St. Vincent’s Catholic School of Bayambang, Inc.

Bayambang, Pangasinan

LEARNING MODULE 1
Science 10 - Quarter 4

Matter

What I Need to Know

At the end of this module, you should be able to:
 Investigate the relationship between:
1 volume and pressure at constant temperature of a gas
2 volume and temperature at constant pressure of a gas
3 explains these relationships using the kinetic molecular theory
 Recognize the major categories of biomolecules such as carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and
nucleic acids
 Apply the principles of conservation of mass to chemical reactions
 Explain how the factors affecting rates of chemical reactions are applied in food preservation
and materials production, control of fire, pollution, and corrosion
Name: _________________________________________
Grade and section: _______________________________
LRN: ____________________
 What is It
Lesson 1: Gases
Gases are the least compact and most mobile of the three states of matter.
Properties of Gases
 Gases have no definite shape and volume. They will fill any container.
 Gases diffuse readily, and any two gases will mix completely when combined.
 Gases can be compressed readily because of the large amount of space between the molecules.
 Gases have much lower densities than liquids and solids.
Kinetic Theory of Gases
The kinetic theory of gases has the following postulates:
 A gas consists of very small particles.
 The particles are in constant, random, straight-line motion.
 The molecules of a gas are very far from each other.
 There are no forces of attraction or repulsion between molecules.
 Molecules collide with each other and with the walls of the container.
 All collisions are perfectly elastic.
Pressure
 The atmosphere is made up of molecules of different gases in constant motion, these molecules collide with
each other and with all objects on earth including human beings. This is known as atmospheric pressure.
 The standard atmospheric pressure is 1 atmosphere (atm). Atmospheric pressure is very close to 1 atm.
F
 Pressure is defined as the force per unit area. P=
A
 The SI unit of pressure is newtons per square meter (N/m2), also known as pascal (Pa) in honor of French
scientist Blaise Pascal.
 Another unit is millimeters mercury. One-millimeter mercury is also called as torr in honor of Italian
mathematician Evangelista Torricelli.
 Common units of pressure equal t o one atmosphere are as follows: 1 atm = about 105 Pa / 760 mm Hg /
760 torr.
 Atmospheric pressure is greater near the ground than higher because: (1) there are more molecules of air
pressing per unit area of a surface near the ground, and (2) the height and corresponding weight of a
column of air extending from the ground and up is greater than that of a column of air extending from higher
altitude and up.
Temperature
 William Thomson, an English physicist also known as Lord Kelvin, designed a temperature scale we now
know as the Kelvin scale or the absolute temperature scale.
 The absolute temperature scale assigns a value of zero to the lowest temperature, which is equal to -273°C.
K = °C + 273
 The absolute temperature of a gas is a measure of the average kinetic energy of its molecules.
 The standard temperature and pressure (STP) is the condition where the temperature is 273 K and the
pressure is 1 atm.
GAS LAWS
Boyle’s Law
 “For a given mass of any gas and with the temperature held constant, the volume of the gas varies inversely
with pressure”.
 The English chemist, Robert Boyle was the first to investigate the relationship between pressure of a gas
and its volume.
Charles’s Law
 “The volume of a fixed amount of gas maintained at constant pressure is directly proportional to its absolute
temperature”.
 The relationship between volume and temperature was first observed by French physicist and balloonist
Jacques Charles.
Combined Gas Law
 The two gas laws can be combined and treated as a single law which describes the relationship among the
pressure, volume and temperature of a constant amount of gas.
Avogadro’s Law
 “The two different gases with the same volume contain the same number of molecules at any given
temperature and pressure”.
 Named after its proponent, the Italian physicist Amedeo Avogadro.
Gay-Lussac’s Law
 “For a given mass of gas in a container of fixed volume, the pressure is directly proportional to the absolute
temperature (in Kelvin)”.
 Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac, a French chemist pioneered in the study of the relationship between pressure
and temperature.
Ideal Gas Law
 “The volume of a gas varies directly with the number of its molecules and the absolute temperature. Volume
also varies inversely with pressure”.
Dalton’s Law of Partial Pressures
 “The total pressure of a mixture of gases equals the sum of the partial pressures of each of the gases in the
mixture”.
 Partial pressure refers to the pressure each gas exerts at the same temperature and at the same volume, in
the absence of all other gases.
Graham’s Laws of Effusion
 The mixing of gases due to molecular motion is called diffusion.
 Effusion is the passage of molecules of a gas from one container to another through a tiny opening between
the containers.
 The Scottish chemist Thomas Graham discovered in 1846 that the rate of effusion of a gas that moves
through the hole in a given amount of time, is inversely proportional to the square root of its molar mass.
 The mechanism of breathing is based on pressure-volume relationship as predicted by Boyle’s law.
 The properties of ideal gas are based on the assumption that the gas particles have negligible volume and
that no attraction or repulsion exists between them. Real gases can be liquefied or solidified by cooling
and applying pressure. Real gases approach the behavior of ideal gases at high temperature.
Gas Law Formula
Boyle’s Law P1V1=P2V2 where P1 and V1 are the initial pressure and volume, and P2 and V2
are the final pressure and volume of the same amount of gas at the same
temperature.
Charles’s Law V1 V2
= where V1 and T1 are the initial volume and temperature, and V2 and T2
T1 T2
are the final volume and temperature.
Combined Gas Law P1V 1 P2V 2
=
T1 T2
Avogadro’s Law V1 V2
= where n is the amount of gas expressed in moles.
n1 n2
Gay-Lussac’s Law P 1 P2
=
T1 T 2
Ideal Gas Law L• atm
PV = nRT where R is a gas constant, R=0.0821
mol • K
Dalton’s Law of Partial PT=PA + PB + PC + …… + PT
Pressures
Graham’s Law v B √ MM A
= where MM is the molar mass and v is the rate of effusion.
v A √ MM B
Sample Problem
1. A tank of nitrogen has a volume of 14.0 L and a pressure of 760.0 mm Hg. Find the volume of the nitrogen
when its pressure is changed to 400.0 mm Hg while the temperature is held constant.
2. A 200-L helium gas at a temperature of 28 °C and a pressure of 2.00 at was transferred to a tank with a
volume of 68.0 L. what is the internal pressure of the tank if the temperature is maintained?
3. A balloon has a volume of 2500.0 mL on a day when the temperature is 30.0 °C. If the temperature at night
falls to 10.0°C, what will be the volume of the balloon if the pressure remains constant?
4. Find the final temperature of a 2.00-Lgass sample at 20.0°C cooled until it occupies a volume at 500 mL.
5. A given mass of gas has a volume of 800.0 mL at -23.00°C and 300.0 torr. What would the volume of the
gas be at 27.00°C and 600.0 torr of pressure? The amount of gas is constant.
6. If 0.25 mol of argon gas occupies a volume of 76.2 mL at a particular temperature and pressure, what
volume would 0.43 mol of argon have under the same conditions?
7. A sample of gas at 3.00 x 103 mm Hg inside a steel tank is cooled from 500.0°C to 0.00°C. What iss the
final pressure of the gas inside the steel tank?
8. What volume will 1.27 mol of helium gas occupy at STP?
9. How many moles of gas are contained in a 50.0-L cylinder at a pressure of 100.0 atm and a temperature of
35.0°C?
10. A container holds three gases: oxygen, carbon dioxide and helium. The partial pressures of the three
gases are 2.00 atm, 3.00 atm and 4.00 atm, respectively. What is the total pressure inside the container?
11. How much faster does O2 escape through a porous container than SO2 under similar condition of
temperature and pressure? (Use periodic table to get the molecular mass of the gases.)
Lesson 2: Biochemistry
Biochemistry is the chemistry of life. Plants, animals and all other living things are made up of
organic molecules which are organized into larger molecules, known as biomolecules.
Carbohydrates
 Carbohydrates are the most abundant class of organic compounds found in living things, which contain the
elements carbon (C), hydrogen (H) and oxygen (O).
 They have an H:C:O ratio of 2:1:1, which is based on their general formula Cn(H2O)n.
The primary functions of carbohydrates in living organisms are as follows:
 Substrate for respiration or source of energy.  Intermediate substances in respiration.
 Energy storage  Recognition of molecules that pass through the
 Structure cell membrane
 Transport

