COMPLEXNUMBERS

UNI
T5:COMPLEXNUMBERS

I
NTRODUCTI
ON

Compl
exnumberi
sacombi
nat
ionofr
ealnumber
sandi
magi
nar
ynumber
s.I
t’
soccur
redt
o
2
sol
veasquar
erootofnegat
ivenumber
s.Thus,
wei
magi
net
hat -
1doesexi
st.Hence,
-1=i

Compl
ex number
s of
ten seem st
range when f
ir
stencount
ered buti
tis wor
th
pr
eser
vingwi
tht
hem becauset
heypr
ovi
deapower
fulmat
hemat
icalt
oolf
orsol
vi
ngsev
eral
t
echni
cal
probl
ems.Oneoft
hemai
nappl
i
cat
ionsi
stot
heanal
ysi
sofal
ter
nat
ingcur
rent(
a.c)
ci
rcui
ts.Engi
neer
sar
ever
yint
erest
edi
nthesebecauset
hemai
nsuppl
yit
sel
fa.
c,and
el
ect
ri
cit
ygener
ati
onandt
ranspor
tat
ionar
edomi
nat
edbya.
cvol
tagesandcur
rent
s.

Agr
eatdealofsi
gnalanal
ysi
sandpr
ocessi
ngusesmat
hemat
icalmodel
sbasedon
compl
exnumber
sbecause t
heyal
l
ow t
he mani
pul
ati
on ofsi
nusoi
dalquant
it
iest
o be
under
takenmor
eeasi
l
y.Fur
ther
mor
e,t
hedesi
gnoff
il
ter
stobeusedi
ncommuni
cat
ions
equi
pmentr
eli
esheav
il
yont
hei
ruse.

Onear
eaofpar
ti
cul
arr
elev
ancei
scont
rolengi
neer
ing.Somuchsot
hatcont
rol
engi
neer
s of
ten pr
efert
othi
nk ofa cont
rolsy
stem i
nter
ms ofa ‘
compl
ex pl
ane’
r
epr
esent
ati
onr
athert
hana‘
ti
medomai
n’r
epr
esent
ati
on.

LEARNI
NGOUTCOMES
Af
tercompl
eti
ngt
heuni
t,st
udent
sshoul
dbeabl
eto:
1. Wr
it
ethesquar
erootofnegat
ivenumber
sint
ermsofi
.
2. Si
mpl
i
f sofi
ypower .
3. St
atecompl
exnumberi
nrect
angul
arf
orm.
4. Pl
otcompl
exnumberi
nAr
gandDi
agr
am.
5. Per
for
m oper
ati
onsofcompl
exnumber
s.
6. Per
for
m di
vi
sionofcompl
exnumber
susi
ngt
heconj
ugat
e.
7. Cal
cul
atet
hemodul
usandar
gumentofacompl
exnumber
.
8. Wr
it
eacompl
exnumberi
npol
arf
orm andt
ri
gonomet
ri
cfor
m.
9. Conv
ertcompl
exnumberi
nrect
angul
arf
ormt
opol
arf
orm andv
icev
ersa.

5.
1 I
MAGI
NARYNUMBERS

BKT 168 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

Ani
magi
nar
ynumberi
sanumbert
hatcanbewr
it
tenasar
ealnumbermul
ti
pli
edby
2
t
hei
magi
nar
yuni
ti
,whi
chi
sdef
inedbyi
tspr
oper
tyi=-
1.Wedef
inet
hei
magi
nar
y
number
sast
hesquar
erootof-
1,andr
epr
esenti
tasi
.Forexampl
e,5i
i
sani
magi
nar
y
number
,andi
tssquar
eis-
25.

2
I
magi
nar
yNumber: i= -
1 whi
chi=-
1

I
magi
nar
ynumber
sal
sol
ookl
i
ke -
3or -
5.Wecanuset
her
ulesf
orsi
mpl
i
fyi
ng
squar
eroot
stor
ewr
it
etheseki
ndsofi
magi
nar
ynumber
sforex
ampl
e:

-
3=

or

-
5=

Thesecangener
atef
ormul
aforsi
mpl
i
fyi
ngsquar
eroot
sasi
magi
nar
ynumber
s:

Gener
alFor
mul
a:

