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LQ 03 Cell Activity and Organization
LQ 03 Cell Activity and Organization
[031001]
The following experimental set-up is used to investigate osmosis.
concentrated
sucrose solution differentially
permeable membrane
distilled water
a Describe and explain the change in the liquid level in the capillary tube
after an hour. (4 marks)
-- ans --
a The distilled water has a higher water potential than the sucrose solution. 1m
So water moleucules pass through the differentially permeable membrane from the
distilled water to the concentrated sucrose solution by osmosis. 2m
b No. Sucrose molecules are not small enough to pass through the holes on the
differentially permeable membrane. 2m
c Cell membrane. 1m
and so the change in water level will be smaller after the same period of time. 1m
-- ans end --
[031002]
The plate was incubated at 35 ℃ for two hours. The plate was then treated with
iodine solution and washed. The appearance of the plate is shown below.
c Name the process by which iodine molecules get to the deeper region of
the starch agar. (1 mark)
-- ans --
a The fresh enzyme extract (1) contained enzyme which broke down some starch
around the trough. 1m
The clear area around the trough indicates that there is no starch left after
incubation. 1m
The enzyme in the mixture with dilute HCl (2) did not break down starch and the
starch was stained dark blue by iodine. 1m
The enzyme in the mixture with dilute NaOH (3) digested much starch around the
trough. 1m
The boiled enzyme extract remains dark blue because the enzyme is denatured at
high temperature, so cannot digest the starch 1m
The dilute HCl alone did not break down starch. 0.5m
b They act as controls and are used to check whether HCl or NaOH has direct effect
on starch. 1m
c Diffusion 1m
-- ans end --
[031003]
The following diagram illustrates the ‘lock and key’ hypothesis for enzyme
actions.
R S P
R S
Q Q Q
-- ans --
a P—product 1m
Q—enzyme 1m
R, S—substrate 1m
b Anabolic reaction 1m
c The substrate molecules combine with the active sites on the enzyme molecules. 1m
The enzyme must have the right shape for the substrates to combine with the active
site. 1m
d Low temperature lowers enzyme activities because kinetic energy of enzyme and
substrate molecules decrease with temperature and collision of molecules is less
frequent. 1m
The active site no longer fits the substrate molecule and there is no reaction. 1m
-- ans end --
[031004]
0 6
10 5
20 4
30 3
40 2
50 4
60 6
a Using the above data, draw a graph to show the relationship between
reduction in length of egg white tube and temperature. (3 marks)
-- ans --
5
reduction in length of
egg white tube (cm)
4
3
2
1
0
0 10 20 30 40 50 60
temperature (℃)
From 0 to 40℃, the reduction in length of egg white tube increases with temperature.
1m
At 40℃, the reduction in length of egg white tube reaches its maximum. 1m
From 40℃ to 60℃, the reduction in length of egg white tube decreases with
temperature. 1m
As temperature increases from 0 to 40℃, the digestive enzyme becomes more and
more active. 1m
-- ans end --
[031005]
capillary tube
fresh water
dialysis tubing
20% sucrose
solution
Set-up A Set-up B
b One hour later, what are the changes in the sucrose solution levels inside
the capillary tubes? Explain the results. (4 marks)
c The dialysis tubing has one property that is very important for osmosis to
take place. What is that property and how can it make osmosis possible?
(3 marks)
-- ans --
This is because water molecules moves from fresh water to 10% sucrose solution
through the dialysis tubing. 1m
This is because water molecules moves from 10% sucrose solution to 20% sucrose
solution through the dialysis tubing. 1m
-- ans end --
[031006]
A raw potato was cut into the shape of a cup. Concentrated sucrose solution was
put inside the well and the potato cup was immersed in a petri dish containing
distilled water.
distilled water
a How did the sucrose solution level change after an hour? Explain your
answer. (4 marks)
b How will the sucrose solution level change if the potato is boiled? Explain
your answer. (4 marks)
c In another experiment, a potato cup containing distilled water was put into
a petri dish of sucrose solution. What was happened to the water level of
the well after an hour? Why? (2 marks)
-- ans --
because water molecules moved from distilled water (higher water potential) 1m
through the living potato tissue which acted as a selectively permeable membrane.
