SAIMA KASHIF MicR stands for magnetic ink character, reader/recognition it is used in banks to read bank cheques following information is read by MICR from a bank cheque 2 + Account Number 1 4 Branch Number printed usiNg a special ink that can ¢ Serial Number of cheque be magnatized{iron oxide) disadvantage slower to input new text expensive method Advantages faster to Input than typing on keyboard less input errors can still be read if over written more durable as compared toa barcode aa method Ttstands for optical character reader/recognition Its used read marks made on pre printed documents in other words its used to read shaded Information itis used in the follwoing applications pers «Mca, + School registers ‘Lottery Tickets ‘Insurance companies to collect insurance 1 Questionai eavousunnb waVgusunno 9 o 2506 sveveontt & faster to input ¢ less input errors as compared to keyboard and ocr, 1 AS om coo Disadvantage «y slower to input new text ‘4 may still have to check ‘¢change in pattern may end up changing whole manly software Scanned with CamScannerSAIMA KASHIF ocr it stands for Optical Character Reader/Recognition it converts scan text into computer readable form or in ‘other words it conversts scan text into editable text itis used in the following Application Reading Passports Reading ID Reading Bills used to input text into wordpracessing, presentation and websites Advantages Faster to input text the typeing on keyboard Less errors as compare to keyboard Disadvantages more prone to errors as compared to OMR ‘ean not read/scan hand written documents Barcode Reader Its used to read barcode made on product in a supermarket. A barcode Isa set of lines and spaces sed to identify a product uniquely, barcode number is ‘also known as UPC{universal product code) {2 barode represents the following information Country of origin Manufacturer Number Serial Number Check Digit why price is not saved in a barcode Supermarket may want to give discount Price changes/Vary from place top place Uses/ Application of Barcode Supermarkets Bookshops Ubraries Advantages faster to input less input errors Disadvantages ‘Wot fool proof Easy to forge/not durable slower to update Scanned with CamScannerSAIMA KASHIF EID it stands for Radio Frequency identification. This reader uses Radio frequency ‘to read data from an RFID chip/Tag. RFID Chip Consists of an IC's(integrated circuits) to store information and an antenna to transmit information back tothe reader Icalintegrated Applicaiton of RFID Chip/uses of an RFID Clreuits) Passports Product in Supermarkets antenna in cars to open and close doors In Tracking livestock. Advantages Taster tovread Werking of An RFD can read several tgs at once THD chip sa passive technology. when ever the ‘more durable than barcode reader is brought closer to the chip the chip activates and ‘an store more data than a barcode as it activates it transmits information back ta the reader Using the antenna (frequency of two ‘as compared to barcode products may interfere _ Can be Jammed with each other) “Tee Collision can occur ‘Magnetic Stripe Reader Advantages. oe Faster to input data as compared toa This reader is used to read data from magnetic stripe made on back side of debit cards or credit cards. A ‘magnetic stripe stores the following information Accout Number, Card number, lssue Date, Expiry Date and Sort Code keyboard Less input Errors/More accurate than typing on key board Disadvantages ‘FDamaged user can not gain access Damged data has to be entered manualy resulting In loss of speed Magnetic stripe reader is used in the following Application aM EFTPOS Terminals To enter into Secure Buildings Ubraries Slower as compared to Chip and PIN reader Scanned with CamScannerSAIMA KASHIF Chip and Pin Reader Its a new technology that have replaced the use of magnetic stripe reader. it reads data from a chip that is present on the frontside of the card Advantages it can store more data than a magnetic stripe faster to read more durable more secure as compared to magnetic stripe because an extra layer of eneryption can be created keyboard Disadvantages if broken informaion has to be centered manualy resulting in loss of speed slower as compared fo contact less spart cards ‘wait longer in queues than contact less smart card fear of PIN being shoulder surt they are used to type letters and documents and some cases they are used with applications that require typed commands operate. if we want to add text sliders or websites types of keyboard QWERTY keyboard Ergonomic Keyboard(prevent RSI) Concept Keyboard(designed for people with disability and also used at EPOS) braille keyboard(blind people) Advantages faster to input new text disadvantages slower as compared to OCR, OMR etc typing errors causes RSI Scanned with CamScannerSAIMA KASHIF Mouse its one of the most commonly used input device its a pointing device used with applications that have graphical user interface it is used to select objects on the screen. advantages faster to select options rather than typing on keyboard faster to navigate as compared to a keyboard disadvantages require a flat surface require a large surface area to move pointer around screen Causes RSI Touchpad its used in laptops instead of a mouse it is an integral part of laptops ‘Advantages doesnt require flat surface as mouse faster to navigate than a keyboard disadavantage