ARAMAIC ARMENIAN BENGALI

 Serving as “high-liturgical” languages includes Syriac
language, Jewish Palestinian Aramaic, Jewish
Babylonian Aramaic, Samaritan Aramaic language
and Mandaic language
 Neo-Aramaic languages serve as the vernacular
language spoken by common people
 Classical Armenian serves as the “high” literary
and liturgical language
 Western and Eastern Armenian dialects are the
vernacular language of the Armenian people.
 Cholitobhasha is the vernacular standard based on
the elite speech of Kolkota
 Shadhubhasha is the literary standard which employs
more Sanskritized vocabulary and longer prefixes
and suffixes

CHINESE GERMAN
 German differentiates between Standard German
 Literary Chinese used at the end of Han Dynasty
and everyday/vernacular language.
was replaced by written vernacular Chinese
 The difference is the regular use of the genitive
 In early 20th Century, written vernacular Chinese
have become a standard for Chinese writing
which is mostly aligned with a standardized
DIGLOSSIC LANGUAGES case or the simple past tense in written language
 In vernacular German, genitive phrases are
replaced with “von”
form of Mandarin Chinese.

GREEK
HEBREW
 Katharevousa, a form of Greek, was used for
 During the revival of the Hebrew language,
literary purposes but in later years, it was used
spoken and literary Hebrew were revived
only for official and formal purposes
separately, causing a dispersion between
 Dimotiki, “demotic” or popular Greek, was the
the two.
daily language

ITALIAN JAPANESE
 In 1861, Italian existed mainly as a literary  Bungo, the Classical Japanese language, was the
language. prominent literary language until the late 1940s
 Romance languages were spoken throughout  Bungo grammar and vocabulary are occasionally used
the Italian Peninsula due to political fragmentation. in modern Japanese for effect.
Now, it is the standard language of Italy.  Haiku and Tanka are still written in Bungo form

LATIN
 Classical Latin was the literary register used in writing from 75 BC to the
3rd century AD, while Vulgar Latin was the common, spoken variety used
across the Roman Empire.
 The works of Plautus and Terence preserve some early basilectal Latin
features
 At the Third Council of Tours in 813, priests were ordered to preach in the
vernacular language
TAGALOG
 Was the basis of the Filipino language; both share the same vocabulary and
grammatical system.
 Modern Tagalog is derived from Archaic Tagalog, which was spoken during the
Classical period
 The 1987 Constitution maintains that Filipino is the country’s national language