Classifications of Carbohydrates
 Monosaccharides
Monosaccharides are simple sugars – the basic unit of a carbohydrate. At room temperature, these sugars
are crystalline white solids, because of hydroxyl groups (-OH) in their molecular structure.
Monosaccharides may be further classified depending on its content and the number of carbon atoms it
has. If it contains an aldehyde group (---CHO), it is an aldose; if it has a keto group (--CO--), it is a ketose.
A monosaccharide can be a triose (C3, meaning 3 carbon atoms), tetrose (C4), pentose (C5), hexose (C6),
heptose (C7), octose (C8), or nonose (C9). The triose glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone are the
simplest monosaccharides.
Pentoses, such as ribose and ribulose, are used in the synthesis of ribonucleic acid (RNA) and
deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) co-enzymes, and adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Hexoses, like glucose and
fructose, are utilized as energy sources for respiration and as a building blocks of larger molecules. An
aldopentose is an aldose with five carbon atoms; a ketohexose is a six-carbon ketose.
All the carbon atoms in a monosaccharide have an -OH group except one, which has an aldehyde (-CHO)
or ketone (-CO-) group. Their structural formula can exist either in the chain form or the more stable ring
form. Glucose and fructose have the molecular formula C6H12O6.
 Disaccharides
Two monosaccharide units bon to each other to form a disaccharide.
A glycosidic bond is a type of covalent bond that links unit to another.
The three most common disaccharides are sucrose, lactose and maltose. The body breaks down
disaccharides into monosaccharide units to be used for metabolism.
Sucrose is made up of one molecule each of glucose and fructose which are linked to each other through
a single bond.
Lactose, often called ‘milk sugar’, is a disaccharide which is made up of glucose and galactose, a hexose.
Maltose is a disaccharide which is made up of two glucose units. It is present in malt, the grain used in
brewing beer.
 Polysaccharides
Polysaccharides are composed of a long chain of monosaccharide units.
They are also referred to as polymers with high molecular mass
Properties and Functions of Polysaccharides
Polysaccharide Function Structure Relationship to Structure to
Function
Starch Primary form of Consists of the polymers, amylose Insoluble and therefore good
polysaccharide and amylopectin for storage
stored in plants
Amylose: an unbranched straight- Helix or coil is compact
chain polymer of about 60 – 300
glucose units joined by α–1, 4-
glycosidic bonds; forms a helix similar
to a coiled spring
The branches can be easily
Amylopectin: highly branched polymer hydrolyzed into glucose.
of about 3 000 to 6 000 glucose units
joined by α–1, 4-glycosidic bonds.
This makes the polymer branched
rather than helical or spiral.
Glycogen Primary forms of Has a similar structure to that of The number and length of the
polysaccharide amylopectin but its branching is more branches indicate that it is
found in animals extensive extremely compact and
and fungi hydrolyzes rapidly.
Cellulose Major structural Adjacent chains of long, unbranched The microfibrils are strong and
component of polymers of glucose joined by β–1, 4- vital to the structure of plant
plant cell walls glycosidic bond cell walls.

