eee Std C87.12.90-1993 PART |: IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR LIQUIDAMMERSED avoid air corona, such as may occur at the bushing terminals or grounded projections. Radio-frequency ‘chokes or tuned filters may be used to isolate the transformer under test and the radio-influence voltage (RIV) measuring circuit from the remainder of the test circuit, including its energy source. 10.9.3 Calibration ‘The test cireuit components connected to the winding under test may attenuate the generated RIV level and add to the measured RIV background level. It is therefore necessary to determine the relationship between the RIV at the terminal of fhe winding under test and the RIV reading of the radio-noise meter when con- nected at its normal locatidh inthe test circuit. The steps in establishing this calibration ratio ate ) Apply asignal to the terminal under test of approximately 100 pW atthe measuring frequency. 'b) Measure the voltage atthe terminal with the radio-noise meter connected directly to the terminal. ©) With the same radio-noise meter, measure the voltage provided by the test circuit atthe location where the radio-noise meter will be connected during the partial discharge test on the transformet, A second radio-noise meter may be used for this measurement, provided its relationship tothe frst has ‘been established at the measuring frequency. @) Use the ratio of the calibration signal voltage measured at the transformer tetminal to that measured at the normal meter location in the test circuit as a multiplior on the RIV at the terminal of the wind- ing under test, ©) _Establist that this calibration ratio remains valid over the RIV range of imerest. NOTE See IEEE Std 454-1973 for further background information, 10.10 Insulation power-factor tests Insulation power factor is the ratio of the power dissipated in the insulation in watts to the product of the effective voltage and current in volkamperes when tested under a sinusoidal voltage and prescribed conditions. ‘The methods described herein are applicable to distribution and power transformers of present-day design ‘hat are immersed in an insulating liquid. 10.10.1 Preparation for tests ‘The test specimen shall have the following a) All windings immersed in insulating liquid b) All windings short-circuited ©) All bushings in place 4) Temperature of windings and insulating liquid near the reference temperature of 20°C. 10.10.2 Instrumentation Insulation power factor may be measured by special bridge cicuits or by the voltampere-watt method. The accuracy of measurement should be within # 025% insulation power factor and the measurement should be rade at or near a frequency of 60 Hz, 10.10.8 Voltage to be applied ‘The voltage to be applied for measuring insulation power factor shall not exceed half of the low-frequency test voltage given in IEEE Std C57.12.00-1993, table 4, for any patt of the winding, or 10 000 V, whichever is Tower. . 46DISTRIBUTION, POWER, AND REGULATING TRANSFORMERS, ‘Table 4—Measurements to be made in insulation power-factor tests Method Method ‘Test without guard create “eat with pond ci “Two-winding transfor Two-windng ranstormers™™ Highto low ana ground High to low and ground Low high and pron [tow tong ana ground High and ow to ground igh aed ow to ground Low to ground, guard on high ‘Tiee-winding transfoumers** High (o low, tertiary, and ground | High to tow and ground, guard on tertiary Low to high teary, and ground High to ground, guard on fow and tertiary ‘ettary to high, low, and ground Low to tertiary and ground, guard on high High and low to tertiary and ground Low to groune, guard on high and tertiary High ane tectiary to low and ground “Tena thigh and ground, guard on tow —| Low and tertiary to high and ground ‘Testiary to ground, guard on high and low High, tow, and tertiary to ground High and low to tertiary and ground High and testiary to low and ground ‘ln this table the term guard signifies one or more conducing elements aranged and comnected om an lotrial instrument or measuring cet soa to divert wnwaed crrnts fom the meas ing means ‘*Permanently connected windings, such ae in autgennsformers tnd regulators, shal be considered se one winding. NoTES | White the ral signifiance that can be stated tothe pov fector of liqui-immersed transformers fs sll «matter of opinion, experience has shown that powor factor i help imasversng the probable condi ion ofthe insulation when good jedgraen is ed ‘2—In interpreting the rents of power factor test values, the comparative values of ets taken a ptidic intervals ace wsefal in dentifying potential problems rather han an bole val of power factor, 3A factory powerfactor test willbe of vate for comparison with eld power-acor messiements to asses the probable condition ofthe insulation I hes not been feasible to estaish standan power-facor val tes for Tigudimesedtansoxmes fo the following reson 1) Fxpetinoe has indicted that tle ono relation exists between power fstr andthe aiyof he ‘eansfoume to withtand the presvibed deletes tess, 1) Bperiens hn shown tht the aati in power fitor wid taper is phon and eric se tht nosingl correction curve wl fal cases, ©) The varios liquids and isolating materials uso in easformers result i large vations i new lation power-factor values, 10.10.4 Procedure ieee Std 057.12.90-1908 ; Insulation power-factor tests shall be made from windings to ground and between windings as shown in table 4, 47eee ‘Sid C57.12,90-108 PART |: IEEE STANDARD TEST CODE FOR LIQUIDIMMERSEO 10.10.5 Temperature correction factors ‘Temperature correction factors for the insulation structure, moisture content, etc, Values of correct for practical purposes for use in equation 25, Power factor depend upon the insulating materials, their tion factor K listed in table 5 are typical and are satisfactory Table 5—Temperature correction factor for insulation power factor j ‘Test Temperature T, °¢ ‘Correction Factor K 10 80 Ez 15 0.90, Ht fan 20 1,00, os 12 30 care 1.25 35 ae 140 JA fp © ss 45 Ls He jae 30 1.95 i (reer 55 218 oo 242 65 le 2.70 70 [30 NOTE—The correction factors listed above ate based fn insulation systems using mineral oil as an instlat- ing liquid. Other insulation liquids may have different ‘correction factors. ‘no= f as) where Fyao is the power factor corrected to 20°C. Fy is the power factor measured at 7 is the test temperature, °C Kis the correction factor Insulation temperature may be considered to be that of the average liquid temperature, When insulation Power factor is measured at a relatively high temperature and the corrected values ars unusually high, the ‘tansformer should be allowed to cool and the ineasurements should be repeated at or nent 20 °C. 48