Exampl
e5.
1 : Towr
it
esquar
erootasi
magi
nar
ynumber
s
Wr
it
easi
magi
nar
ynumber
sfort
hef
oll
owi
ngsquar
eroot
s:
a) -
4
b) -
9
c) --
16
d) (
--25)

Sol
uti
on:
a) -
4 = 4(
-1)
= 4×-
1
=2i

BKT 169 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

b) -
9 = 9(
-1)
= 9×-
1 = 3i

c) --
16=-16(
-1)
=-16×-
1
=-
4i

d) (-
- 25) =-25(
-1)
=-25×-
1
=-
5i
sofi
Power

i =
2
i = ixi = x = -
1
3 2
i = ixi = -
1x = -
4 3
i = ixi = - x = 1
4
I
nfact
,forev
eryf
act
orofi,
canber
epl
acedbyt
hev
alueof1.
4
i=1

Howt
osi
mpl
i
fyi
toanygi
venpower
:

k r
i=i
4
wher
er=t
her
emai
nderofk÷4 ncei
Si ist
henumber1wecanappl
ythe
f
oll
owi
ngf
ormul
ator
educei
toanypower

Forexampl
est
osi
mpl
i
fy:

9
o i

9÷4hasar
emai
nderof1

9 1
i=i

22
o i

BKT 170 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

22÷4hasar
emai
nderof2

22 2
i =i

103
o i

103÷4hasar
emai
nderof3

103 3
i =i=-
i

Exampl
e5.
2 : Tosi
mpl
if
yimagi
nar
ynumber
s
Si
mpl
i
fyeachoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
22
a) i
97
b) i

Sol
uti
on:
a) 22÷4hasar
emai
nderof2.

b) 97÷4hasar
emai
nderof1.

Exampl
e5.
3 : Tof
indt
hev
alueofpowerofi
Fi
ndt
hev
alueof:

4
a) i
3
b)i
6
c)i

Sol
uti
on:
4 2 2
i=(
a)i=i∙ -1)
(1)=1
-

3 2
i=(
b)i=i∙ -1)
( )= -
6 2 2 2
c)i=i∙
i∙i=(
-1)
(1)
- (
-1)=-
1

BKT 171 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
1

1. Wr
it
easi
magi
nar
ynumber
sfort
hef
oll
owi
ngsquar
eroot
:
a) -
81 b) -
49

c) --
36 d) --
64

e) -
9 f
) --
100

BKT 172 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

g) --
144 h) -
√18

i
) -
10 j
) -
14

2. Si
mpl
i
fyt
hef
oll
owi
ng:
30 32
a) i b) i

77 50
c) i d) i

308 246
e) i f
) i

3. Fi
ndt
hev
alueoft
hef
oll
owi
ng:
9 12
a) i b) i

BKT 173 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

7 15
c) i d) i

34 20
e) i f
) i

5.
2 COMPLEXNUMBERSI
NRECTANGULARFORM ANDARGAND DI
AGRAM

5.
2.1COMPLEXNUMBERSI
NRECTANGULARFORM

Compl
exnumber
sinr
ect
angul
arf
ormi
sanynumber
,realori
magi
nar
ythatcan
bewr
itt
eni
nthef
orm

z=a+bi

Not
ati
onof
compl
exnumber

r
ealpar
t i
magi
nar
ypar
t

Wher
eaandbar
er sandi
ealnumber i
sthei
magi
nar
ynumber
.Thi
sfor
m,a+bi
,is
cal
l
edt
hest
andar
dfor
m ofacompl
exnumber
.

Exampl
e5.
4: I
dent
if
yreal
par
tandi
magi
nar
ypar
tinr
ect
angul
arf
orm.
Det
ermi
ner
eal
par
tandi
magi
nar
ypar
tfort
hef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumber
s
a) z=6+3i
b) z=–1+i

BKT 174 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

c) z=2–2i
d) z=–1.
2–1.
4i

Sol
uti
on:

Compl
exNumber
s RealPar
t I
magi
nar
yPar
t

a)z=6+3i 6 3i

b)z=–1+i –1 i

c)z=2–2i 2 –2i

d)z=–1.
2–1.
4i –1.
2 –1.
4i

Exampl
e5.
5 : Towr
it
eacompl
exnumberi
nrect
angul
arf
or z=a+bi
m( ).
Wr
it
einr
ect
angul
arf
ormt
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
s
a) 4+ -
4
b) 3--
81
c) -
25+2
d) 16-
- 3
Sol
uti
on:
a) 4+ -
4
=4+ 4×(
-1)
=4+ 4x -
1
=4+2i

b)3--
81
=3-81×(
-1)

=3– 81x -
1
=3-
9i

c) -
25+2
= 25×(
-1)+2

BKT 175 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

1+2
= 25x -
=5i+2

d) -
16-
3
= 16×(
-1)-
3

1-3
= 16x -
=4i
-3

UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
2.1.

