰁢󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁯󰁭. 󰁅󰁧󰀭 󰁂󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁰 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹.
3.  󰁈󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬󰀺  󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁨󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹.
󰁄󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁣󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁥. 󰁍󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹
󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧.
4.  󰁄󰁩󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁒󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁉󰁮 󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 18/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 7
Analyzing Business Markets
and Buyer Behavior
󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁧󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳, 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁹, 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁲 󰁬󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁯
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁳 󰁹󰁯󰁵
󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁬󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁹󰁮󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁣󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧.

󰁂󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴   󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯


󰁏󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰀭 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁤󰀭󰁵󰁰󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁡 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁤. 󰁂󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁣󰁫, 󰁢󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁣󰁫󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥

󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁳.


󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳  󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀭 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁵󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁩󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁢󰁹
󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨
󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳
󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤
The Business Market versus the Consumer
󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 Market
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 •  󰁆󰁥󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳:  󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁦󰁡󰁲 󰁦󰁥󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁤󰁯
󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳.
•  󰁌󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳:  󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁦󰁥󰁷 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁤󰁯 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹
󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹, 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁥,
󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳.
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁧
•  󰁃󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰:  󰁓󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦
󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳.
•  󰁇󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳

  󰁄󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤: 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳, 󰁳󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳.  
•  󰁉󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤:  󰁎󰁯󰁴 󰁭󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥
󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁣󰁫 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 19/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀷 󰀭 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳
Kotler Summary 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁂󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲
-slidepdf.com

•  󰁆󰁬󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤:  󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲

󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳.


•  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁏󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁤
󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 •  󰁍󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳: 󰁍󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳
•  󰁍󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁳: 󰁍󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁷󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥
󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁹󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁳. 

  󰁄󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁢󰁵󰁹 󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮
󰁓󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳: 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳
•  󰁒󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁹: 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁹 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭. 
•  󰁌󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧:  󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁵󰁹 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁶󰁹 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥
󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁢󰁵󰁹󰀺 
󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁬, 󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁡󰁸 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳.
󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧
The Buying Center  
󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
(󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀭󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮)
󰁲󰁥󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁡 󰁓󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰀺
󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳 (󰁥.󰁧., •  󰁉󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳: 󰁐󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 
󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁢󰁵󰁬󰁫 •  󰁕󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁳:  󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰀻 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮, 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰
󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳.
󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁭󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁳).
•  󰁉󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁳: 󰁐󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬.
•  󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳: 󰁔󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁍󰁯󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁢󰁵󰁹󰀺  •  󰁁󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳: 󰁐󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁡󰁵󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳. 
󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 •  󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳:  󰁐󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁵󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥

󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 •  󰁇󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳: 󰁐󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁭󰁥󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲
󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳,
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹
󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁯󰁲
Major Influences on Business Buying
󰁅󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁳.
󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮,
󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬, 󰁰󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰀭
󰁎󰁥󰁷 󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁫 : 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁹, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳.

󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁡
󰁏󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁳 󰁡
󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥
•  󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁵󰁰󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁬󰁹
󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁳󰁴 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 •   󰁃󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁳󰀭󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁳󰀺 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣, 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬, 󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁭󰀭󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁤, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥
(󰁥.󰁧., 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 

󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁮󰁥󰁷 •  󰁃󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁴󰁯 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁳󰁥󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁳󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭). 󰁳󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳.


•  󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬󰀭󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳
•  󰁌󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁳󰀺 󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁳
•  󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁌󰁯󰁷 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹, 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 20/44
•  󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 & 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀷 󰀭 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳
Kotler Summary 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁂󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲
-slidepdf.com

•  󰁌󰁥󰁡󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁪󰁵󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁩󰁮󰀭󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 (󰁊󰁉󰁔) 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬,


󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹, 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯
󰁍󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁬󰁥󰁳.
 
󰁉󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮
8 stages of PURCHASING PROCESS
󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 1: 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭 󰁒󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁓󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭 󰁯󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁭󰁥󰁴 󰁢󰁹 󰁡󰁣󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤
󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥. 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹, 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴, 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁲
󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁴󰁯 󰁯󰁢󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹. 󰁅󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹, 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁡 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁳 󰁡󰁴 󰁡
󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹
󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁷, 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁤, 󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁡 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲
󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. 󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁢󰁹 󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁬,
󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳.

󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁳, 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 2: 󰁇󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁎󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮


󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󲀙󰁳 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁤
󰁡󰁵󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁳,
󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁹. 󰁉󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥, 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳
󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁹, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳.
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳. 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 3: 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁓󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁳 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳 (󰁐󰁖󰁁) 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁭. 󰁂󰁹 󰁧󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮 󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁡 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳
󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁮.
󰁅󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 4: 󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁓󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁡 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥. 󰁁󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹, 󰁴󰁨󰁥

󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁰 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁡 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳


󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 5: 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁡󰁬 󰁓󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁭󰁩󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁳. 󰁗󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁸 󰁯󰁲
󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁧󰁥, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥,
󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁡 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲.
󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁪󰁯󰁢 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁁󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁥 󰁡 󰁦󰁥󰁷 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳.

󰁴󰁯󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁫, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 6: 󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮


󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳 (󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥
󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥.
󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹) 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥. 󰁁 󰁢󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁥󰁤. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁵󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁣󰁫 󰁩󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁥󰁤, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲
󰁃󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴.
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁵󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 7: 󰁏󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰀭󰁒󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁓󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲, 󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁥󰁤,
󰁳󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹 󰁳󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁬󰁥, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁯 󰁯󰁮. 󰁉󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁍󰁒󰁏 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳, 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁢󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁤󰁩󰁣 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 8: 󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁒󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁤󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲(󰁳). 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁳󰁫 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳. 󰁏󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲
󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁷󰁥󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤. 󰁏󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁡󰁧󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁯󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁵󰁰 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁡󰁤󰁪󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥.
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 21/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marke ing Managem nt


By Philip, Kevin Lan Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕 󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 8
Identifying Market egments
and Targets
󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁓󰁔󰁐  󰁩.󰁥.
󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁉󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮,
󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 C󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳, 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 & 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.

Step in market segmentatio , targeting and


󰁍󰁡󰁳󰁳
ositionin
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 1. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫 󰁴 󲀢󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁧 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󲀢D󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁳
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳
󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁳󰁳 󲀢D󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁳 󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳
2. 󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥  󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀢󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀬 󰁭󰁡󰁳󰁳
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󲀢D󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦 󰁲 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
3. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫 󰁴 󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀢D󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁸 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
󰁭󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮

󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲


󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 Levels  of Market Segmentation Micromarketing 

󰁁󰀮  󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥 󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺  D󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩 󰁣󰁴 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁴 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳,
󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁣 󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳, 󰁯󰁲 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁭󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡 󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁩󰁸󰁥󰁳.
󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥 󰁴 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁫󰁥󰁹 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁍󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮
󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥, 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰀭󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭 󰁴󰁯
󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲  󰁥󰁦󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧.

󰁂󰀮  󰁎󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺  󰁁 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥  󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁮󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁣 󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁸 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯
󰁳󰁵󰁢 󰁳󰁥 󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳. 󰁆󰁯󰁲 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁅󰁺󰁥󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁇󰁯󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁪 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁦󰁡󰁢󰁲󰁩󰁣 󰁷󰁡󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁷󰁯󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁮 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳. 

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 22/44
C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 8 󰀭 󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
5/21/2018 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
Kotler Summary 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁔 󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴󰁳
-slidepdf.com

󰁃󰀮  󰁌󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁬  󰁍 󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺  󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁳 󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁡 󰁤 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳, 󰁮󰁥󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁢󰁯󰁲󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮
  󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁳 󰁌󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁅.󰁧. 󰁍 󰁮󰁹 B󰁡󰁮󰁫󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁋󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁡 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬
󲀘󰁎󰁒󰁉 B󰁲󰁡 󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳󲀙 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷 󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁩󰁴 󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁹 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭
󰁡󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁤.
󰁄󰀮  󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵 󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺  󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲 󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󲀜󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦

󰁯󰁮󰁥󲀝,󲀝 󰁣 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󲀝 󰁯󰁲 󲀜󰁯󰁮󰁥󰀭󰁴󰁯󰀭󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󲀝. 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲󰁳


󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁩󰁣󰁥. 󰁆󰁯󰁲 󰁥.󰁧. A󰁳󰁩󰁡󰁮
󰁐󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁩󰁸 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡
󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁵 . 
 

