Electromagnetics is a branch of physics or electrical engineering in which electric and magnetic

phenomena are studied.

A scalar is a quantity that has only magnitude.

A vector is a quantity that has both magnitude and direction.

A field is a function that specifies a particular quantity everywhere in a region.

If the quantity is scalar (or vector), the field is said to be a scalar (or vector) field. Examples of scalar
fields are temperature distribution in a building, sound intensity in a theater, electric potential in a
region, and refractive index of a stratified medium. The gravitational force on a body in space and the
velocity of raindrops in the atmosphere are examples of vector fields.
The position vector rp (or radius vector) of point P is as the directed distance from the origin O to P
 VECTOR MULTIPLICATION

When two vectors A and B are multiplied, the result is either a scalar or a vector depending on how they are

multiplied. Thus there are two types of vector multiplication:

1. Scalar (or dot) product: A • B

2. Vector (or cross) product: A × B

Dot Product
The dot product of two vectors A and B, written as A • B. is defined geometrically as the product of the
magnitudes of A and B and the cosine of the angle between them.
Cross Product
The cross product of two vectors A and B. written as A X B. is a vector quantity whose magnitude is the
area of the parallelopiped formed by A and B and is in the direction of advance of a right-handed screw as A
is turned into B.
 Coordinate Systems And Transformation
CARTESIAN COORDINATES (x, y, z)
CIRCULAR CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES (ρ, Φ, z)
SPHERICAL COORDINATES (r, θ, Φ)
CONSTANT COORDINATE SURFACES

Surfaces in Cartesian, cylindrical, or spherical coordinate systems are easily generated by keeping one of the
coordinate variables constant and allowing the other two to vary.
DIFFERENTIAL LENGTH, AREA, AND VOLUME
Cylindrical Coordinates
Cylindrical Coordinates
Spherical Coordinates
DEL OPERATOR
GRADIENT OF A SCALAR
The gradient of a scalar field V is a vector that represents both the magnitude and the direction of the
maximum space rate of increase of V.
Divergence of a Vector
The word divergence reminds us the word “diverge” which means to “spread out”.
Divergence is the measure of how much the given vector diverges or spreads out.
For example for the vector shown in Fig. a the vector spreads out and is having large positive divergence. The
vector shown in Fig. b is having large negative divergence. The vector shown in Fig. c is having zero divergence.
CURL OF A VECTOR

In your daily life you could have come across the word “curly hair”. The meaning of word curl is circulation.
Curl of the vector is the measure of how much the given vector circulates about the given point in question.
 Upon visual inspection, the field can be described as "rotating". If the vectors of the field were to
represent a linear force acting on objects present at that point, and an object were to be placed inside
the field, the object would start to rotate clockwise around itself. This is true regardless of where the
object is placed.
Calculating the curl:

The resulting vector field describing the curl would be uniformly going in the negative z direction. The
results of this equation align with what could have been predicted using the right-hand rule using a right-
handed coordinate system. Being a uniform vector field, the object described before would have the same
rotational intensity regardless of where it was placed.
The curl is not as obvious from the graph. However, taking the object in the previous example, and
placing it anywhere on the line x = 3, the force exerted on the right side would be slightly greater
than the force exerted on the left, causing it to rotate clockwise. Using the right-hand rule, it can be
predicted that the resulting curl would be straight in the negative z direction. Inversely, if placed
on x = −3, the object would rotate counterclockwise and the right-hand rule would result in a
positive z direction.
 LAPLACIAN OF A SCALAR

For practical reasons, it is expedient to introduce a single operator which is the composite of gradient and
divergence operators. This operator is known as the Laplacian.
Divergence theorem
Stokes's theorem