1. Compl
etet
het
abl
ebel
ow:

Compl
exNumber
s RealPar
t I
magi
nar
yPar
t

a)2+3i

b)7-
i

c)-
5+3i

d) 4 –7i

e) 1 i

f
) –8 –9i

2. Wr
it
einr
ect
angul
arf
ormt
hef
oll
owi
ngnumber
s
a) 2+ -
4 b) -
4+ -
16

BKT 176 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

c) 3+ -
25 d) 1+ -
49

e) 1--
9 f
) 5--
81

5.
2.2 ARGANDDI
AGRAM

Gi
venacompl
exnumber
Z=a+bi
,wecanobt
ainausef
ulgr
aphi
cali
nter
pret
ati
onof
i
tbypl
ott
ingt
her
ealpar
tont
hehor
izont
alax
isandt
hei
magi
nar
ypar
tont
hev
ert
ical
axi
s.Wecal
lthexax
isast
her
eal sandyaxi
axi sasani
magi
nar
yaxi
s.

bi
(i
magi
nar
yaxi
s)

a(
-ve)
,b(
+ve) a(
+ve)
,b(
+ve)
a(
realaxi
s)
a(
-ve)
,b(
-ve) a(
+ve)
,b(
-ve)

BKT 177 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

Exampl
e5.
6 : Topl
otcompl
exnumber
sint
heAr
gandDi
agr
am
Pl
ott
hecompl
exnumberbel
owusi
ngt
heAr
gandDi
agr
am:
a) Z1=2+4i
b) Z2=-
1+i
c) Z3=4-
3i
d) Z4= -
3-3i

Sol
uti
on:

bi

Z1(
2,4)

Z3(
-1,
1)

BKT 178 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

Z3(
-3,
-3)

Z4(
4,-
3)

UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
2.2

1. Pl
ott
hecompl
exnumberbel
owusi
ngt
heAr
gandDi
agr
am:
a) Z1=-
5-3i b) Z2=4-
i

c) Z3=6+i d) Z4=3-
7i

BKT 179 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

e) Z5=2-
5i f
) Z6=2-
8i

5.
2.3 OPERATI
ONSOFCOMPLEXNUMBERS

5.
2.3.
1ADDI
TION, SUBSTRACTI
ON AND MULTI
PLI
CATI
ON OF COMPLEX
NUMBERS

ADDI
TION SUBSTRACTI
ON

( )+(
a+bi )=(
c+di a+c)+(
b+d)
i ( )-
a+bi ( )=(
c+di a-c)+(
b-d)
i

Exampl
e5.
7 : Toaddandsubt
ractcompl
exnumber
s
I
fZ1=4+8i
andZ2=5-
3i,
find:
a) Z1+Z2

BKT 180 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

b) Z2-
Z1
c) Z1-
Z2

Sol
uti
on:
a) Z1+Z2
=( )+(
4+8i 5-3i
)
=(
4+5)+(
8-3)
i
=9+5i

b)Z2-
Z1
=(
5- )
3i-(
4+8i
)
=(
5-4)+(
- 8)
3- i
=1-
11i

c)Z1-
Z2
4+8i
=( 5–3i
)–( )
=(
4-5)+(
8+3)
i
=1+11i

MUTI
PLI
CATI
ON Z1Z2=( )
a+bi( )
c+di
=( bd)+(
ac- ad+bc)
i

Exampl
e5.
8 : Tomul
ti
plycompl
exnumber
s
I
fZ1=4-
3iandZ2=3+6i
,fi
nd:
a) 4Z1
1
b) Z
32
c) Z1Z2

