Ben Joshua R.

Mancile December 6, 2021

BS Human Biology BOTAFUN
N04

PLANT CELL CYCLE CONTROL

1. What developmental and environmental cues control the plant cell cycle?

Developmental Factors
- Development of the root is an important indicator of a healthy cell cycle and is being
activated through the division of the cortex/endodermis initial (CEI) cells in the root apical
meristem. This phenomenon is caused by the presence of SHORTROOT (SHR) and
SCARECROW (SCR). In addition, a study conducted by Sozzani et al. (2010) suggests
that these transcription factors also contribute to the expression of CYCD6;1, which is
one of the CYCDs present at the G1 and S phase, by binding to its promoter
- The presence of auxin as one of the primary promoters for lateral root initiation is
essential in the endocycle process of plants. Furthermore, this activity is cause by the
expression the E2Fa, one of the E2F genes induced at LR initiation, that is also
dependent on auxin treatments (Berckmans et al., 2011).
- Another developmental factor that is considered beneficial to the activation of cell
proliferation is the formation of stomata or guard cells, which is caused by the expression
of CYCA2;3 and CDKB1;1. However, FOUR LIPS (FLP) and MYB88 genes are utilized
in order to repress the stomatal formation. Xie et al. (2010) also reported that these
genes help in the endocycle process by binding to the promoters of a large number of
cell cycle genes, including components of the pre-replication complex, CYC and CDK
genes.
- Finally, the success and enhancement of endocycles are also influenced by the
development of trichomes in the plants. Studies have also shown that they have a huge
role in targeting SIM, which is one of the CDK inhibitors, that disrupts cell proliferation
(Morohashi & Grotewold, 2009).

Environmental Factors
- Cell proliferation and elongation is mainly caused by the presence of gibberellins inside
the plants and its production can be greatly influenced by environmental conditions.
According to the study of Yamauchi et al. (2004), biosyntesis of gibberellins is activated
during seed imbibition at low temperature and can also be altered under specific light
conditions.
- Rice Salt Sensitive 1 (rss1) is also responsible for the maintenance of cell proliferation in
plants. However, certain abiotic stress conditions such as high salinity, ionic stress and
hyperosmotic stress can cause this compound to decrease its performance in duplicating
the genes of a plant cell during S phase (Ogawa et al., 2011)
- The availability of sucrose greatly affects the lateral root initiation of the plant by
regulating the expression of CYCD4;1 in root pericycle cells. This is was shown in the
study of Nieuwland et al. (2009) where they also added that absence of this
polysaccharide can cause the lateral root density to decrease.
- Aside from the abovementioned factors, the elongation of hypocotyls was also proven to
have an effect on the increased production chromosomes of the plant cell that is
Ben Joshua R. Mancile December 6, 2021
BS Human Biology BOTAFUN
N04

essential in endocycle (Gendreau et al., 1997). Furthermore, hypocotyls that are grown
in environments with a lack of light can also contribute to additional cell proliferation.
- Lastly, regulated ultraviolet-B treatment was also proven to be effective in increasing the
production of PHR1 gene; therefore, enhancing the DNA repair capabilities of a plant
and heightening the endocycle progression due to higher expression of CCS52A2.

References:

Berckmans, B., Vassileva, V., Schmid, S. P., Maes, S., Parizot, B., Naramoto, S., Magyar, Z.,
Kamei, C. L. A., Koncz, C., Bögre, L., Persiau, G., de Jaeger, G., Friml, J., Simon, R.,
Beeckman, T., & de Veylder, L. (2011). Auxin-Dependent Cell Cycle Reactivation through
Transcriptional Regulation of Arabidopsis E2Fa by Lateral Organ Boundary Proteins. The Plant
Cell, 23(10), 3671–3683. https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.111.088377

Gendreau, E., Traas, J., Desnos, T., Grandjean, O., Caboche, M., & Hofte, H. (1997). Cellular
Basis of Hypocotyl Growth in Arabidopsis thaliana. Plant Physiology, 114(1), 295–305.
https://doi.org/10.1104/pp.114.1.295

Morohashi, K., & Grotewold, E. (2009). A Systems Approach Reveals Regulatory Circuitry for
Arabidopsis Trichome Initiation by the GL3 and GL1 Selectors. PLoS Genetics, 5(2), e1000396.
https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pgen.1000396

Nieuwland, J., Maughan, S., Dewitte, W., Scofield, S., Sanz, L., & Murray, J. A. H. (2009). The
D-type cyclin CYCD4;1 modulates lateral root density inArabidopsisby affecting the basal
meristem region. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 106(52), 22528–22533.
https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.0906354106

Ogawa, D., Abe, K., Miyao, A., Kojima, M., Sakakibara, H., Mizutani, M., Morita, H., Toda, Y.,
Hobo, T., Sato, Y., Hattori, T., Hirochika, H., & Takeda, S. (2011). RSS1 regulates the cell cycle
and maintains meristematic activity under stress conditions in rice. Nature Communications,
2(1). https://doi.org/10.1038/ncomms1279

Sozzani, R., Cui, H., Moreno-Risueno, M. A., Busch, W., van Norman, J. M., Vernoux, T., Brady,
S. M., Dewitte, W., Murray, J. A. H., & Benfey, P. N. (2010). Spatiotemporal regulation of
cell-cycle genes by SHORTROOT links patterning and growth. Nature, 466(7302), 128–132.
https://doi.org/10.1038/nature09143

Xie, Z., Lee, E., Lucas, J. R., Morohashi, K., Li, D., Murray, J. A., Sack, F. D., & Grotewold, E.
(2010). Regulation of Cell Proliferation in the Stomatal Lineage by theArabidopsisMYB FOUR
LIPS via Direct Targeting of Core Cell Cycle Genes. The Plant Cell, 22(7), 2306–2321.
https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.110.074609
Ben Joshua R. Mancile December 6, 2021
BS Human Biology BOTAFUN
N04

Yamauchi, Y., Ogawa, M., Kuwahara, A., Hanada, A., Kamiya, Y., & Yamaguchi, S. (2004).
Activation of Gibberellin Biosynthesis and Response Pathways by Low Temperature during
Imbibition of Arabidopsis thaliana Seeds[W]. The Plant Cell, 16(2), 367–378.
https://doi.org/10.1105/tpc.018143