people with disabilities may find cit difficult to difficult to move and select objects|as compared to a “mouse Scanned with CamScannerINPUT DEVIC! MICR: It stands for Magnetic Ink Character Recognition/Reader. This method is used in banks to process cherubs. Following information is read by a MIC reader Information is written using a special type of magnetic ink © Serial no * Branch code © Account no OMR: It stands for Optical mark Recognition/Reader. This method is used to input ‘marked information made on pre printed forms. It is used in reading + MCQ’s © Lottery tickets © Questioner's © Insurance Companies to collect insurance * School Registration OCR: It stands for Optical Character Recognition/Reader. It is software that converts seanned documents into a form that can be edited by any word processing software. ‘They are used to read information from + Bills Passport + ID's Video camer: ‘They are used to input moving pictures. These can then be input to a computer using a video digitizer Uses: Used for security purpose For professional film making Also found in mobiles Web camera They are used to transmit real time videos over computer network. They are similar to video camera but are connected directly to the computers. They don’t have memory to store videos Uses Used in video conferencing Barcode: Itis a set of lines and spaces used to represent an item. Lines represent 1 and spaces represent 0 Uses: © In supermarkets * Inbookshops + Infibrary Scanned with CamScannerInformation A barcode represents: ‘A barcode contains the following information Country of origin Manufacturer No, Serial number of product Check digit Price is not saved in barcode because of Price may vary ‘Supermarket may give discount It is used to input video to a computer from a television or a video camera. Later on this video is converted into thousands of images/frames. It is used by different organizations to advertise their product. Midi instruments: Midi stands for musical instrument digital interface. Used to convert musical data to a form to that computer can understand. Instruments to computer Advantages ‘© Any error in performance can be removed Disadvantage * The music produced c: (natural) sound manufactured than spontaneous rophone (MIC It can be directly connected to a computer itis used to input sounds which can be saved and manipulated Uses: ‘Its also used with speech recognition software to input dictated text, © Can add sound to web pages and sliders Advantages: # itis quicker to input text rather than typing it with a key board Disadvantage: ‘© Itrequires sound card ‘Tracker ball Itis just like a mouse placed upside down. The user rotates the ball to move object or move through menus. Iti in fact design for people with disabilities Uses: ‘It is also used with cad application ‘* Also used by the air traffic control to move from one screen to another ‘* \im laptops instead of a mouse Scanned with CamScannerTouch screen: Despite their appearance these are input devices. The user can choose from the options on the screen simply by pressing the options on the screen by a finger or styles \uses: At tam (auto teller machines) Epos( electric point of sales) terminals in cafes and other retail outlets PDA (personal digital assistants) for choosing options Interactive white board in education Advantages * Faster entry method for choosing choices as compared to typing # Easier to use option as compared to mouse * People with disabilities find it easier to use Disadvantage: ‘© Can cause RSI because the sereen is fairly firm ‘* Cannot type other than choosing options Magnet st reader: Itis used to read information from a magnetic strip found on a plastic card. Magnetic stripe contains account information, such as, account number, sort code, expiry date, issue date, pins code ete Uses: * nAT™ ‘* As part of EFTPOS in super ,markets ‘© In security they are used to prevent un authorized access to offic ete Advantages: ‘Faster data entry as compared with typing on keyboard © Data entry is more accurate © More secure ‘* Use of magnetic stripe prevents access to restricted area Disadvantages: © If damaged, data has to be entered manually resulting in loss of speed # If damaged holder cannot gain access Numeric keypad: Tris used to enter numbers but alphabets can be entered using a function key. Uses: ‘© At pos(point of sales) if barcode is damaged you can’t enter the data © ALATMs ‘© On mobile phones Advantages ‘© Small and compact therefore can be carried easily «They are easy to cover up when entering a pin code Disadvantages: © Difficult to enter text ‘© They can be too small for the numbers to be used efficiently Scanned with CamScannerDigital camer: It work same as traditional camera but instead of film they have a memory card to store image/pictures Use: They are use to insert photograph directly into the computer and later on they be edited using any graphic software Advantages: ‘© Better quality images ‘* Quicker to upload images than developing a film, ‘© Memory card can hold more pictures then a reel of film ‘+ Edit pictures can add text ete Disadvantages: © They are more expensive ‘* Batteries need charging or changing more often Graphics tablet ‘This device is used to input free hand drawings directly into the computer without going through any conversion stage and also used to retouch photographs| Uses ‘+ Use to create computer graphics ‘* Ineast Asia they are widely used t other languages ‘© Used to produce technical drawings put Chinese Japanese and Advantages: + More accurate way of drawings than mouse ‘© Images can be edited as they are input Disadvantage © Expensive than mouse Scanned with CamScannerIt stands for Electronic Point of Sale. Its also known as electronic cash register. EPOS helps supermarket to keep their stock up to date. In other words it keeps. track of items sold and left in the stock Following hardware is used at EPOS Monitor screen Printer Barcode reader Electronic scale Keyboards Numeric Keypad '* Touch screens How computers help supermarket to keep stock up to date? Product | Description | Price | Number | Reorder | Reorder Number inStock | _Level_| Quantity 6271004913649 | KWIKHand | 0.500 [1050 | 100 1000 Sanitizer Barcode of the item is read Database is searched tll the match is found. Number in stock of the matching item is read Number in stock of the matching item is reduced Number in stock is compared to the reorder level If Number in stock is less or equal to reorder level 7. More items are ordered 8, New Number in stock is written EFTPOS It is type of EPOS that gives the facility of paying through debit cards/credit cards. In other words this terminal is capable of transferring funds from one account to another. Following hardware is used at EFTPOS ‘* Monitor screen Printer © Barcode reader Electronic scale Keyboards Numeric Keypad Touch screens Chip and PIN reader ‘© Magnetic stripe reader © Contact less smart card Customer has presented his/her card for payment. The card is now charged. Explain the whole process of this transaction. Step-1 The card is validated (note: these checks are done by the bank) © Expiry date © Ifreported stolen © ifthe card number exists Scanned with CamScannerStep-2 The customers types in the pin and reader compares it with the one stored on chip Step-3 Supermarkets computer contacts bank Bank checks for sufficient funds If funds are sufficient transaction is authorized funds will be transferred from customers account to the retailers/supermarkets account If funds are insufficient the transactions is declined Scanned with CamScannerCoC SUE ph Wet SSeS eur scent rile ean ic non ect ing Meg tress eg Mc Cece ony Pree erre eons Scanned with CamScannerAnswer: INPUT: Change in the value of Temperature, Moisture and Pressure is sensed by the sensors. PROCESSIN After the values are changed to digital using ADC. Microprocessor will compare the values sensed by sensors with the preseU/normal values stored. e.g _ IF Temperature is more than normal/preset then turn OFF heater Else ON IF Pressure is more than normal/preset value then tun OFF water supply Else ON IF Moisture is more than normal/preset value then turn ON heater Else OFF QUTPUT: Heaters turn ON or OFF to maintain water temperature Water supply turns ON or OFF to contro! level of water Heater turn ON or OFF to maintain moisture level Scanned with CamScannerWve} Co Heat Tran Ce Soa eae eur scent rile ean ic non ect ing Meg tress eg Mc Cece ony Pree erre eons Scanned with CamScannerAnswer: INPUT: Change in the value of Pressure, Light and Sound/Motion is sensed PROCESSIN After the values are changed to digital using ADC. Microprocessor will compare the values sensed by sensors with the preset/normal values stored. e.g __ IF Pressure is more than normal/preset then turn ON Alarm Else OFF IF sound is more than normal/preset value then turn ON Alarm Else OFF IF the light beam breaks the sensors sense no light so Alarm turns ON else OFF QUTPUT: Alarm tums ON or OFF or a signal is sent to the Police Scanned with CamScannerRe renee) me rKee) os Soe eae NI eur scent rile ean ic non ect ing Meg tress eg Mc Cece ony Pree erre eons Te aoc Lamps Water Sprinkler MVC aN eRe aE Rees PU ne Scanned with CamScannerAnswer: INPUT: Change in the value of Temperature, Light and Moisture is sensed by the sensors. PROCESSIN After the values are changed to digital using ADC. Microprocessor will compare the values sensed by sensors with the presetnormal values stored. e.g _IF temperature is more than normal/preset then turn ON Fans Else OFF IF light is more than normal/preset value then turn OFF lamps Else ON IF moisture is more than normal/preset value then turn OFF water sprinkler Else ON QUTPUT: — Fans turn ON or OFF to maintain required temperature Lamps turn ON or OFF to control level of light in the greenhouse Water sprinklers turn ON or OFF to maintain moisture level Scanned with CamScannerProcess Control In process control computer controls the whole process without any humans interference. This is done with help of a special device known as a sensor. Sensor Itis an input device that detects changes in the environment. ‘Types of sensors Temperature Pressure ‘Smoke Light ph Sound Motion Coz Proximity Moisture/Humidity Infra-red Blood pressure Blood sugar Pulse rate Scanned with CamScannerMi Air-conditionin Soa enn eure aie ADC eee Conte etc me Nerd ates ecg Pci Cron reer Gre [eon Scanned with CamScannerAnswer to how microprocessor is used in air-conditioning system INPUT: Change in the value of temperature sensed by sensors PROCESSING: After the values are changed to digital using ADC (Analog to digital converter) microprocessor will compare the values sensed with the preset/normal values stored e.g If