Bas s for Segmenting Cons mer Markets


󰁁󰀮  󰁇󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺  D󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁩 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁧󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁕󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁳
󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳, 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁮󰁥󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁢󰁯󰁲󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁣
•   󰁒󰁥󰁧󰁩 󰁮: 󰁓󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁨 󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁡, 󰁗󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮 󰁒󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁎󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁨, 󰁅󰁡󰁳󰁴
•   C󰁩󰁴󰁹: C󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰀭󰁉 󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰀭󰁉󰁉 󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁍󰁥󰁴󰁲󰁯 󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁥󰁴󰁣
•   󰁒󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁬, 󰁵󰁲󰁢󰁡󰁮 , 󰁳󰁥󰁭󰁩 󰁵󰁲󰁢󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳
󰁂󰀮  󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁧󰁲 󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳
󰁡󰁧󰁥, 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁩󰁺󰁥, 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥, 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥, 󰁯󰁣 󰁵󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁴󰁣.
D󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳

FAMILY LIFE CYCLE STAGES


󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥1: B󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁲󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁤 󲀢󰁓󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁥,󰁆󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁦 

󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥2: 󰁈󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁹󰁭󰁯󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁳 󲀢󰁙󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁫󰁩󰁤󰁳,󰁦󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧


󰁨󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮

󲀢󰁆󰁵󰁬󰁬 󰁎󰁥󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁉,1 󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁮 6 󰁹󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁬󰁤


󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 : 󰁐󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁤 󲀢󰁆󰁵󰁬󰁬 󰁎󰁥󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁉󰁉,󰁹󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁣 󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲 6
󲀢󰁆󰁵󰁬󰁬 󰁎󰁥󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁉󰁉󰁉: 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁤󰁵󰁬󰁴 󰁣 󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁮

󲀢C󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁮  󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳


󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥4:󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁐󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁈󰁯󰁯󰁤 󲀢󰁅󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁹 󰁎󰁥󰁳󰁴1 :󰁗󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧
󲀢󰁅󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁹 󰁎󰁥󰁳󰁴2: 󰁎󰁯󰁴 󰁗󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧
󲀢󰁏󰁮󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥5: 󰁓󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁓󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁶󰁯󰁲(󰁓󰁓) 󲀢󰁓󰁓󰀭󰁉: 󰁗󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧
󲀢󰁓󰁓󰀭󰁉󰁉: 󰁎󰁯󰁴 󰁗󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧

󰁃󰀮  󰁐󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺  󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥  󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬/󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁴󰁳, 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁹󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁶 󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳.

  󰁌󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁹󰁬󰁥󰀺 C󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰀭󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁤, 󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁤, 󰁯󰁵 󰁤󰁯󰁯󰁲 󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁤. C󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁳


󰁤󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳: 󰁁󰁉󰁏󰀭󰁁󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳󰀬 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁏󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰀮 
•  󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 C󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁬󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 ,󰁡󰁵󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁮 ,󰁡󰁭󰁢󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 
󰁄󰀮  󰁂󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺  B󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁴 󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦,
󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤, 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦, 󰁯󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁳
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 23/44
󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁳:
5/21/2018 C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 8 󰀭 󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩 󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 Kotler
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
Summary 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴󰁳
-slidepdf.com

•  󰁕󰁳 󰁧󰁥 󰁒󰁡󰁴󰁥󰀺 󰁌󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴, 󰁍󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁵󰁭, 󰁈󰁥󰁡󰁶󰁹 


•  󰁌󰁯 󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁳󰀺 󰁎󰁯󰁮󰁥, 󰁭󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁵󰁭, 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧, 󰁡󰁢󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁴󰁥 
 
•  󰁒󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰀺 󰁕󰁮󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥, 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥, 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁥󰁤, 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁤, 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁳, 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯
󰁢󰁵
•  󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁳 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀺 󰁅󰁮󰁴󰁨󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣, 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴, 󰁮󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁬󰁥 

Re uirements for Effective e mentation

Eval ating and Selecting Ma ket Segments


󰁆󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁲󰁥:
•  󰁓󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁥 󰁓󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: C󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁡
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁣󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥
  󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩 󰁥 󰁓󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮: 󰁡 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡 󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳. 󰁅󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁹

󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁢󰁥 󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁴󰁬󰁥 󰁯󰁲 󰁮󰁯 󰁹󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁹 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁓󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬

󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳. 


  󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥 󰁓󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁥 󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲

󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁲. 
  󰁆󰁵󰁬󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁃󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁡󰁬󰁬

󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤. 󰁅.󰁧. C󰁯󰁣󰁡 C󰁯󰁬󰁡 (󰁮󰁯󰁮󰀭󰁡󰁬󰁣󰁯󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣 󰁢󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴), 󰁍󰁩󰁣󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁯󰁦󰁴
(󰁓󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁷 󰁲󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴) 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 

󰁐 󰀽 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤 󰁣󰁴
󰁍 󰀽 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
 
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 24/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 9
Dealing with Competition 

󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁔󰁯 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁡󰁹 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯
 
󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁪󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁥.

Vertical Integration  󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤 󰁯󰁲 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁤 󰁩.󰁥. 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤


󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁰󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁔󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁩󰁮.

󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁰󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧  Benchmarking 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁫󰁳
󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳.
󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁢󰁹󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹
󰁰󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰀭󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨 Competitive Forces (Michael Porter’s 5 forces)
1. 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁲󰁹 󰀭 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁦 󰁩󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁮󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁳, 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧,
󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥
󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁧󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳.
󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹 2. 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰀭 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴'󰁳 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁴
󰁢󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁢󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁴 󰁢󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
3. 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰀭 󰁁 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬
󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁸󰁴 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴.
4. 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳' 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲  󰀭 󰁁 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁦 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳
󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲.
󰁬󰁡󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫, 5. 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳' 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰀭 󰁁 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹'󰁳
󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁤.
󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁦󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁢󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁬󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁴󰁳
Identifying Competitors
󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁹, 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴
󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥.  •   󰁎󰁵󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲 󰁏󰁦 󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁁󰁮󰁤 󰁄󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁏󰁦 󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
•   󰁅󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁹, 󰁍󰁯󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁁󰁮󰁤 󰁅󰁸󰁩󰁴 󰁂󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳
•   󰁃󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥
•   󰁄󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁏󰁦 󰁖󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
•   󰁄󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁏󰁦 󰁇󰁬󰁯󰁢󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮

󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴 
󰁁󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳. 󰁂󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲'󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁰󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁢󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡25/44
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹'󰁳
󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭 󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤.
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 9 Kotler
󰀭 󰁄󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨
Summary 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
-slidepdf.com

Analyzing Competitors
•   󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳󰀺  󰁗󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲/󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰀿
  •   󰁏󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳󰀺 󰁗󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁤󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁲󰀿
󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁳󰁩󰁺󰁥, 󰁨󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁹, 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴,
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 •  󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁗󰁥󰁡󰁫󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰀺  󰁁 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲'󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳.

󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁉󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁖󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳


•  󰁓󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰀭 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲'󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴.
•  󰁓󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁤  󰀭 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁮󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁮
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴, "󰁎󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳
󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁳 󰁗󰁥󰁡󰁫󰀺 
󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁹."
󰁗󰁥󰁡󰁫 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁦󰁥󰁷󰁥󰁲 •  󰁓󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁴  󰀭 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁮󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁮
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴, "󰁎󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁹󰁯󰁵 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁹
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴."
󰁰󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭
󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁥 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁹 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁩󰁮
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹.
󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁰
󰁵󰁰 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁳󰁴.
Competitive Strategies for Market Leaders
󰁅󰁸󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁔󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴

󰁎󰁥󰁷 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳󰀺 󰁐󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁹󰁢󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳󰀺
•  󰁔󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁭󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁤󰁯 󰁮󰁯󰁴 (󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰀭󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹)
󰁃󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁳 󰁄󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴󰀺
•  󰁔󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁴 (󰁮󰁥󰁷󰀭󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹)


󰁍󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳   󰁔󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁥󰁬󰁳󰁥󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 (󰁧󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰀭󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹)
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨
󰁍󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁵󰁳󰁡󰁧󰁥󰀺 󰁔󰁷󰁯 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁵󰁳󰁡󰁧󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁯 •  󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁲 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺   󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴

󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁭󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁶󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴


•  󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴

󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥
󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹

"󰁇󰁯󰁯󰁤" 󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁳 "󰁂󰁡󰁤"󰀺 Defending Market Share


󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁵󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁩󰁮
󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁩󰁴󰁳
󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁉󰁴
󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁰󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳.
•  󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥󰀺 󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁰󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁳
(󰁐󰁬󰁡󰁹 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁵󰁬󰁥󰁳)
󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁢󰁡󰁤 •  󰁆󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫 󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁡 󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁴 󰁯󰁲
󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫.
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳.
•  󰁐󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥󰀺 󰁁 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁧󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁥󰁵󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁢󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁭󰁹 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳
󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥. 󰁁 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁬󰁡󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁨 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳
•  󰁃󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁲 󰁨󰁩󰁴 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫 󰁯󰁲