Chains form hydrogen bond with each

other to form microfibrils.
Lipids
 The substances which are extracted with a nonpolar solvent from animal tissues are collectively known as
lipids.
 Naturally occurring esters are lipids that contain one or more long-chain carboxylic acids called fatty acids.
 Lipids can be classified as saponifiable (i.e., can be hydrolyzed by a base) like fats, oils and waxes; and
nonsaponifiable (i.e., cannot be broken down by basic hydrolysis) like steroids, cholesterol and
prostaglandins.
The primary functions of lipids are:
 Source of energy  Cell membrane component  Digestion and absorption
 Energy storage  Protection and insulation

Classification of Lipids
 Fats and Oils
 The most abundant of the lipid compounds are fats and oils, also called triglycerides, or triaglycerols.
At room temperature, fats are usually solid while oils exist as liquids. Animal fats are mixed fats containing
more saturated (no double bonds) fatty acids than unsaturated (with one or more double bonds) fatty
acids.
 In the body, fat deposits under the skin act as thermal insulator; they aid in conserving body temperature,
and protection to deeper body parts against injury.
Structure of Some Common Fatty Acids
Name Structural Formula Melting Point (°C)
*essential fatty acids
Lauric CH3(CH2)10COOH 44
Myristic CH3(CH2)12COOH 53
Palmitic CH3(CH2)14COOH 63
Stearic CH3(CH2)16COOH 70
Oleic CH3(CH2)7CH=CH(CH2)7COOH 16
Linoleic* CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)2(CH2)6COOH -5
Linolenic* CH3CH2(CH=CHCH2)3(CH2)6COOH -11
Arachidonic* CH3(CH2)4(CH=CHCH2)4(CH2)2COOH -50

