P8–9 Rate of return, standard deviation, and coefficient of variation Mike is searching

for a stock to include in his current stock portfolio. He is interested in Hi-Tech,

Inc.; he has been impressed with the company’s computer products and believes
that Hi-Tech is an innovative market player. However, Mike realizes that any
time you consider a technology stock, risk is a major concern. The rule he follows
is to include only securities with a coefficient of variation of returns below 0.90.
Mike has obtained the following price information for the period 2012 through
2015. Hi-Tech stock, being growth-oriented, did not pay any dividends during these 4 years.

a. Calculate the rate of return for each year, 2012 through 2015, for Hi-Tech stock.
b. Assume that each year’s return is equally probable, and calculate the average return
over this time period.
c. Calculate the standard deviation of returns over the past 4 years. (Hint: Treat
these data as a sample.)
d. Based on b and c, determine the coefficient of variation of returns for the security.
e. Given the calculation in d, what should be Mike’s decision regarding the inclusion
of Hi-Tech stock in his portfolio?
A. Rate of Return
2012 [(0 + 21.55 - 14.36) / 14.36] x 100
50.07%

2013 [(0 + 64.78 - 21.55) / 21.55] x100

200.60%

2014 [(0 + 72.38 - 64.78) / 64.78] x 100

11.73%

2015 [(0 + 91.80 - 72.38) / 72.38] x 100

26.83%

B. Average Return (50.07 + 200.60 + 11.73 + 26.83) / 4

72.31%

C. Standard Deviation 86.97%

D. Coefficient of variation 1.20

E. Considering the coefficient of variation is 1.20, Mike should not include the Hi-Tech stoc
whick will exclude this paticular stock.
d not include the Hi-Tech stock to his portfolio. This is due to volitility. Mike has a rule of including securities that have a coeffi
 NOTES:

ities that have a coefficient of variation below 0.90,

 P8–14 Portfolio analysis You have been given the expected return data shown in the first
table on three assets—F, G, and H—over the period 2016–2019.

Using these assets, you have isolated the three investment alternatives shown in the
following table.

a. Calculate the expected return over the 4-year period for each of the three
alternatives.
b. Calculate the standard deviation of returns over the 4-year period for each of the
three alternatives.
c. Use your findings in parts a and b to calculate the coefficient of variation for
each of the three alternatives.
d. On the basis of your findings, which of the three investment alternatives do you
recommend? Why?

A. Expected Return
Alternative 1 Alternative 2
100% of Asset F expected return %
Asset F 17.5 50% of Asset F 50% of Asset G
2016 8 8.5
2017 8.5 8
2018 9 7.5
2019 9.5 7

Average expected return %

B. Standard Deviation

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3

100% of Asset F 50% of Asset F 50% of Asset G 50% of Asset F
1.29 0
C. Coeffiecient of variation

Alternative 1 Alternative 2 Alternative 3

0.0738 0.0000 0.0782

D. When evaluating the three investment opportunities, we look carefully at the coeffiecient of variation. Of th
positively correlated which means they are both riskier than alternative two. Alternative two has a coefficie
ata shown in the first

Asset F Asset G Asset H

16 17 14
17 16 15
18 15 16
19 14 17

Alternative 3

50% of Asset G expected return % 50% of Asset F 50% of Asset H

16.5 2016 8 2016 7
16.5 2017 8.5 2017 7.5
16.5 2018 9 2018 8
16.5 2019 9.5 2019 8.5

xpected return % 16.5 Average expected return %

Alternative 3
50% of Asset F 50% of Asset H
1.29
cient of variation. Of the three choices, alternative two would be the best. This is because both alternatives one and three are
tive two has a coefficient of variation of 0, meaning it has no risk.
50% of Asset H expected return %
15
16
17
18

xpected return % 16.5

one and three are
 P8–27 Portfolio return and beta Jamie Peters invested $100,000 to set up the following portfolio 1 year ago.

a. Calculate the portfolio beta on the basis of the original cost figures.
b. Calculate the percentage return of each asset in the portfolio for the year.
c. Calculate the percentage return of the portfolio on the basis of original cost,
using income and gains during the year.
d. At the time Jamie made his investments, investors were estimating that the market
return for the coming year would be 10%. The estimate of the risk-free rate of return
averaged 4% for the coming year. Calculate an expected rate of return for each stock
on the basis of its beta and the expectations of market and risk-free returns.
e. On the basis of the actual results, explain how each stock in the portfolio performed
relative to those CAPM-generated expectations of performance. What
factors could explain these differences?

A. Portfolio Beta

1.13

B. Asset (value today-cost)+yearly income/cost

A 8.00%
B 6.86%
C 15.00%
D 12.50%

(value today-cost)+yearly income/cost cost value today yearly income

C. 10.38% 100000 107000 3375

expected rate of return

D. 8.80%
9.70%
13.00%
11.50%

E. Only assets D and E had a performance increase. This can be a result of an increase in interest rates. As interest ra
Another reason is tax rates. Tax rates affect the after tax cost. When tax rates increase, the cost of debt will decreas
owing portfolio 1 year ago.

yearly income

interest rates. As interest rates increase, the cost of debt increases which increases the cost of captital.
the cost of debt will decrease which lowers the cost of capital.
Notes
divide cost by $100,000 for beta calculation
 P9–5 The cost of debt Gronseth Drywall Systems, Inc., is in discussions with its investment
bankers regarding the issuance of new bonds. The investment banker has informed
the firm that different maturities will carry different coupon rates and sell at
different prices. The firm must choose among several alternatives. In each case, the
bonds will have a $1,000 par value and flotation costs will be $30 per bond. The
company is taxed at a rate of 40%. Calculate the after-tax cost of financing with each of the following alternativ