󰁬󰁡󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁨 󰁡 󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴. 󰁁󰁮 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁲'󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮


󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁹 󰁳󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁵󰁬󰁬 󰁢󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁹.
•  󰁍󰁯󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥󰀺  󰁉󰁮 󰁭󰁯󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁤󰁯󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁮󰁥󰁷
󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁳 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
•  󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥󰀺  󰁧󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁵󰁰 󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 26/44
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳.
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 9 󰀭 󰁄󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler Summary-󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
slidepdf.com

󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 Expanding Market Share


  󰁁 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥󰀺
󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 •  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁯󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
•  󰁅󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁣 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴  
• 
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁷󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁭󰁩󰁸 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹
•  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹

󰁆󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲󰀺
󰁁 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 Competitive Strategies for Market Challengers
󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁴󰁯 󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤
󰁄󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁣 󰁏󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁏󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴(󰁓)
󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁁 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰀺
󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰀭󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁫 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰀭󰁰󰁡󰁹󰁯󰁦󰁦 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹
󰁷󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁦󰁡󰁩󰁲 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁮󰁥󰁷
󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁳󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁤󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁪󰁯󰁢 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁤
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁰 󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁳󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳
󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳
󰁃󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁇󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹
󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 •  󰁆󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴'󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴, 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥, 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳
•  󰁆󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁫 󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰀺 󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁦󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁧󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨. 󰁆󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁤 󰁧󰁡󰁰󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁲󰁵󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁦󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁧󰁡󰁰󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧
󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳.
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥
•  󰁅󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁲󰁣󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰀺  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁲󰁣󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁡󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁯󰁮
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁵󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁥󰁤󰀺 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳
•  󰁂󰁹󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰀺  󰁉󰁴 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁮󰁳 󰁢󰁹󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁭󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯
•   󰁃󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁥󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀭
󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁮 󰁯󰁮󰁥'󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥. 󰁔󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨󰀺 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁵󰁮󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤

󰁤󰁵󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁧󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁰󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁮󰁥󰁷
󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳.
󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲'󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤
•  󰁇󰁵󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁡 󰁗󰁡󰁲󰁦󰁡󰁲󰁥󰀺  󰁓󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬, 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁳 󰁩󰁴 󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁤󰁳 (󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁳, 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁺󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁬󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮)
•   󰁃󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁲 󰀭 󰁥󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲'󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁆󰁥󰁷 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳󰀺 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴, 󰁌󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳, 󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁐󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁧󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳, 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳,
󰁮󰁡󰁭󰁥, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁄󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁳󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴

󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳. Competitive Strategies for Market-Nicher


•   󰁉󰁭󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰀭 󰁣󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮, 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥. 󰁎󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁫󰁳󰀺 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳, 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳. 󰁂󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁳
󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁮, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳
󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁥 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁫󰁥󰁹 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁡 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥
󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁳󰀺
•  󰁅󰁮󰁤󰀭󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁮󰁤󰀭󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲.
󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧, •  󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰀭󰁳󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬, 󰁭󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁵󰁭󰀭󰁳󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤, 󰁯󰁲
󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳.
•  󰁇󰁥󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰀺  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁡 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁯󰁲 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁬󰁤.
• 
•  󰁁󰁤󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀭 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀭󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥 󰁯󰁦
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥
󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲'󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 •  󰁑󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰀺  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰀭 󰁯󰁲 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰀭󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁡󰁤󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
•  󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 27/44
󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭.
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 10
Creating Brand Equity

󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳
󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁫󰁳 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁳. 󰁗󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁷󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁩󰁳, 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁩󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁳 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹.
󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰀺
󰁁 󰁮󰁡󰁭󰁥, 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭, 󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮,
Brand Equity
󰁳󰁹󰁭󰁢󰁯󰁬 󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮, 󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁁󰁤󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳. 󰁒󰁥󰁦󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁡󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁫, 󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤. 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹  󲀓 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁢󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭, 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤. 󰁍󰁡󰁹󰁢󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁯󰁲

󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁮 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤. 󰁉󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁫󰁥󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󲀓
•  󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳
•  󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤. 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰
󰁋󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨󰁴󰁳, 󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳, 󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳, 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁦󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁯 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴
󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭 •  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤
󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁡 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳.
󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳.

Brand Promise
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁶󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁷󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁯 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥
󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁹.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 28/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 10 󰀭 󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁅󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹
Summary-slidepdf.com

Brand Equity Models


  Brand Asset Valuator
󰁉󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁣󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁳
󰁨󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳.

󰁌󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁕󰁰 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀯󰁎󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥 󰁇󰁯󰁯󰁧󰁬󰁥
   )
󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤   y
  g
  r
󰁊󰁥󰁴󰁂󰁬󰁵󰁥
󰁕󰁓󰁁 󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁌󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳
   h   e 󰁉󰁫󰁥󰁡 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁥󰁳
   t   n
  g   E 󰁎󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁋󰁯󰁤󰁡󰁫
󰁅󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰀺   n  ,
  e   e
  r
   t   c
󰁔󰁩󰁖󰁯
󰁁󰁁󰁁
󰁒󰁥󰁤󰁢󰁵󰁬󰁬
   S   n
  a 󰁔󰁩󰁤󰁥
   d   v
  e
󰁔󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫 󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥   n   l
  a   e
  r   R
󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹    B  ,
   d   n
  o
  e   i 󰁎󰁥󰁷󰀯󰁕󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁤 󰁅󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁤󰀯󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥   z   t
   i   a
  g   i
   t 󰁃󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁭
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤. 󰁍󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧   e   e
  r   n 󰁂󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁹
  n   r 󰁓󰁥󰁰󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁡 󰁅󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁗󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁬󰁹
  e
   E   f
   f
   i 󰁗󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁳 󰁆󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁯
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹    D
󰁓󰁁󰁐
   ( 󰁂󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁨 󰁁󰁩󰁲󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁂󰁵󰁤󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁒󰁥󰁮󰁴󰀭󰁁󰀭󰁃󰁡󰁲
󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳. 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁩󰁣󰁥 Brand Structure
(Esteem & Knowledge) 
󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰀶
There are the five key components of the model –
󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󲀓
   
󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁳󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁧 1.  Differentiation – degree to which a brand is seen as different from others
2.   Energy – brand’s sense of momentum
󰁭󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥, 3.   Relevance – breadth of brand’s appeal
4.   Esteem – how well the brand is regarded and respected
󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤
5.   Knowledge – how familiar and intimate customers are with the brand
󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 (󲀘󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󲀙) 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴 Brand Resonance Model
󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁧 Creation of significant brand equity requires reaching the top or pinnacle of the brand
 pyramid, which occurs only if the right building blocks are put into place.
󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥,
󰁡󰁤󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥
(󲀘󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥󲀙). 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥

󰁊󰁵󰁤󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁆󰁥󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳

󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁉󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁹

󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 29/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲Kotler
10 󰀭 Summary
󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁅󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹
-slidepdf.com

•   󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥  󲀓   󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁫 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲
󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳.
 
•   󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥  󲀓 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬
󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳
•   󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁉󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁹  󰀭 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥; 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁷󰁡󰁹 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁰󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳
•   󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁊󰁵󰁤󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󲀓  󰁦󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳

󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 •   󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁆󰁥󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󲀓   󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁥󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁒󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 •   󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󲀓  󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹󲀙󰁲󰁥 󲀜󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁹󰁮󰁣󲀝 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁩󰁴

󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥
Brand Audit  󲀓 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁯 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤, 󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁧󰁧󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁳
󰁤󰁯󰁥󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥. 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹.
󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹
󰁲󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 Brand Valuation 󲀓 󰁊󰁯󰁢 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤.
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 Devising a Brand Strategy
󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁗󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁡 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 3 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󲀓
󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁷󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁴 •   󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴
󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁩󰁴 •   󰁁󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 (󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮)
•   󰁕󰁳󰁥 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁢󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 (󰁍󰁡󰁹󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁡 󰁳󰁵󰁢 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 )
󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳
󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲. 󰁒󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
Brand Portfolios
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁯 󰀭
󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥
1.  󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭.  
2. 󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁹 󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁷󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁮󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
3.  󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭
4.  󰁙󰁩󰁥󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳, 󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁨󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮

Customer Equity
󰁓󰁵󰁭 󰁯󰁦 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁩󰁭 󰁯󰁦 󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁒󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴

(󰁃󰁒󰁍) 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹.

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 30/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 11
Crafting the Brand Positioning

󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁡 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤. 󰁉󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹 󰁡󰁴 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁡
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁷󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁥󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳.
󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺
󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁣󰁴 Developing and Communicating a Positioning
󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 Strategy
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 Category Membership:  󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁰󰁹
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁳 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳.
󰁡 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 Points of Difference (POD):  󰁁󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁹
󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴. 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤, 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁥󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴
󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤.

󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁮 󰁡 Points of Parity (POP): 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁦󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁹󰁢󰁥 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳. 󰁉󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁳󰀺
•  󰁃󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁹 󰁐󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁐󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 󰁁󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷 󰁡󰁳 󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁬󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁹.
󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳󰀺
•  󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁐󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁐󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 󰁁󰁳󰁳󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁮󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁳󰀭
󰀱.  󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰀭󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥.
󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴.

󰀲.  󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 Choosing POPs and PODs


󰁐󰁏󰁐󰁳󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁤󰁲󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁹 󰁭󰁥󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 (󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁹 󰁐󰁏󰁐󰁳) 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󰁮󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁮󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁐󰁏󰁄󰁳 (󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁐󰁏󰁄󰁳)
󰁐󰁏󰁄󰁳󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁏󰁐󲀙󰁳
Desirability Criteria Deliverability Criteria
Relevance Feasibility
Distinctiveness Communicability
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 31/44
Believability Sustainability
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁲󰁡󰁦󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 11 󰀭 Kotler 󰁴󰁨󰁥
Summary 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧
-slidepdf.com

Establishing category membership


  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁹
󰁭󰁥󰁭󰁢󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁢󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥. 󰁉󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮
󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁳󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁲󰁡󰁦󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁉󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰀮

󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳

Competitive Advantages
󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭 󰁩󰁮 1 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮󲀙󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨. 󰁔󰁷󰁯
󰁳󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥󰀺
󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥 •  󰁌󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁁󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰀺 󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁳 󰁡 󰁳󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁢󰁯󰁡󰁲󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁮󰁥󰁷
 

󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳
󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺
 

•  󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁁󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥󰀺 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳


󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧  

󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁯󰁮
󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥
󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁡
Dimensions to differentiate Market Offerings 
•  󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁂󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥󰁳 󰁅.󰁧. 󰁳󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯
󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁋󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁦󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁁󰁩󰁲󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳.
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁷󰁯
•  󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁳,
󰁦󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥. 󰁣󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥, 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥.
󰁅.󰁧. 󰁂󰁍󰁗 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁡 •  󰁉󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁣󰁲󰁡󰁦󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳. 󰁅.󰁧.
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁬󰁢󰁯󰁲󰁯󲀙󰁳 󲀜󰁭󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁷󰁢󰁯󰁹󲀝 󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥.
󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁣󰁲󰁡󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁤
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥󰁤 󲀘󰁌󰁵󰁸󰁵󰁲󰁹󲀙 Product Lifestyle Marketing Strategies
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󲀘󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󲀙 󰁡󰁳 󰁍󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥󰀭󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁹󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁳.

󰁢󰁯󰁴󰁨 󰁐󰁏󰁄 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁏󰁐.

A company’s positioning and differentiation strategy must change as the product, market and
competitors change over the product life cycle (PLC).

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 32/44
5/21/2018 󰀭 󰁃󰁲󰁡󰁦󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 11Kotler Summary󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧
-slidepdf.com

Summary of Product Lifecycle Characteristics,


 

Introduction Growth Maturity Decline


Characteristics
Sales 󰁌󰁯󰁷 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁒󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁤󰁬󰁹 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁥󰁡󰁫 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳
󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳
󰁍󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 Costs 󰁈󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁃󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁁󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁃󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁌󰁯󰁷 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁌󰁯󰁷 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁗󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
Profits 󰁎󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁒󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁈󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁬󰁬
Customers 󰁉󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁅󰁡󰁲󰁬󰁹 󰁁󰁤󰁯󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁍󰁩󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁌󰁡󰁧󰁧󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁳
󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 Marketing
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 Objectives
󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁍󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁍󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁒󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥
󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁳.
󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁫 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 Strategies

󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁴󰁨 Product 󰁏󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁡 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁏󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁄󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁐󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳
󰁳󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁳 󰁤󰁯󰁷󰁮, 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥, 󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁹
󰁳󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁲 Price 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁰󰁬󰁵󰁳 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨 󰁯󰁲 󰁃󰁵󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁢󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳󲀙
󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
Distribution 󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁇󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰀺 󰁰󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥
󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁳. 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁵󰁮󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥
󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁤 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁬󰁥󰁴󰁳
Advertising 󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁂󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁒󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬
󰁢󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁬󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁤󰀭󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁳
󰁡󰁤󰁯󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦
Sales Promotion 󰁕󰁳󰁥 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁶󰁹 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁒󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁒󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯
󰁡 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁭 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬
󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁥󰁡󰁬. 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁶󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁍󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳
󰁳󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮
Market Evolution
󰁦󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤
•   󰁅󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰀺  󰁂󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁳 󰁡 󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴. 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁵󰁲 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁯󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰀺 
1.  󰁓󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁥 󰁎󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹󰀺 󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 1 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
2.  󰁍󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥󰀭󰁎󰁩󰁣󰁨󰁥 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹󰀺 󰁌󰁡󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁨 2 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁥󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 2 󰁯󰁲
󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
 
3. 󰁍󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹󰀺 󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
•  󰁍󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹 
•   󰁄󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰀺  󰁅󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁢󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥
󰁥󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰀺
1. 󰁓󰁯󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁴󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁴󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 33/44
2. 󰁎󰁥󰁷 󰁔󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁬󰁤
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 12
Setting Product Strategy

󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁩󰁸. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁳
󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁭󰁩󰁸󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴
󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳, 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳, 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁵󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁥󰁳.

Product Levels
󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳 5 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳:
  󰁃󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁂󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴󰀺 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁈󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁬 󰁧󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁬󰁥󰁥󰁰
󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀺 •

  󰁂󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀺 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁨󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁬 󰁲󰁯󰁯󰁭 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁤, 󰁢󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁯󰁭, 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁫, 󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁲, 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁴, 󰁴󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁬 󰁥󰁴󰁣
󰁁󰁮󰁹󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 •  󰁅󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀺 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴.
•  󰁁󰁵󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀺 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁥󰁸󰁣󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳. 󰁉󰁮 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳,
󰁢󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁡
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬, 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹 󰁡 󰁩󰁴 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁴 󲀘󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󲀙 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬.
󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁲 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴, •  󰁐󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀺  󰁩󰁴 󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁵󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁨󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁯 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥.

󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳, 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳,

󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳, Product classification


󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁳, •  󰁄󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹
󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳. 1.  󰁎󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳󰀺 󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁮󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁤󰁡󰁹 󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁷󰁯. E.󰁧.:
󰁳󰁯󰁡󰁰󰁳, 󰁳󰁯󰁦󰁴 󰁤󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁫󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹, 󰁴󰁨󰁵󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁢󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁡󰁶󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁩󰁮
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁤 󰁡 󰁳󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁵󰁰, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬.
2.  󰁄󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳󰀺  󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁳. E.󰁧. C󰁬󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳, 󰁭󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳.
󰁒󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁳, 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁵󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁥󰁳.
3.  󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳󰀺  󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥, 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥, 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁈󰁡󰁩󰁲󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁳, 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁲󰁳. 󰁒󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥

󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬, 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁡󰁤󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹.


•  󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁤󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁨󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁴󰁳. 4 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳󰀭
1.  󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳󰀺 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹, 󰁩󰁭󰁭󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁹, 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁭 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁴
  󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁳: 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳
  󰁉󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁬󰁳󰁥 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳: 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁷/󰁯 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥.󰁧. C󰁨󰁯󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 34/44
  E󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳: 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁕󰁭󰁢󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁡󰁳
5/21/2018 C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 12 󰀭 󰁓󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴
Summary- 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹
slidepdf.com

2.  󰁓󰁨󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳󰀺 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁥󰁴󰁣
  󰁈󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁯󰁵󰁳: 󰁳󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥.
    󰁈󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁯󰁵󰁳: 󰁳󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳.
3.  󰁓󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁯
E.󰁧. C󰁡󰁲󰁳, 󰁭󰁥󰁮󲀙󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁤󰁯󰁮󲀙󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁯󰁮.
4.  󰁕󰁮󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨󰁴 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳󰀺  󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁤󰁯 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁫 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧.

󰁉󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁢󰁯󰁯󰁫󰁳. 󰁒󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧.


•  󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺  󰁤󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰀭
1.  󰁍󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳: 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁬󰁹.

󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥   󰁒󰁡󰁷 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳󰀺  2 󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁳󰀭 󰁆󰁡󰁲󰁭 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁎󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳, 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁰

󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺   󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳: 2 󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁳󰀭 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳 (󰁥.󰁧. 󰁉󰁲


󰁣󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁵󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁦󰁡󰁢󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁵󰁲󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲), 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳 (󰁥.󰁧. 󰁍󰁯󰁴
󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁷/󰁯 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥.)

󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥 2.  󰁃󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳󰀺  󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁳
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰀭
󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁡
  󰁉󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺  󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁶󰁹 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳. A󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁷󰁯   󰁅󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰀺  󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁹 󰁴󰁯󰁯󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳. 󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥 󰁭
󰁦󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥. 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧.
3.  󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁳󰀺  󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵
󰁅.󰁧. 󰁂󰁍󰁗 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁡
󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰀭

󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁣󰁲󰁡󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁤   󰁍󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁲 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳󰀮 E.󰁧. 󰁐󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴, 󰁢󰁲󰁯󰁯󰁭.
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭   󰁏󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁌󰁵󰁢󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁷󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁡󰁰󰁥󰁲, 󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁳.
󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥󰁤 󲀘󰁌󰁵󰁸󰁵󰁲󰁹󲀙 4.  󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳: 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁳

󰁡󰁮󰁤 󲀘󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󲀙 󰁡󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰀭


  󰁍󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳󰀮 E.󰁧. A󰁩󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥.
󰁢󰁯󰁴󰁨 󰁐󰁏󰁄 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁏󰁐.
  󰁂󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁩󰁳󰁯󰁲󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧.

Differentiation
󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁆󰁯󰁲󰁭󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁩󰁺󰁥, 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁥, 󰁰󰁨󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥.
󰁆󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. C󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁶/󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥.
󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺  󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁍󰁡󰁳󰁳
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳.
󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺  󰁩󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁡󰁴 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁳
󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥. 4 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳󰀭 󰁬󰁯󰁷, 󰁡󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥, 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁥
󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁮󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁳󰁴.
󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥

󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳.
󰁄󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁰󰁡󰁹 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁤󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳. 󰁈󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁴󰁲󰁡
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁩󰁤 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬
󰁯󰁢󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥
󰁒󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁩󰁬 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁤.
󰁒󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁦󰁩󰁸󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁩󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁬󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁦󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁳
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 35/44
󰁓󰁴󰁹󰁬󰁥󰀺 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󲀙󰁳 󰁬󰁯󰁯󰁫 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁬. C󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁰󰁹.
5/21/2018 C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲Kotler
12 󰀭 󰁓󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹
Summary-slidepdf.com

󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁏󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰀺 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲
󰁄󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹󰀺 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁥󰁤, 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁹, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳.
 
󰁉󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀺 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫 󰁤󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁮 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. B󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁳
󰁡 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥.
󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁯󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴
󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁬󰁹.
󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡, 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳.
󰁍󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁲󰁳󰀺 󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁫󰁥󰁥󰁰 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲.
󰁒󰁥󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁮󰁳: 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁷󰁯 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳󰀭
1.  󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥󰀺 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁳, 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁯󰁲 󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳.


2.  󰁕󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥󰀺 󰁣󰁡󰁮󲀙󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴 󰁲󰁵󰁮.

󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰀺 Product Hierarchy


1.  󰁎󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹󰀺  󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹. E.󰁧.
󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁓󰁥󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁴󰁹.
󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 2.  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹󰀺 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤. E.󰁧. 󰁓󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥
󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 3.  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰀺 󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁦󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥

󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 4.  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰀺 󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭 󰁳󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁯󰁬󰁤
󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁌󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥.
󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹
5.  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥󰀺  󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. E.󰁧. 󰁔󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥.
󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁮 6.  󰁉󰁴󰁥󰁭󰀺  󰁡 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁴 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁵󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁹 󰁳󰁩󰁺󰁥, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥,
󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥. 󰁅󰁸󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁡󰁰󰁰󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁉C󰁉C󰁉 󰁰󰁲󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭 󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥.

󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁳
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁮󰁥󰁷󰁥󰁲 Product system: 󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁦󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁡

󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳. 󰁈󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁲.

󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 Product Mix  


󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁵󰁳 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁮󰁯󰁮 󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁡 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥.
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 •  󰁗󰁩󰁤󰁴󰁨: 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳.

󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤. •  󰁌󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨: 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁮󰁯. 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁩󰁸.



  D󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁨: 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥?
•  C󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹: 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁣󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁳󰁥.

Product line
󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳: 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󲀓
•  󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰀺 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁳.
o   󰁃󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳: 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁳
󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳. E.󰁧. B󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳.
o  󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁳󰀺 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥, 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁳, 󰁮󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁆󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁲 C󰁐󰁕
o  󰁓󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳: 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥, 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁬󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁤. E.󰁧. 󰁉󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹.

o   󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳󰀺  󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁰󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁳, 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨


󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁓󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥, 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳.
•  󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁬󰁥󰀺  󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴
36/44

󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳.
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com
C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 12 󰀭 󰁓󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹
Line stretching 󰀺  󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁧󰁯 󰁢󰁥󰁹󰁯󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥
  󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤. C󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁣󰁨 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳󰀭
•  󰁄󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁣󰁨󰀺 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤. 󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥
󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁫󰁹 󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁥󰁮󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁦󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮.


  󰁕󰁰󰀭󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁲 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁣󰁨󰀺 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁴󰁨, 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁳.
•  󰁔󰁷󰁯 󰁷󰁡󰁹 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁣󰁨󰀺 󰁭󰁩󰁤󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁯󰁴󰁨 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳.
󰁈󰁥󰁬󰁰󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁤󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥. E.󰁧. 󰁔󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁳 󰁭󰁩󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁷󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁮
󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁓󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 E󰁤󰁧󰁥, 󰁘󰁹󰁬󰁵󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁥󰁮󰁤.
󰁎󰁯󰁴󰁥󰀺 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁡 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁥󰁮󰁤
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰀮

Line filling 󰀺 󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁢󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥.

Line modernization, Featuring and Pruning 󰀺  󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴


󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁳. C󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁤󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁰󰁩󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰀮 󰁐󰁩󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁡󰁬   󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁧󰁡󰁵󰁧󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁰󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁥. 󰁉󰁭󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁯󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁲 󰁴󰁯󰁯 󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁬󰁹 (󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴) 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁯󰁯 󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥 (󰁡󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥).
󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲
󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥.
C󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁯󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁯. 󰁆󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳, 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁷󰁥󰁡󰁫
󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁹. E.󰁧. 󰁕󰁮󰁩󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 400 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁴󰁳 1600 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 90% 󰁯󰁦
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳.

Product-Mix Pricing : 󰁳󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁮


󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁴󰁡󰁬 󰁭󰁩󰁸.
•  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁌󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺  󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁰󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲
󰁴󰁡󰁳󰁫 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁪󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳.
•  󰁏󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁆󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁥.󰁧. A󰁵󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳. A󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁴 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳
󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁰󰁰󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁵󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁰 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧.
•  󰁃󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁡󰁺󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁵󰁰󰁳
󰁯󰁮 󰁲󰁡󰁺󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁬󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁳. 󰁉󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯󰁯 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨, 󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁥󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳.
•  󰁔󰁷󰁯󰀭󰁐󰁡󰁲󰁴 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁦󰁩󰁸󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁥󰁥+ 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁵󰁳󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁦󰁥󰁥. 󰁆󰁩󰁸󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁥󰁥 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁢󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥
󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳; 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁦󰁥󰁥󰁳.
•  󰁂󰁹󰀭󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁥.󰁧. 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁥󰁵󰁭 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳. 󰁉󰁦
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲, 󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲.
•  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁂󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 
1.  󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁥󰁳. E.󰁧. 󰁴󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁢󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁶󰁥󰁬.
2.  󰁍󰁩󰁸󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺  󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁳 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁡󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁢󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁥󰁳. E.󰁧. A󰁵󰁴󰁯
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁲󰁳. C󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁹 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁢󰁵󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁢󰁥 󰁬󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁤
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 37/44
󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁳󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧.
5/21/2018
C󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com
12 󰀭 󰁓󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁹

  Co-Branding 󰀺  2 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁢󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁪󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁲󰁥

󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯󰁧󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁦󰁡󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁉󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰀭󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 (󰁇󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁥 󰁬󰁡󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁤
󰁍󰁡󰁣󰁨 3 󰁔󰁵󰁲󰁢󰁯 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁧󰁥󰁬), 󰁪󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴 󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰀭󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 (󰁉󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁩󰁬 󰁡󰁮󰁤 C󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁢󰁡󰁮󰁫 󰁣󰁯󰀭
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁴 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁳), 󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁩󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰀭󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 ( 󰁔󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁴, 󰁡 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 A󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁥,
󰁉B󰁍 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁍󰁯󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁯󰁬󰁡) 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬 󰁣󰁯󰀭󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 (2 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯
󰁯󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁳󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳).
󰁉󰁴 󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁹 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁳 2 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁮
󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁢󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤.
󰁈󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲, 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨, 󰁳󰁯 󰁡󰁮 󰁵󰁮󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁹
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁢󰁥 󰁤󰁡󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁮󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁡󰁳 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬.
󰁉󰁮󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁆󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰀭󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁥󰁤, 󰁢󰁯󰁴󰁨 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁦󰁩󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁳, 󰁧󰁯󰁡󰁬󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳.

󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 Packaging : 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. 󰁐󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁳
󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰀭
󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥 3 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳. 󰁐󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁳󰁴 󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴.
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁉󰁴 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤
󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧:
󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁦󰁯󰁲
•  󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳, •  C󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁬󰁵󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳 •  C󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥: 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁤 •  󰁉󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁹: 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁵󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳.
󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁐󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳:
  󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤

󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳. 󰁉󰁮󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴
  C󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮

󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥
  󰁆󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮

󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲   A󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁴󰀭󰁨󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁧󰁥


󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴   A󰁩󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮


󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁤󰁯 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁢󰁵󰁴 A󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁤:


  E󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁳: 󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁵󰁰 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁮󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬 󰁣󰁩󰁲󰁣󰁵󰁭󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳

󰁡 󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨

󰁤󰁯󰁥󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴   󰁖󰁩󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁳: 󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁰󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳
•  D󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁳: 󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁬󰁥
󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴. •  C󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁳󰁴: 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁡󰁶󰁯󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁹

Labeling : 󰁬󰁡󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴, 󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴, 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 (󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁳).

Warranties and Guarantees: 󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦

󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁲. 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥


󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁵󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴, 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁲.
󰁇󰁵󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁥󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁫. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁩󰁳
󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁯󰁲 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳.  
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 38/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marke ing Managem nt
By Philip, Kevin Lan Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕 󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 1
Designing and Man ging
Services
󰁔󰁯󰁤󰁡󰁹 󰁡󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁩󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁵󰁩󰁳󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁨󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳,
󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁳 󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮. 󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩 󰁥󰁳.

How do e define and classify ser ices and how do


󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳
they diff er from goods
󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳
•  󰁁 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁮󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥
󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁯󰁥󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁷󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁹󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 .󰁉󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁹
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁨󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁃󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁯󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁩󰁸.
󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁤 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁯󰁵󰁴󰁨󰀬 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 •  󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣 󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁰󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁥󰁯󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤 & 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁨󰁥󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰀬 󰁯󰁷󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰.
•  󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁯󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣 󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥.
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 & 󰁰󰁨󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬
•  󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣 󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 & 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁡 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁵󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤.
󰁣󰁵󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁪󰁵󰁤󰁧󰁥
󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹󰀮 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥
Cate ories of services mix
󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁬󰁹 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁯
󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁔󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁇󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󲀢 󰁎󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁴󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. 󰁅.󰁧
󰁓󰁯󰁡󰁰,󰁴󰁯󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁥
󰁷󰁨󰁯 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁭 &
󰁔󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁇󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󲀢󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁯󰁮󰁥 󰁯󰁲 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁅.󰁧
󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁳󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁃󰁥󰁬󰁬 󰁐󰁨󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁳 & 󰁣 󰁲󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰀬
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁡 󲀢󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁳 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳. 󰁅.󰁧
󰁈󰁹 󰁲󰁩󰁤
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁵󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳
󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁩󰁴
󰁍󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󲀢󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨
󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁤󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳. 󰁅.󰁧 󰁁󰁩󰁲󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁮󰁥

󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁹 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁡󰁬󰁯󰁧 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳

󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰀮 󰁐󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󲀢󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁏󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁮󰁬 󰁡 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥.󰁅.󰁧 󰁰󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁰󰁹

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 39/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 13 󰀭 󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤
Kotler Summary 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳
-slidepdf.com

Holistic Marketing for Services


 
󰁅󰁸󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧

󲀢󰁉󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁳 󰁨󰁥 󰁮󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁬 󲀢󰁉󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀢󰁉󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥
󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁫󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴
󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧,󰁰󰁲󰁩
󰁩󰁯󰁮,󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁯 󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧,󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴
󰁯󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁷󰁥󰁬󰁬.󰁅󰁮󰁧󰁡󰁧󰁥
󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳. 󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁹 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁯󰁲󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁺󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧

Di stinctive Characteristic of Services

󲀢 󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥 󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭


󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴 󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁦󰁩󰁴 .

󲀢 󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁥󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁬󰁹 .󰁔󰁨󰁵󰁳


󰁉󰁮󰁳󰁥󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫 󰁩󰁮 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁲 󰁧󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁰󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥
󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳

󲀢󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁷 󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮
󰁴󰁡󰁬󰁫 󰁴󰁯 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁢󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣 󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳.
󰁖󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󲀢󰁉󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁉󰁮 󰁇󰁯󰁯󰁤 󰁈󰁩󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧
󲀢󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰀭󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲 󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳
󲀢󰁍󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁃󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁓󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳

󲀢󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁨󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁬󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁡 󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁣󰁨 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮


󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 & 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹.󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰀺
󲀢󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁓󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰀭 󰁄󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧,󰁎󰁯󰁮󰁰 󰁡󰁫 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤,󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁹
󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴 󰁹
󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳,󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁓󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳
󲀢󰁓󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁓󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰀭 󰁐󰁡󰁲󰁴󰀭󰁔󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥󰁳 ,󰁐󰁥󰁡󰁫 󰁔󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁹,󰁉󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁤
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁰󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮,󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁦󰁵󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁯󰁮

D veloping Brand Strategies for services


󰁃󰁨󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁅󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳
󰁆󰁯󰁣󰁵󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁯󰁳,󰁳󰁹󰁭󰁢󰁯󰁬󰁳,󰁳󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁡󰁮󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤 󰁢 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁥󰁳󰁳

󰁅󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁉󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁄󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩 󰁮󰁳


󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁧󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁵󰁩󰁬󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹

󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁂󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁧󰁥
󰁃󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁡 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁦
󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳

󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁐󰁯󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴


http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c
󰁉󰁤󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁷 󰁡󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 40/44
󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁲 󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁲 & 󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 13 󰀭Kotler
󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧
Summary󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁓󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳
-slidepdf.com

Best Practices of Service Quality Management


 

󰁓󰁔󰁒󰁁󰁔󰁅󰁇󰁉󰁃 󰁔󰁏󰁐 󰁈󰁉󰁇󰁈 󰁓󰁅󰁌󰁆󰀭 󰁍󰁏󰁎󰁉󰁔󰁏󰁒󰁉󰁎 󰁓󰁁󰁔󰁉󰁓󰁆󰁙󰁉󰁎󰁇


󰁃󰁏󰁍󰁐󰁏󰁎󰁅 󰁍󰁁󰁎󰁁󰁇󰁅󰁍 󰁓󰁔󰁁󰁎󰁄󰁁󰁒󰁄󰁓 󰁓󰁅󰁒󰁖󰁉󰁃󰁅 󰁇 󰁓󰁙󰁓󰁔󰁅󰁍󰁓 󰁅󰁍󰁐󰁌󰁏󰁙󰁅󰁅󰁓
󰁎󰁔 󰁅󰁎󰁔 󰁔󰁅󰁈󰁎󰁏󰁌󰁏󰁇󰁉 󲀢󰁁󰁵󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 &
󲀢󰁓󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁃󰁏󰁍󰁍󰁉󰁔󰁍󰁅 󰁅󰁓 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁃󰁕󰁓󰁔󰁏󰁍󰁅󰁒󰁓
󲀢󰁔󰁯󰁰 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁎󰁔 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󲀢󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣 󲀢󰁉󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡
󰁡󰁲󰁥 󲀢󰁔󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁲󰁤󰁳 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁷󰁮 & 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁭󰁩󰁴󰁭󰁥 󲀢󰁤󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁵󰁤󰁥
󰁯󰁢󰁳󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥,󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁩 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴
󲀢󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁥.󰁧 󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁴 & 󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁦 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁣󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁲 󰁳󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁴,󰁘󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁶󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁸 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁥 󰁩󰁮
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁉󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁦󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁥 󰁳 󰁥.󰁧 󰁁󰁔󰁍󰁳 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁥󰁥󰁳
󲀢󰁂󰁯󰁴󰁨
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 & 󰁳󰁹󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁭󰁳 󲀢󰁈󰁥󰁬󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁣 󰁴󰁯 󰁵󰁳󰁥
󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥
󰁭󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁯󰁰
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥
󰁮󰁴

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 41/44
5/21/2018 Kotler Summary-slidepdf.com

Marketing Management
By Philip, Kevin Lane Keller, Abraham Koshy, Mithileshwar Jha

logo copy.tif 
  󰁓󰁕󰁍󰁍󰁁󰁒󰁙 󰁢󰁹 

Chapter 14
Developing Pricing Strategies
and Programs
󰁔󰁲󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁩󰁣󰁥. 󰁁󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁣󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁣󰁲󰁯󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁬󰁤. 󰁁󰁬󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁮󰁯󰁮󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥
󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁬󰁹 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁡󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹. 󰁁󰁬󰁳󰁯, 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁩󰁸 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁵󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳.