Fatty Acid Content of Some Triglycerides

Saturated Unsaturated
Source Others
Myristic Palmitic Stearic Oleic Linoleic
Butter 10 29 9 27 4 31
Plant oil Animal
fat

Lard 2 30 18 41 6 5
Beef 3 32 25 38 3 2
Corn 1 10 4 34 48 4
Soybean - 7 3 25 56 9
Peanut - 7 4 60 21 7
Olive 1 6 5 83 7 -

 Waxes
 Waxes differ from fats in that they are harder and less greasy. They are esters of long chain fatty acids
and monohydric (with one hydroxyl group, OH) alcohols.
 Waxes have high melting points and, hence, are solid at room temperature. They are relatively inert and
are insoluble in water.
 In plants, waxes serve as protective covering against attack of microorganisms and retard water loss for
all exposed parts.
 In animals, waxes coat skin, hair and feathers, and help keep them pliable and waterproof.
 In humans, wax produced by glands in the outer ear canal functions to trap dust and dirt particles.

Structural Formula, Source and Use of Different Types of Wax

Wax Source Uses
Beeswax Honeycomb Used in shoe polish, crayons, candles and wax paper, and in the
manufacture of artificial flowers
Carnauba Leaves of carnauba Items such as leather, furniture and shoes
palm
Spermaceti Head oil of sperm Used in the manufacture of cosmetics, ointments and candles (Note:
whale Since sperm whales are now endangered, spermaceti is no longer used
as commercial item.)
Jojoba wax Seeds of jojoba plant Used in the formulation of cosmetics; as extender for plastics, inks, gear-
oil additives, and various lubricants

 Phospholipids
Phospholipids form part of the structure of the cell membranes, and are significant in the transport of lipids
in the body.
They are called such because of the presence of phosphate.
The glycerol-based phospholipids are called phosphatides.
 Lecithin is an example of a phosphatide that plays an important role in fat metabolism in the liver.
Lysolecithin is a compound that causes destruction of red blood cells and spasmodic muscle contraction.
 Steroids
Steroids are lipids characterized by three cyclohexane rings and one cyclopentane ring. The functional
group attached to the rings varies from one type of sterol to another.
Cholesterol is a sterol formed in the brain tissue, nerve tissue and he blood, and is the major compound
found in gallstones.
The male hormone testosterone is also a steroid.
 Prostaglandins
Prostaglandins are unsaturated carboxylic acids biochemically synthesized from the fatty acid, arachidonic
acid. They consist of 20 carbons and five-member ring.
Prostaglandins are produced when tissues are damaged and are used to minimize tissue destruction. Some
of their functions are the following:
o Stimulate constriction of damaged blood vessels and clotting of blood;
o Induce labor and reproductive processes;
o Inhibit acid synthesis in the gastrointestinal tract and secretion of protective mucus; and
o Increase blood flow in kidneys and promote constrictions of bronchi associated with asthma.