Approximating the cost

Alt A Par value -$1,000.00

Coupon interest rate 9%
Interest payment per year 1
Interest payment per year -$90.00
Number of years to maturity 16
Net Proceeds $1,220.00
Before taxes 6.71%

After-tax
6.71(1-0.40) 4.03 %

Alt B Par value -$1,000.00

Coupon interest rate 7.00%
Interest payment per year 1
Interest payment per year -$70.00
Number of years to maturity 5
Net Proceeds $1,020.00
Before taxes 6.52%
After-tax
6.52(1-0.40) 3.91 %

Alt C Par value -$1,000.00

Coupon interest rate 6.00%
Interest payment per year 1
Interest payment per year -$60.00
Number of years to maturity 7
Net Proceeds $970.00
Before taxes 6.55%
 After-tax
6.55(1-0.40) 3.93 %

Alt D Par value -$1,000.00

Coupon interest rate 5.00%
Interest payment per year 1
Interest payment per year -$50.00
Number of years to maturity 10
Net Proceeds $895.00
Before taxes 6.46%

After-tax
6.46*(1-0.40) 3.88 %
f the following alternatives
 P9–7 Cost of preferred stock Taylor Systems has just issued preferred stock. The stock
has a 12% annual dividend and a $100 par value and was sold at $97.50 per share.
In addition, flotation costs of $2.50 per share must be paid.
a. Calculate the cost of the preferred stock.
b. If the firm sells the preferred stock with a 10% annual dividend and nets $90.00 after flotation costs, what is i

A. 100*12% = $12.00
97.50 - 2.50 = 95

12 / 95 = 0.1263 12.63%

B. 10 / 90 = 0.1111 11.11%
after flotation costs, what is its cost?
P9–9 Cost of common stock equity: CAPM J&M Corporation common stock has a beta,
b, of 1.2. The risk-free rate is 6%, and the market return is 11%.
a. Determine the risk premium on J&M common stock.
b. Determine the required return that J&M common stock should provide.
c. Determine J&M’s cost of common stock equity using the CAPM

1.2*(11-6)
A. 6.00%

6%+[1.2x11%-6%)]
B. 12.00%

C. 6%+[1.2x11%-6%)]
12.00%
 P9–10 Cost of common stock equity Ross Textiles wishes to measure its cost of common
stock equity. The firm’s stock is currently selling for $57.50. The firm expects to pay
a $3.40 dividend at the end of the year (2016). The dividends for the past 5 years are shown in the following tab

After underpricing and flotation costs, the firm expects to net $52 per share on a
new issue.
a. Determine the growth rate of dividends from 2011 to 2015.
b. Determine the net proceeds, Nn, that the firm will actually receive.
c. Using the constant-growth valuation model, determine the cost of retained earnings, rr.
d. Using the constant-growth valuation model, determine the cost of new common
stock, rn.

A. 2.30 - 2.12 = 0.18 8.5%

2.60 - 2.30 = 0.3 13.0%
2.92 - 2.60 = 0.32 12.3%
3.10 - 2.92 0.18 6.2%
3.40-3.10 0.3 9.7%
Average growth rate 9.94%

B. $52

C. 0.15853043
15.85%

D. 0.16478462
16.48%
hown in the following table.
 P9–17 Calculation of individual costs and WACC Dillon Labs has asked its financial manager
to measure the cost of each specific type of capital as well as the weighted average
cost of capital. The weighted average cost is to be measured by using the following
weights: 40% long-term debt, 10% preferred stock, and 50% common stock equity
(retained earnings, new common stock, or both). The firm’s tax rate is 40%.
Debt The firm can sell for $980 a 10-year, $1,000-par-value bond paying annual
interest at a 10% coupon rate. A flotation cost of 3% of the par value is required
in addition to the discount of $20 per bond.
Preferred stock Eight percent (annual dividend) preferred stock having a par
value of $100 can be sold for $65. An additional fee of $2 per share must be paid
to the underwriters.
Common stock The firm’s common stock is currently selling for $50 per share.
The dividend expected to be paid at the end of the coming year (2016) is $4. Its
dividend payments, which have been approximately 60% of earnings per share in each of the past 5 years, were as

6.67%
7.14%
6.06%
4.76%
10.53%

It is expected that to attract buyers, new common stock must be underpriced

$5 per share, and the firm must also pay $3 per share in flotation costs. Dividend
payments are expected to continue at 60% of earnings. (Assume that rr = rs.)
a. Calculate the after-tax cost of debt.
b. Calculate the cost of preferred stock.
c. Calculate the cost of common stock.
d. Calculate the WACC for Dillon Labs.

A. Par value -$1,000.00

Coupon interest rate 10% 10.84*(1-0.40)
Interest payment per year 1
Interest payment per year -$100.00
Number of years to maturity 10
Net Proceeds $950.00
Before taxes 10.84%

B. 100 (par value) * 8% = 8

$65 - $2 = $63 8/63 = 12.70%

C. Net proceeds 50 -5 - 3 = 42
(4 / 42) + .06504 0.1602781
 common stock 16.03%

D. WACC
Long term 0.4*6.504 2.6016
Preferred stock 0.10*12.7 1.27
Common stock 0.50*16.03 8.015

WACC 11.8866
the past 5 years, were as shown in the following table

7.03%

After-tax
6.504 %