󰁅󰁮󰁶󰁩󰁲󰁯󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰀺
Buyers can : 
󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
•  
󰁇󰁥󰁴 󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁳󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁯󰁲󰁳: 󰁗󰁥󰁢󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥
󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁡󰁤󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁡󰁮.󰁣󰁯󰁭 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡 󰁡󰁢󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁲󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁷󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁨󰁵󰁮󰁤󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁳 󰁯󰁦
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳.

󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 •   󰁎󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁥󰁥󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥.󰁣󰁯󰁭. 󰁁󰁬󰁳󰁯, 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥󰀭󰁡󰁧󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁤󰁥󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁲 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴.
󰁡󰁣󰁱󰁵󰁩󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁴󰁯
•   󰁇󰁥󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁥:  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁰󰁥󰁮 󰁳󰁯󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁥 󰁳󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁥󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁥󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁳 󰁦󰁯󰁲
󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁬󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁳󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁹󰁥󰁲. 󰁁󰁬󰁳󰁯, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰀭󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁩󰁲󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁶󰁩󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁮󰁬󰁹 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁭󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁡󰁸󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁯󰁮 󰁡 󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁸󰁡󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁥 󰁨󰁯󰁷

󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁢󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁱󰁵󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁦󰁵󰁬 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁦󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧󰁳.

󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 Sellers can :
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁡󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁳. •   󰁍󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁥󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁺󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁳:  󰁆󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁳󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁥
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁰󰁡󰁳󰁴 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁡󰁴󰁡, 󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁱󰁵󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴󰁬󰁹.
•   󰁏󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁰󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳: 󰁃󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁢󰁹
󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁡 󰁣󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁯󰁮 󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁹󰁡󰁬󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁵󰁲󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲.

Setting the price


󰁆󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁡 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴, 󰁯󰁲 󰁶󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁡󰁮
󰁥󰁸󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁳󰁩󰁸󰀭󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁰 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁡󰁳
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁳 42/44
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀱󰀴 󰀭 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler Summary 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁳
-slidepdf.com

󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 1: 󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁏󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󲀓  󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁳󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁴 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
 
󰁰󰁳󰁹󰁣󰁨󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 •  󰁓󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁬: 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁳󰁵󰁥 󰁳󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁶󰁡󰁬 󰁩󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁹 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁧󰁵󰁥󰁤 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰀭󰁣󰁡󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁥
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁳.
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀺 •  󰁍󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁭 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴: 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁭󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁮 󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴.

 󰁒󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳: •
  󰁍󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁭 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥: 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥, 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁳 󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁵󰁭󰁥 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤 󰁴󰁯
󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁥󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁯󰁹 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁵󰁮󰁩󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁬󰁯󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁲󰁵󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁢󰁹 󰁭󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁥.

󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮 󰁯󰁢󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁤 •  󰁍󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁵󰁭 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁳󰁫󰁩󰁭󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁧:  󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁮󰁥󰁷 󰁴󰁥󰁣󰁨󰁮󰁯󰁬󰁯󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁮 󰁳󰁥󰁴 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁹 󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁦󰁲󰁯󰁭 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁧󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁡󰁬
󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁮.
󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁲 󰁡 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁤
•  󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀭󰁑󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁌󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰: 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁡󰁳󰁰󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰀭󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮
󲀘󰁲󰁥󰁧󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁲 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󲀙.
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴.

󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁰󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁢󰁹


󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 2: 󰁄󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󲀓  󰁅󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁳󰁵󰁧󰁧󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁵󰁡󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁡 󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁮 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁢󰁪󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁳. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳

󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁩󰁳 󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥


•  󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁓󰁥󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁹: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁢󰁥󰁴󰁷󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤, 󰁩.󰁥. 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁮
󰁭󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁯󰁲 󰁢󰁹
󰁢󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁢󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁴 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳.
󰁰󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󲀙󰁳
󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁨󰁥󰁬󰁰󰁳 󰁡 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁴󰁯 󰁭󰁡󰁸󰁩󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳.
󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥. •  󰁅󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁄󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁃󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁳: 󰁍󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥
•  󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰀭󰁑󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁩󰁮󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳: 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁳󰀺 󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁓󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥󰁹󰁳, 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁅󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳, 󰁓󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁬 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁩󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣.
󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁵󰁳󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 •  󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁅󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁹:  󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷 󰁨󰁯󰁷 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁶󰁥, 󰁯󰁲 󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁡󰁳 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁣󰁡󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁯󰁦 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹. 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁢󰁥, 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥. 󰁉󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁩󰁳 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨, 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤
󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤, 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥
󰁈󰁩󰁧󰁨󰀭󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁡󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤. 󰁈󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁥󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁣 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳 󰁤󰁯 󰁮󰁯󰁴
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨󰁥󰁲
󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴 󰁧󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁦󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤.
󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁳󰁡.
•  󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁥󰁳: 󰁃󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 3: 󰁅󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󲀓 󰁗󰁨󰁩󰁬󰁥 󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁴󰁳 󰁡 󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁡 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁣󰁡󰁮
󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴, 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁬󰁯󰁯󰁲.

󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁡󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 •


  󰁔󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁃󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁌󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮:  󰁃󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁣󰁬󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁥󰁤 󰁡󰁳 󰁆󰁩󰁸󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤
󰁖󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳. 󰁆󰁩󰁸󰁥󰁤 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁳, 󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁬󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁤󰁯 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤
󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥
󰁵󰁰󰁯󰁮 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁤. 󰁖󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁬󰁵󰁤󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁣󰁥󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳, 󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁫󰁡󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳,
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁹󰁥󰁤. 󰁍󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳
󰁳󰁨󰁩󰁰󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁤󰁥󰁰󰁥󰁮󰁤 󰁵󰁰󰁯󰁮 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁤. 󰁈󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴
󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁶󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁩󰁤󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁡 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁷󰁨󰁩󰁣󰁨 󰁷󰁩󰁬󰁬 󰁭󰁯󰁲󰁥 󰁯󰁲 󰁬󰁥󰁳󰁳 󰁧󰁵󰁡󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁥󰁥 󰁮󰁯 󰁬󰁯󰁳󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁯󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁒󰁳.2999 󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁳 󰁡 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.
󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 2000 󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 •  󰁁󰁣󰁣󰁵󰁭󰁵󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮:  󰁁󰁳 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁧󰁡󰁩󰁮 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁧󰁯󰁯󰁤, 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁩󰁮󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁡󰁤 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 3000 󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁤󰁵󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳 󰁷󰁯󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧

󰁡󰁳 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁳, 󰁳󰁭󰁯󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁦󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁯󰁦 󰁭󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁡󰁬󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁔󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁣󰁬󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮
󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁲󰁶󰁥.
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁵󰁭󰁥󰁲. 󰁐󰁵󰁴󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󲀘󰁓󰁡󰁬󰁥󲀙
•  󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁃󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧:  󰁏󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁳󰁣󰁡󰁬󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁥󰁸󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁡
󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁡󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁵󰁬󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁰󰁵󰁲󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁳 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁹
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁰󰁬󰁡󰁹 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁢󰁥󰁥󰁮 󰁥󰁸󰁡󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁲󰁹 󰁴󰁯 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁤 󰁷󰁡󰁹󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁲󰁥󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁯󰁬󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁩󰁮
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c 43/44
󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥. 󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥.
5/21/2018 󰁃󰁨󰁡󰁰󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰀱󰀴 󰀭 󰁄󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁰󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧
Kotler Summary 󰁓󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥󰁧󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁐󰁲󰁯󰁧󰁲󰁡󰁭󰁳
-slidepdf.com

󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 4: 󰁁󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁺󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󲀓 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥, 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴, 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁧󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁮 󰁢󰁹
󰁉󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁣󰁡󰁮 󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁴 󰁡 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴.

  󰁁 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁬󰁹󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁹 󰁡 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁡 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁡󰁤󰁤󰀭
󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁯󰁮󰁳, 󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁴󰀭󰁳󰁡󰁬󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁲󰁶󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁥󰁴󰁣. 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁢󰁹 󰁭󰁯󰁤󰁩󰁦󰁹 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁯󰁷󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴.
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳󰀺
󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 5: 󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁍󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󲀓 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁳󰁩󰁸 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳󰀺
•   󰁉󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥
•  󰁍󰁡󰁲󰁫󰀭󰁵󰁰 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁤󰁤 󰁡 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁤󰁡󰁲󰁤 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰀭󰁵󰁰 󰁴󰁯
󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁳: 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴.
󰁳󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁭󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 •  󰁔󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴󰀭󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁮 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁉󰁮 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴󰀭󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁮 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭 󰁤󰁥󰁴󰁥󰁲󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁡󰁴 󰁷󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁯󰁲󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁯 󰁹󰁩󰁥󰁬󰁤 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁴 󰁲󰁥󰁴󰁵󰁲󰁮 󰁯󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁶󰁥󰁳󰁴󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴.
•  󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤󰀭󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁐󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤󰀭󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁵󰁰 󰁯󰁦 󰁳󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁬 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁤󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴
󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁩󰁭󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁥󰁬 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁡󰁢󰁬󰁥󰁳, 󰁷󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁴󰁹 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹, 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲
󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁯󰁵󰁧󰁨 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳.
󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴, 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮, 󰁥󰁴󰁣.