Proteins
 Proteins are vital components of all living systems. Proteins Naturally Occurring Amino Acids
are present in the different parts of the body like the muscles, *essential amino acids
skin, nails, and others. Name Abbreviatio Symbol
 They catalyze reactions, transport oxygen, serve as n
hormones in the regulation of specific boy processes, and Alanine Ala A
act as antibodies and blood clotting agents. Arginine* Arg R
 Among the most important proteins in the body are Asparagine Asn N
enzymes, hormones, and other components of Aspartic acid Asp D
chromosomes and cell membranes. Cysteine Cys C
 Amino acids are the building blocks of proteins. They Glutamic acid Glu E
contain both an amino group (-NH2) and a carboxyl group (- Glutamine Gln Q
COOH). Glycine Gly G
 Amino acids dissolved in water are in the form of dipolar Histidine* His H
ions known as zwitterions. Isoleucine* Ile I
 The zwitterion is a neutral species, which can act as either Leucine* Leu L
an acid or a base. Lysine* Lys K
Protein Structure Methionine* Met M
1. Primary structure – refers to the number and sequence of Phenylalanine Phe F
amino acids in a protein. It describes how amino acids are *
joined by peptide bonds. A peptide bond is formed by joining Proline Pro P
the carboxyl group of one amino acid to the amino group of Serine Ser S
another amino acid. Threonine* Thr T
Example: Val – Asp – Ala – Trp – Leu Tryptophan* Trp W
(N-terminal) (C-terminal) Tyrosine Tyr Y
N-terminal – the amino acid that contains the free amino Valine val V
group
C-terminal – the amino acid that contains the free carboxyl group
2. Secondary structure – refers to a regular geometric pattern along a polypeptide brought about by H-
bonding. This results in either a helix or pleated sheet conformation made possible by maximum H-bonding
involving peptide linkages.
Two arrangement established by American chemist Linus Pauling:
a. alpha-helix
b. beta-conformation
3. Tertiary structure – refers to the three-dimensional folding of a polypeptide to form a complex globular
molecular shape.
4. Quaternary structure – describes the manner by which the individual polypeptide chains fit together to form
a biologically active unit.
 The disruption of the native structure of a protein is called denaturation.
Proteins Diversity in the Human Body
Actin, myosin, dystrophin Muscle contraction
Antibodies, antigens, cytokines Immunity
Carbohydrates, lipases, proteases Digestive enzymes
Casein Milk protein
Collagen, elastin Connective tissue
Colony stimulating factors Blood cell formation
DNA polymerase DNA replication
Ferritin Iron transport
 Fibrin, thrombin Blood clotting
Growth factors Cell division
Hemoglobin, myoglobin Oxygen transport
Insulin, glucagon Control of blood glucose level
Integrins, laminins Cell adhesion
Keratin Hair structure
Tubulin Cell movements
Tumor suppressors Prevent cancer

Nucleic Acids
 Living organisms use large molecules for the storage and transmission of genetic information.
 These are linear sequences that code for hereditary traits by controlling the production of proteins. These
molecules are called nucleic acids or polynucleotides.
 Nucleic acids are of two types: deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA), the main carrier of genetic information, and
ribonucleic acid (RNA), a copy from a portion of the DNA and which becomes the template for synthesizing
a specific protein.
 The nucleotide, a monomer of a nucleic acid, is considered one of the most important agents of
metabolism of the cell.
 A nucleotide is made up of three components:
o A nitrogen-containing base,
o A five-carbon sugar, and
o A phosphate group
 Nucleotide comprise the major nucleic acids of the cell – RNA and DNA – which code for the proteins that
will affect the metabolic activities of the cell. As such, they influence the important processes of the cell
such as:
o Serving as energy stores for future use in phosphate transfer reactions (ATP predominantly carries out these
reactions);
o Forming a portion of several important coenzymes like NAD+, NADP+, FAD and coenzyme A;
o Serving as mediators of numerous important cellular processes;
o Controlling numerous enzymatic reactions; and serving as activated intermediates in numerous biosynthetic
reactions.
 The combination of the nitrogen base and sugar, without the phosphate group, is called nucleoside.
 Pyrimidines and purines are the two classes of nitrogen-containing bases in nucleotides.
 Pyrimidines are cyclic structure made up of six atoms of carbon and nitrogen, forming a hexagon. The
pyrimidine bases are cysteine ©, thymine (T) and uracil (U).
 Purines are cyclic structures composed of two fused rings made up of nine atoms of carbon and nitrogen,
where the six-member ring, a hexagon, is joined to a five-member ring, a pentagon. The purine bases are
adenine (A) and guanine (G).
 The second component of a nucleotide is a pentose sugar (a sugar with five carbon atoms).
 RNA contains the sugar ribose, a sugar with one oxygen atom bonded to each carbon atom.
 DNA contains deoxyribose, a modified sugar which lacks one oxygen atom, hence the name ‘deoxy’.
 The third component of a nucleotide is the phosphate group which serves to link nucleotides together in a
nucleic acid.
 A phosphodiester bond bonds two nucleotides.

