KOD KURSUS NAMA KURSUS

GGGF3142 KESIHATAN DAN KESELAMATAN

PERSEKITARAN

TUGASAN

NOTA/ RUMUSAN ARTIKEL

NAMA NO MATRIK

AIN NAJWA BINTI YIT A170142

NAMA PENSYARAH

DR. DENISE KOH CHOON LIAN

1. Health Promotion International
 The Health Promoting School (HPS) and Comprehensive School Health Program (CSHP)
initiatives have been proposed as a means of going beyond some of limitations associated
with health promotion initiatives aimed at school-aged children.
 Three components or domain of HPS:
 The formal health curriculum that gives school-aged children essential knowledge and
social skills that will allow them to make choices affecting their physical and psycho-
social health.
Refers to the quality of the physical environment and the school climate, health services
and policies of the school.
 The school/community interactions
 Eights components of CSHP program:
 Planned health education from grade 1 to grade 2
 School-based health services
 School environment
 Physical education at school
 Food services
 Counselling services
 Health promotion among school staff
 School/ community integration of health promotion efforts.
 Key conditions to furthering implementation of comprehensive school health approaches:
1. Negotiated planning and coordination to support the comprehensive, intergrated of
the approach.
2. Intersectoral action to actualize the partnership between school, family and
community.
3. Political and financial support from decision makers as leverage for adequate
implementation of comprehensive approaches.
4. Evaluation as a means to help develop effective interventions further.
2. School Health Promotion 2

The focus was on the effects of participation in school health promotion measures rather than on
student involvement at school in general. Almost all included studies showed personal effects in
students referring to an increased satisfaction, motivation and ownership, an increase in skills,
competencies and knowledge, personal development, health-related effects discussed as a value,
or ideal of health promotion in schools, these findings documenting its effectiveness are important.
The evidence is most corncerning:

 Personal effects on students (increases ownership, motivation, positive attitudes, skills,

competencies and knowledge, personal development, health-related effects and influence
on student perspective)
 Effects on school as an organization (school culture and social climate, rules and policies
and physical infrastructure)
 Improved interactions and social relantionships in school (among peers and between
students and adults)

Participation is important not only as a value or norm of health promotion, but also because it
contributes substantially to its effectiveness.
3. PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND PHYSICAL ACTIVITY

 Regular physical activities can reduce risk for the development of chronic diseases among
adults including cardiovascular diseases, cancer and diabetes.
 For young person it can contributes to healthy bone and muscle development, reduces
feelings of depression and anxiety and promotes physiological well-being.
 Regular physical activities reduce risk for the development of overweight among youth
because a lot of youth became less active as they move from childhood into adolescence
and adulthood.
 Quality physical education provides the unique opportunity for students to obtain the
knowledge and skills needed to establish and maintain physically active lifestyles
throughout childhood, adolescence and into adulthood.

Physical Education Policies and Programs

 Physical education alone cannot adequately address the childhood obesity epidemic.
Greater collaborative efforts are needed among physical education and nutrition
services staff at all levels to enable schools to create consistent messages throughout
the school environment about healthy eating and physical activity. This legislation
requires school districts to establish local wellness policies as well as nutrition
education and nutrition guidelines.

Physical Activity and Programs

 Other physical activity components provide opportunities to apply the knowledge and
skill acquired in physical education. States and district level policies can support efforts
to promote physical activity in schools. With recently passed federal legislation that
provides funding to states to create Safe Routes to School, walk and bicycle to school
programs have grown in popularity. To enhance and expand physical education and
physical activity programs for young people, a comprehensive approach at the state,
district can provide more leadership by requiring schools to provide daily physical
education and other physical activity opportunities berfore, during and after school and
by enabling schools to establish health-promoting environments that support physical
activity.
4. JUARA SIHAT: ASSESSING THE SUSTAINED IMPACT OF A SCHOOL-BASED
OBESITY INTERVENTION.

The high prevalence of childhood obesity is an emerging problem in developing countries, where
the rates of overweight and obesity are becoming as high as in developed nations. According to
the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS), the prevalence of childhood obesity (children
below 18 years old) in Malaysia increased between 2011 and 2015 from 6.1% to 11.9%.

 A significant increase in body fat percentage and waist circumference during the
sustainability follow-up could be due to relative fatness, that is highest during early
puberty of the participants, especially among girls.
 Another aspect is the involvement of parents, school teachers and the PTA in Juara
Sihat programme may also have helped to facilitate the behavior change in the children
to increase reduce sedentary lifestyles.
 School teachers were involved in all the modules with the Juara Sihat participants,
which means that teachers had the potential to positively influence the participant’s
behaviors by promoting healthy and physical activity through social interactions.

There are some limitations in this study:

 The intervention school is located in urban Kuala Lumpur

 Some adjustments may be needed before the Juara Sihat intervention could be implemented
in schools at other locations in Malaysia.
 The effect may reflect fluctuations in body fat percentage and waist circumference not
attributable to the intervention and is unlikely to be clinically meaningful.
5. MEASURING PHYSICAL ACTIVITY
Accelerometers
 Have gained popularity given their accuracy, ability to capture large amounts of data and
ease of administration, particularly in large studies.
 Measured acceleration (counts) in real time and detect movement in up to three orthogonal
planes.
 Investigators can use accelerometer data to compute physical activity volume, rate and time
spent in different intensities of exercise, and can be used for broader characterizations such
as achievement of public health guidelines and classification by physical activity levels.
 New accelerometers demonstrate better validity, compare to DLW than older models.
 Strength of accelerometers include minute-by-minute on-line monitoring, capturing
intensity level, feasibility with young children, accuracy with static and dynamic behaviors
and large memory capacities.
 Accelerometers are expensive and require technical expertise, specialized hardware,
software and individual programming.
Pedometers
 Measure numbers of steps taken with a horizontal, spring-suspended lever arm which is
deflected when the subject’s hip accelerates vertically with force beyond a chosen
threshold.
 Their simplicity, relatively low cost and ability to pick up short durations of PA make these
devices popular.
 Appear to yield the most accurate data for running and moderate walking as these behaviors
require forward vertical motion.
 Disadvantages of pedometers include inability to record PA involving horizontal motion
occurring during periods of inactivity, leisure activity or solely upper body movements.
Heart-Rate Monitors
 A physiological indicator of PA and energy expenditure, providing real-time data on the
frequency, duration and intensity of PA in an unobtrusive, low effort way to provides up
to one month.
Armbands
 Armband technology has been developed and validated using DLW in an effort to address
the limitations of other devices.
 Several versions of the armband exist such as SenseWear, HealthWear, bodybugg, motion
and heart related sensors.
6. DEVELOPMENT AND VALIDATION OF A PHYSICAL ACTIVITY EDUCATION
MODULE
 The prevalence of obesity among children and adolescents (<18 years old) increased from
5.4% in 2006 to 6.1% in 2011 and 11.9% in 2015.
 PA has long been recognized as an important factor that can be modified to prevent obesity
in young people.
 Intervention programmes that focus on physical activity have been known to improve the
body composition of overweight anf obese adolescents.
 This programme aimed at improving adolescents PA behaviors have focused on a number
of contexts within which adolescents spend their time, including at home, school or
community based organizations.