Sol
uti
on:
a) 4Z1=4(
4-3i
)
=16-
12i

BKT 181 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

1 1
b) Z= (
3+6i
)
32 3
=1+2i

c) Z1Z2=(
4- )
3i(
3+6i
)
2
=12+24i
-9i
-18i
=12+15i
-18(
-1)
=12+15i+18
=30+15

5.
2.3.
2 THECONJUGATEOFCOMPLEXNUMBERS

̅
Z=a-
bi

Z=a+bi Conj
ugat
e

Exampl
e5.
9 : Toobt
aint
heconj
ugat
eofcompl
exnumber
s
Fi
ndt
heconj
ugat
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumber
s
a) Z=2-
3i
b) Z=-
3+4i
c) Z=i
-5
d) Z=-
2i+6

Sol
uti
on:
̅
a) Z=2+3i

BKT 182 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

̅
b) Z=-
3-4i
̅
c) Z=-
i-5
̅
d) Z=2i+6

5.
2.3.
3 DI
VISI
ONOFCOMPLEXNUMBERS

Z1 (a+bi
)
=
Z2 (c+di
)

̅
Z1 Z2 (
a+bi
)(c-
di)
× = ×
Z2 ̅ (c+di
)(c-
di)
Z2
DI
VISI
ON
(a+bi)
(c-
di)
= 2 2
c+d
(
ac+bd) (
c+d [ ]
bc-
ad)
= 2 2 ÷ 2 2 i
c+d

Exampl
e5.
10 : Todi
vi
decompl
exnumber
s
I
fZ1=2+6i
andZ2=1-
4i,
find:

Z
a) 1
2
Z
b) 1
Z2

Sol
uti
on:
Z
a)1
2
2+6i
=
2
=1+3i

BKT 183 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

Z1
b)
Z2
( )(
2+6i )
1+4i
= ×
(
1- )(
4i )
1+4i
( )
2+6i(1+4i
)
=
(
1- )
4i(
1+4i)
2
2+8i
+6i+24i
=
(1-
4i)
(1+4i)
2+14i+24(
-1)
=
1-
4i+4i16(
- -1)
-
22+14i
=
17
-
22 14
= + i
17 17

UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
2.3

1. Fi
ndt
heconj
ugat
eoft
hef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumber
s

a) 3+2i b) 1-
10i

c) 5i
-18 d) -
i+6

2. I
fZ1=3+4iandZ2=-
2+i
,fi
nd:

a) Z1+Z2 b) Z1-
Z2

BKT 184 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

c) Z1Z2 Z1
d)
Z2

3. I
fZ1=2+7i ,
Z2=1-
4iand Z3=-
3+3i
,fi
nd:

a) Z2+Z3 b) Z3-
Z1

c) Z1+Z2-
Z3 d) Z1Z2

e) Z2Z3 Z3
f
)
Z1

4. I
fZ1=1-
3i,
Z2=7i
-8and Z3=2+4i
,fi
nd:

̅ ̅
a) Z1 +Z2 b) ) Z2-
Z3

BKT 185 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

̅ ̅
c) Z1Z2 d) Z2Z3

̅ ̅
e) Z1Z3 f
) Z2Z3

5. I
nanalt
ernat
ingci
rcui
t,t
hetot
alvol
tageVisgiv
enbyV =V1+V2.I
fV=(
12. 8i
2+6. )
V andV1=(7.8–2.5i
)V,fi
ndthevolt
ageV2.

6. I
nanal
ter
nat
ingcur
rentci
rcui
tcont
aini
ngt
woi
mpedancesZ1 andZ2 i
npar
all
el,

t
het
otali
mpedanceZi
sgi
venbyt
hef
ormul
a Z= .I 4+5i
f Z1 =( )

7–3i
andZ2=( ),
findt
het
otal
impedanceZ.

BKT 186 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

5.
3 COMPLEXNUMBERI
NPOLARFORM
5.
3.1 MODULUSANDARGUMENT
Fr
om f
igur
e1,
byusi
ngPy
thagor
as’
theor
em weobt
ainmodul
us,
r.Cl
ear
ly,
rist
he
di
stanceoft
hepoi
nt(
a,b)f
rom t
heor
igi
n.Themodul
usi
sal
way
sanon-
negat
ive
numberandi ed|
sdenot Z|.

y-
axi
s

Z=x+y
i

x-axi
s
x

BKT 187 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

Fi
gur
e1

b
Modul r= a2+b2
us, Ar
gument
, an-1
θ=t
a

The
angl
eisconv
ent
ional
l
ymeasur
edf
rom t
heposi
ti
vexaxi
s.Theangl
e,θi
scal
l
edt
he
gumentofZ.
ar