SCIENCE 10 WORKSHEET
NOTE: Please submit the worksheet ONLY
Name: ___________________________________ Grade & Section: _____________________ Score:

Assessment
Directions: Answer the following questions. For multiple choices, choose the letter of the BEST ANSWER.
Write the chosen letter on the space before each number. For problem solving or identification write your
answer on the available space in this worksheet or clean sheet of paper if needed.
1. Perform the following conversions of pressure units: 1.6  105 torr = atm
[A] 3.2  102 [B] 4.6  102 [C] 3.2  103 [D] 2.1  102 [E] 2.1  103
2. A sample of helium gas occupies 2.65 L at 1.20 atm. What pressure would this sample of gas exert in a
1.50-L container at the same temperature?
[A] 3.31 atm [B] 1.20 atm [C] 2.12 atm [D] 0.679 atm [E]
none of these
3. A sample of helium gas occupies 12.4 L at 23C and 0.956 atm. What volume will it occupy at 40C and
0.956 atm?
 [A] 7.13 L [B] 11.7 L [C] 21.6 L [D] 13.1 L [E] none of
these
4. A balloon has a volume of 1.20 L at 24.0C. The balloon is heated to 48.0C. Calculate the new volume of
the balloon.
[A] 2.40 L [B] 1.70 L [C] 1.30 L [D] 2.10 L [E] 1.20 L
5. If the temperature of an ideal gas is raised from 100C to 200C, while the pressure remains constant, the
volume
[A] remains the same [C] goes to 1/2 the original [D] increases by a factor of 100
volume
[B] doubles [E] none of these
6. A 4.37-g sample of a certain diatomic gas occupies a volume of 3.00 L at 1.00 atm and a temperature of
45C. Identify this gas.
[A] O2 [B] F2 [C] Cl2 [D] H2 [E] N2
7. What do the initials STP stand for, and what are the numerical values of each? (2 pts)
___________________
8. What is the numerical value of the molar volume of any gas at STP? (2pts)__________________________
9. An oxygen sample has a volume of 4.50 L at 27C and 800.0 torr. How many oxygen molecules does it
contain?
[A] 5.8  1022 [C] 1.16  1023 [E] none of these
[B] 1.16  1022 [D] 2.32  1024
10. Mercury vapor contains Hg atoms. What is the volume of 200. g of mercury vapor at 822 K and 0.500 atm?
[A] 82.2 L [B] 67.2 L [C] 329 L [D] 135 L [E] none of
these
11. Zinc metal is added to hydrochloric acid to generate hydrogen gas and is collected over a liquid whose
vapor pressure is the same as pure water at 20.0C (18 torr). The volume of the mixture is 1.7 L, and its total
pressure is 0.810 atm. Determine the numbers of moles of hydrogen gas present in the sample.
[A] 0.056 mol [B] 42 mol [C] 22 mol [D] 1.3 mol [E] 0.82 mol
12. A vessel with an internal volume of 10.0 L contains 2.80 g of nitrogen gas, 0.403 g of hydrogen gas, and
79.9 g of argon gas. At 25C, what is the pressure (in atm) inside the vessel?
[A] 2.38 atm [B] 6.43 atm [C] 0.471 atm [D] 3.20 atm [E] 5.62 atm
13. What would happen to the average kinetic energy of the molecules of a gas sample if the temperature of
the sample increased from 20C to 40C?
[A] It would double. [C] It would decrease.
[B] It would become half its [D] It would increase.
value. [E] two of these
14. Which conditions of P and T are most ideal for a gas?
[A] low P, high T [C] high P, high T [E] low P, low T
[B] high P, low T [D] depends on the gas
15. An ideal gas is a hypothetical substance consisting of particles with volume and attraction for one
another.
[A] large; strong [B] small; weak [C] zero; no [D] small; strong [E] large; weak
16.C2H4 reacts with O2 according to the following equation: C2H4(g) + 3O2(g)  2CO2(g) + 2H2O(g). What
volume of oxygen at STP is needed to react with 1.50 mol of C2H4?
[A] 33.6 L [B] 67.2 L [C] not enough information given [D] 4.50 L [E] 101
L
17. Given the equation 2KClO3(s)  2KCl(s) + 3O2(g). A 3.00-g sample of KClO3 is decomposed and the
oxygen at 24.0C and 0.982 atm is collected. What volume of oxygen gas will be collected assuming 100%
yield?
[A] 608 mL [B] 911 mL [C] 1820 mL [D] 304 mL [E]
none of these
18. Describe the relationship between the following variables, including graphs. (5 pts each)
a. P and V
b. V and T
c. P and T
19. These two containers of gas contain 0.5 moles of gas each (not necessarily drawn to scale): (5pts each)

0.5 mol 0.5 mol

He Xe

Both gases have a temperature of 93.8 K and have a pressure of 132 kPa.
a. Which box contains more molecules? How many times more?
b. Which gas has the greater volume? How many times greater?
c. Which gas has the greater mass? How many times greater?