•   •  󰁖󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥, 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁳󰁳󰁩󰁧󰁮󰁥󰁤 󰁡 󰁦󰁡󰁩󰁲󰁬󰁹 󰁬󰁯󰁷 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥. 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁣 󰁡󰁩󰁭
󰁉󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁴󰁴󰁲󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁡 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥󰀭󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁣󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁢󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁥󰁮󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁥󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁴󰁯
󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳: 󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁩󰁥󰁳
󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁥 󰁡 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰀭󰁣󰁯󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁥󰁲 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁳󰁡󰁣󰁲󰁩󰁦󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹.
󰁩󰁮󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥
•  󰁇󰁯󰁩󰁮󰁧󰀭󰁲󰁡󰁴󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥, 󰁦󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁢󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁬󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁥󰁬󰁹 󰁯󰁮 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳, 󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁧󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁴󰁯 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁦󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁮󰁥󰁡󰁲󰁬󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁡󰁭󰁥 󰁡󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴 󰁤󰁯.
󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴 •  󰁁󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰀭󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁔󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁡󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁲󰁥󰁥 󰁴󰁹󰁰󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤 󲀓
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁩󰁢󰁩󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁅󰁮󰁧󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁨 󰁁󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰀨󰁁󰁳󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁩󰁤󰁳󰀩󰀺 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁵󰁴󰁳 󰁵󰁰 󰁡󰁮 󰁩󰁴󰁥󰁭 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁩󰁤󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁳󰁥
󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁬 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁴󰁯󰁰 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁣󰁨󰁥󰁤.
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁥. 󰁁 󰁭󰁡󰁪󰁯󰁲
󰁄󰁵󰁴󰁣󰁨 󰁁󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳 󰀨󰁄󰁥󰁳󰁣󰁥󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁢󰁩󰁤󰁳󰀩󰀺 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁮 󰁧󰁯󰁥󰁳

󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲 󰁬󰁥󰁡󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁳󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁵󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁬 󰁡 󰁢󰁩󰁤󰁤󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁳 󰁩󰁴. 󰁏󰁲, 󰁡 󰁢󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲 󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁣󰁥󰁳 󰁨󰁩󰁳 󰁤󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁲󰁥 󰁦󰁯󰁲 󰁡
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁣󰁲󰁥󰁡󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁳 󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲 󰁨󰁩󰁭 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁬󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥.
󰁤󰁥󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁤, 󰁷󰁨󰁥󰁲󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁓󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁤󰀭󰁢󰁩󰁤 󰁁󰁵󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮󰁳󰀺 󰁈󰁥󰁲󰁥, 󰁰󰁯󰁴󰁥󰁮󰁴󰁩󰁡󰁬 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁢󰁭󰁩󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁩󰁲 󰁢󰁩󰁤󰁳 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁴 󰁫󰁮󰁯󰁷󰁬󰁥󰁤󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦

󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁣󰁡󰁮󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁢󰁩󰁤󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁤󰁥 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁥󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁩󰁤 󰁩󰁳 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁥󰁤.

󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁹 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁣󰁵󰁳󰁴󰁯󰁭󰁥󰁲󰁳


󰁓󰁴󰁥󰁰 6: 󰁓󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁆󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󲀓 󰁁󰁦󰁴󰁥󰁲 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁭󰁥󰁴󰁨󰁯󰁤󰁳 󰁨󰁡󰁶󰁥 󰁮󰁡󰁲󰁲󰁯󰁷󰁥󰁤 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁨󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁩󰁴󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁥󰁣󰁴󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴 󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁡󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁥󰁤 󰁢󰁥󰁬󰁯󰁷󰀺
󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󰁳. •  󰁉󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁭󰁡󰁲󰁫󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁢󰁲󰁡󰁮󰁤󲀙󰁳

󰁱󰁵󰁡󰁬󰁩󰁴󰁹 󰁡󰁮󰁤 󰁡󰁤󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁳󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁲󰁥󰁬󰁡󰁴󰁩󰁶󰁥 󰁴󰁯 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮.



 
󰁒󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯
•  󰁃󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁳: 󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁭󰁵󰁳󰁴 󰁢󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁡󰁮󰁴 󰁷󰁩󰁴󰁨 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳󲀙 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁰󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁥󰁳.
󰁣󰁨󰁡󰁮󰁧󰁥󰁳: 󰁆󰁩󰁲󰁭󰁳 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁰󰁯󰁮󰁤 •  󰁇󰁡󰁩󰁮󰀭󰁡󰁮󰁤󰀭󰁒󰁩󰁳󰁫󰀭󰁳󰁨󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁐󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁩󰁮󰁧: 󰁂󰁵󰁹󰁥󰁲󰁳 󰁭󰁡󰁹 󰁲󰁥󰁳󰁩󰁳󰁴 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁥󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁡 󰁳󰁵󰁰󰁰󰁬󰁩󰁥󰁲󲀙󰁳 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁰󰁯󰁳󰁡󰁬 󰁢󰁥󰁣󰁡󰁵󰁳󰁥
󰁴󰁯 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁣󰁵󰁴󰁳/󰁲󰁡󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁳 󰁢󰁹 󰁯󰁦 󰁡 󰁨󰁩󰁧󰁨 󰁰󰁥󰁲󰁣󰁥󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁤 󰁬󰁥󰁶󰁥󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁫. 󰁈󰁥󰁮󰁣󰁥, 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁳󰁥󰁬󰁬󰁥󰁲 󰁨󰁡󰁳 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁯󰁰󰁴󰁩󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁦 󰁯󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁢󰁳󰁯󰁲󰁢 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴
󰁯󰁲 󰁡󰁬󰁬 󰁯󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁲󰁩󰁳󰁫 󰁩󰁦 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁭󰁩󰁳󰁥󰁤 󰁶󰁡󰁬󰁵󰁥 󰁩󰁳 󰁮󰁯󰁴 󰁤󰁥󰁬󰁩󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁥󰁤.
󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁢󰁹
•  󰁉󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁦 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥 󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳:   󰁔󰁨󰁥 󰁦󰁩󰁮󰁡󰁬 󰁰󰁲󰁩󰁣󰁥󲀙󰁳 󰁥󰁦󰁦󰁥󰁣󰁴 󰁯󰁮 󰁯󰁴󰁨󰁥󰁲 󰁰󰁡󰁲󰁴󰁩󰁥󰁳 󰁳󰁵󰁣󰁨 󰁡󰁳
󰁣󰁯󰁮󰁳󰁩󰁤󰁥󰁲󰁩󰁮󰁧 󰁶󰁡󰁲󰁩󰁯󰁵󰁳
󰁤󰁩󰁳󰁴󰁲󰁩󰁢󰁵󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳, 󰁤󰁥󰁡󰁬󰁥󰁲󰁳, 󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁥󰁴󰁩󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳, 󰁧󰁯󰁶󰁥󰁲󰁮󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴 󰁳󰁨󰁯󰁵󰁬󰁤 󰁡󰁬󰁳󰁯 󰁢󰁥 󰁴󰁡󰁫󰁥󰁮 󰁩󰁮󰁴󰁯 󰁡󰁣󰁣󰁯󰁵󰁮󰁴 󰁢󰁹 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁦󰁡󰁣󰁴󰁯󰁲󰁳 󰁬󰁩󰁫󰁥 󰁴󰁨󰁥 󰁭󰁡󰁮󰁡󰁧󰁥󰁭󰁥󰁮󰁴.
󰁰󰁲󰁯󰁤󰁵󰁣󰁴󲀙󰁳 󰁳󰁴󰁡󰁧󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥
󰁬󰁩󰁦󰁥 󰁣󰁹󰁣󰁬󰁥, 󰁩󰁴󰁳 Adapting the Price
󰁩󰁭󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁡󰁮󰁣󰁥 󰁩󰁮 󰁴󰁨󰁥   Geographical Pricing 

  Price Discounts and Allowances 



󰁣󰁯󰁭󰁰󰁡󰁮󰁹 󰁰󰁯󰁲󰁴󰁦󰁯󰁬󰁩󰁯, 󰁥󰁴󰁣.
  Promotional Pricing 
http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/kotler-summary-561c18d93110c
• 44/44

You might also like