temperature is more than normal value then tum ON AC If temperature is less or equal to normal value then tun OFF AC OUTPUT: AC tums ON/OFF to maintain the temperature Scanned with CamScannerRe renee) me rKee) os Soe eae NI eur scent rile ean ic non ect ing Meg tress eg Mc Cece ony Pree erre eons Te aoc Lamps Water Sprinkler MVC aN eRe aE Rees PU ne Scanned with CamScannerMicroprocessor to monitor weather of a town/city. Sener freee Deets Light Rainfall Change in the values of Temperature, Moisture and pressure is sensed by the sensors PROCESSING: After the values are changed to digital using ADC, Microprocessor will compare the values sensed with the presetnormal values. IF value of temperature, pressure and moisture is more than normal then the value will be recorded uTeu Graphs and charts are produced using the recorded values Microprocessor controlled traffic signals INPUT: Change in the value of pressure sensed by sensors PROCESSING: —_ After the values are changed to digital using ADC, Microprocessor will ‘compare the values sensed with the preset or normal values stored. If the pressure is more than normal then the signal will turn GREEN. If the pressure is less than normal then the signal turns RED QUPUT: Signal turns REG/GREEN to contro traffic Scanned with CamScannerWhy Microprocessor/computer is used to monitor/control condi instead of humans/manual system? + Faster readings ‘+ More accurate reading © Can take frequent readings ‘+ Can measure several physical variables at once + Noneed to pay wages/salaries ‘+ Never forget to take readings © Never get tired * Can work 24/7 without breaks / can work weekends ‘+ Computers can also work in conditions where human feel unsafe Scanned with CamScannereu Microprocessor to Monitor Pollution - Cod ad Moon od INPUT: Change in the value of Temperature, Ph and CO) is sensed by the sensors at point A and Point B PROCESSING: After the values are wae changed to digital using ADC microprocessor = will compare the values sensed at Point B with XS Point Aeg IF the value of Temperature, Ph and CO; at Point B is more than Point A then the value will be recorded. QUTPUT: Graphs and charts are produced using the recorded values. These values and charts can then be used to control pollution Control Measurement The output from the system affects the | The Output from the system does not Input affect the Input. Example: Example: * Greenhouse © Monitoring Pollution © Air-conditioning ‘© Monitoring weather of a Washing Machine city/town «Heating system Monitoring a Patient Scanned with CamScannerMicroprocessor to Monitor Patient INPUT: Change in the value of Temperature, Blood pressure and Pulse rate is sensed by sensors PROECESSING: After the values are changed to digital using ADC microprocessor will compare the values sensed with preset/normal values stored. eg IF the value of Temperature is more than normal Alarm turns ON else OFF IF the value of pulse rate/Blood pressure is outside the normal range Alarm turns ON else OFF QUTPUT: Alarm turns ON or OFF or a signal is sent to the doctor Scanned with CamScannerComputer Models/Simulation Itis the process of imitating (copying) the behavior of real phenomenon/object with the help of mathematical formulae using computer, lations that can be modeled/application of computer model Flight Simulator Nuclear reaction Chemical reactions Car Design Building design Car accidents Car traffic Car Driving simulation Financial models(Spread sheet) Why computer models are used rather than real model? OR Why some situations are modeled? OR Advantages of using computer models rather than using real models Computer models are inexpensive to design Results are obtained faster Computer models are easy to alter or edit Can prevent wastage of materials Can create several versions of a model To prevent risks/dangers to life Can create unattainable environments Can test different situations Disadvantages of using Computer Models Equipment to design models is expensive Need to hire experts Need to pay more to experts Computer model may not be accurate as real models Scanned with CamScannerName the Situation that are modeled to prevent risks. ‘Flight simulator © Chemical reactions © Nuclear reactions + Car accidents ‘© Building designs Scanned with CamScannerHealth and Safety Problems Health Problems Prolong use of computer can cause health problems © Eye strain Headache * continuously clicking on + Backache mouse + RSI (Repetitive Strain injury) * continuously typing on ° we keyboard Wrists © Ozone irritation © uncomfortable keyboard position ‘firm grip on mouse Preventions ‘+ Use anti-glare screens + Use screen filters ©) Take regular breaks * Sitin line of your monitor screen ‘+ Use comfortable chair/seating position + Use ergonomic chair ‘+ Use ergonomic keyboard/mouse ‘+ Use comfortable keyboard position ‘+ Use designated room for Printers ‘+ Use Appropriate ventilation system Scanned with CamScannerSafety Problems/Issues Problems © Fire Hazard © electrocution © Tripping Hazard{Trailing wires) ‘Falling of heavy objects Preventions © Donot overload power sockets ‘© Keep fire/CO, Extinguishers ‘© Donot user bare wires © Use cable insulators ‘© Donot drink or eat in rooms equipped with computers © Use false floor © Use cable ducts ‘© Hide cables under the carpet ¢ Use Robust/Durable desks ‘* Position The Objects Properly Scanned with CamScanner