1m
because the boiled potato is dead and loses its selective permeability. 1m
Both the water and sucrose molecules will leave the well 1m
through diffusion. 1m
-- ans end --
[031007]
-- ans --
because the distilled water has a higher water potential than the solution
inside the tubing. 1m
because the water potential of the sugar solution inside and outside the tubing
is the same. 1m
because the 40% sugar solution has a lower water potential than the solution
inside the tubing. 1m
b The water potential / concentration of the glucose solution for injection must be the
same as that of blood. 1m
-- ans end --
[031008]
Washing clothes
Softening meat
-- ans --
a
Enzyme Application Explanation
Amylases Making syrup and fruit juice The amylases digest starch
2m
Proteases Washing clothes The proteases digest
blood stains.
2m
Proteases Softening meat The proteases digest
meat.
2m
The shapes of active sites are changed and the substrates cannot fit in. 1m
-- ans end --
[031009]
Q Q
X Y Z
-- ans --
a X is the substrate. 1m
Q is the enzyme. 1m
b Each enzyme acts on only one or a few chemically related substrates and catalyzes
only one kind of reaction. 1m
Each active site can only combine with one or a few chemically-related substrates
that fit into it. 1m
-- ans end --
[031010]
The table below shows the activity of an enzyme (a protease found in the
stomach) at different pH.
1.0 50
1.5 80
2.0 98
2.5 80
3.0 25
3.5 8
4.0 5
4.5 2
5.0 0
6.0 0
7.0 0
c People suffering from "acid stomach" may find antacid tablets useful in
relieving the discomfort. Antacid tablets work by decreasing the acidity in
stomach. How will the digestion of proteins be affected by the antacid
tablets taken? (2 marks)
d Besides pH, give two factors that affect enzyme activity. (2 marks)
-- ans --
70
60
50
40
30
20
10
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
pH
Correct title 1m
Correct curve 2m
b pH 2 1m
-- ans end --
[031011]
The breakdown of hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen can be catalyzed
by an enzyme found in various tissues. In an experiment, samples of liver
tissues or blood, either fresh or boiled, are added to test tubes containing
hydrogen peroxide.
c Explain why the results are the same for test tubes B and C. (2 marks)
f State two parameters that should be kept constant in all the test tubes.
(2 marks)
--ans --
d Fresh liver tissue and blood contain the enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of
hydrogen peroxide into water and oxygen. 1m
They are denatured after boiling and their catalytic property is lost. 1m
-- ans end --
[031012]
a For the following statements, state whether they are correct or incorrect.
Give reasons if you think they are incorrect.
c How do you think human life would change if all our enzymes worked at
half their normal rates? (2 marks)
-- ans --
The reaction rate decreases because fewer substrate molecules are available
for reaction as time goes by. 1m
b During an enzymic reaction, the substrate molecule combines with the enzyme
molecule at the active site. 1m
The active site of a particular enzyme is of a specific shape and so can only combine
with a substrate of the right shape. 1m
And so all our daily activities, like movement, growth and thinking would slow down
as well. We would not be as active as we are now. 1m
-- ans end --
[031013]
iodine solution
distilled water
dialysis tubing
c If the whole set-up was put in a water bath at 40 oC, do you think there
would be any differences in the experimental results? Explain. (2 marks)
d State and explain whether net movement of molecules would occur in the
following cases:
-- ans --
Iodine molecules moved from a region of higher concentration (outside the tubing) to
a region of lower concentration (inside the tubing). 1m
b Water molecules would move from the inside of the dialysis tubing to the outside
down the concentration gradient. 1m
d i Net movement of iodine into the dialysis tubing and net movement of water out
of it would occur 1m
-- ans end --
[031014]
In a hen's egg, there is a thin and differentially permeable membrane inside the
shell. It can be used to study osmosis. Two hen's eggs were immersed in dilute
hydrochloric acid until the shells had dissolved. The eggs were washed. One
was put into distilled water and the other into a concentrated salt solution.
Changes were observed after a day.
-- ans --
a A membrane with holes that only allow small molecules to pass through. 1m
b For the egg in distilled water, there was a net movement of water molecules from the
outside into the egg 1m
For the egg in concentrated salt solution, there was a net movement of water
molecules from the egg to the salt solution 1m
as the concentration of salt solution was higher than the solution inside the egg. 1m
d Gases 1m
-- ans end --
[031015]
A plant is divided into three parts A, B and C. The following diagram on the
right shows the cross section of part A.
palisade cell
upper epidermis
A
palisade layer
B
spongy layer
lower epidermis
C
c Give one advantage and three disadvantages for an organism being multi-
cellular. (4 marks)
-- ans --
a A: leaf
1m
B: stem 1m
C: root 1m
Organ: leaf 1m
c Advantage:
Disadvantages:
Problem of support. 1m
-- ans end --
[031101]
In order to show the movement of water in and out of a human cheek cell, a
model is set up using the following apparatus:
b What will you observe in a after one hour? Give an explanation to your
observation. (3 marks)
c Which part of a human cheek cell does the dialysis tubing represent? (1
mark)
-- ans --
20 % glucose beaker
solution
thread
The water potential of the distilled water inside the dialysis tubing is higher than
that of the glucose solution outside the tubing. 1m
c Cell membrane 1m
-- ans end --
[031102]
Discs of tissues were prepared from potato, celery, turnip and carrot. Two drops
of detergent and 2 ml of dilute hydrogen peroxide were added to each of the
four test tubes. Then a disc of living tissue of each type was added. Another set
of test tubes using the boiled tissues was included as the controls. The maximum
height of the froth produced in each test tube was recorded in the table below.
Potato 5 0
Celery 3 0
Turnip 3 0
Carrot 1 0
c From the results, which tissue has the highest activity of catalase?(1 mark)
f A student said that measuring the height of froth was not accurate enough
to indicate the activity of catalase. Briefly suggest one modification of the
set-up to improve the accuracy. (2 marks)
-- ans --
b catalase
hydrogen peroxide -----------------------------> oxygen + water 1m
(any 2) 1m x 2
The controls enable us to compare the results of the experimental set-ups and
show that only enzyme in living tissues can break down hydrogen peroxide. 1m
-- ans end --
[031103]
The table below shows the effect of temperature on the mass of a potato cube
placed in distilled water.
a Given that the initial mass of both potato cubes is 50 g. If the potato cubes
at 20 oC and 50 oC weigh 54.5 g and 47.5 g respectively after 1.5 hours,
calculate the values of X and Y. (2 marks)
b From the results of the first 0.5 hour, what appears to be the effect of
temperature on the mass of the potato cubes? (1 mark)
ii Why was there no further increase in mass after 3.5 hours? (2 marks)
d What happened to the potato cube at 50 oC after 0.5 hour? Explain your
answer. (3 marks)
-- ans --
c i There was a rapid increase in the mass of the potato cube during the first
0.5 hour. 1m
and hence, there is no net movement of water molecules into the cells by
osmosis. 1m
d The mass of the potato cube dropped rapidly and remained unchanged after 2.5
hours. 1m
-- ans end --
[031104]
c The student then used the same pin to burst another balloon. Which
property of enzyme was demonstrated? (1 mark)
-- ans --
a A catabolic reaction 1m
b Enzyme 1m
c Enzyme is reusable. 1m
(any 2) 1m x 2
-- ans end --