Pr
inci
pal
val
ue:

bi

BKT 188 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

QUADRANT1:Z=a+bi
QUADRANT2:Z=-
a+bi

0
Ar
gument=θ Ar
gument=180-
θ

a Ar
0
gument=180 +θ

0
Ar
gument=360-
θ

QUADRANT4:Z=a-
bi QUADRANT3:Z=-
a-bi

Exampl
e5.
11: Todet
ermi
nemodul
us,
randar
gument
,
Fi
ndt
hemodul
usandar
gumentf
rom t
hegi
venAr
ganddi
agr
am bel
ow.

BKT 189 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

bi bi

a) b)

Z1(
2,4)
Z2(
-1,
1)

a a

bi bi
c) d)

a
a

Z3=(
-5,
-5) Z4=(
1,-
5)

Sol
uti
on:
a) Modul r= 22+42
us,
=4.
47
-
1 4
θ=t
an
2
o
=63.
43
Z1i
sinQuadr
ant1

BKT 190 DUM 10122

COMPLEXNUMBERS

o
Ar
gument=θ=63.
43

2 2
b) Modul
us,
r= (
-1)+1
=1.
41
-
1 1
θ=t
an
-
1
=450
Z2i
sinQuadr
ant2

gument=θ=1800-
Ar 450
=1350

2 2
c) Modul
us,
r= (
-5)+(
-5)
=7.
07
1-
- 5
θ=t
an
-
5
0
=45

Z3i
sinQuadr
ant3

gument=θ=1800+450
Ar
=2250

d) Modul r= 12+(
us, - 2
5)
=5.
10
1-
- 5
θ=t
an
1
690
=78.
Z4i
sinQuadr
ant4

gument=θ=3600-
Ar 690
78.
310
=281.

UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
3
1. Fi
ndt
hemodul
usandar
gumentf
rom t
hegi
venAr
ganddi
agr
am bel
ow.

a) Z1(
3,3)

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bi

b) Z2(
-4,
2)

bi

c) Z3=(
7,-
8)

bi

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2. Fi
ndt
hemodul
usandt
hear
gumentoft
hegi
vencompl
exnumber
s.

a) z=8+2i b) z=5–3i

c) z=-
2+3i d) z=-
6-6i

e) z=2+2i f
) z=5+12i

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5.
3.2 COMPLEXNUMBERSI
NPOLARFORM

Thepol
arf
orm oft exnumbera+bi
hecompl is

wher
e r=

and an-1
=t

Anot
hernot
ati
onf
orpol
arf
or sr
mi  
∠ θ 
.(Thi
si ratangl
sspokenas“ eθ 
”.
)The
l
engt
hri
scal
l
edt
hemagni
tudeoft
hecompl
exnumber
,andt eθi
heangl scal
l
edt
he
ar
gument
.

POLARFORM

Or
a+bi = r
 ∠ θ 

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Exampl
e5.12:Wr
it
ecompl
exnumberi
npol
arf
orm
Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumber
sinpol
arf
orm.
a) 2+3i
b) 5-2i
c) -
3-7i

Sol
uti
on:

a)

=
=3.
61

b)

=
=5.
4

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c)

c)

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Exampl
e5.13: Conv
ertcompl
exnumbert
orect
angul
arf
orm

Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumber
sinr
ect
angul
arf
orm.

a) 6(cos30+i
sin30
)
b) (cos315+i
sin315
)

Sol
uti
on:

a)

Soi
nrect
angul
arf
ormi 2+3i
s5.
b)

Soi
nrect
angul
arf
or s1-i
mi

UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
3.2

1. Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumberi
npol
arf
orm.
a) 3+4i b) 5+4i

c) -
12+5i
d) 1– i

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e) –5–2i f
) 7–3i

h) -
6+5i
g) 6+ i

i
) 4+2i j
) 6–3i

2. Wr
it
ethef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumber
sinr
ect
angul
arf
orm.

(
a) 5(cos32+i
sin32
) (
b) 4(cos90+i
sin90
)

(
c) 4(cos+i
sin) (
d) cos25+i
3( sin25
)

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5.
3.2.
1 Mul
ti
pli
cat
ionandDi
vi
sionofCompl
exNumberi
nPol
arFor
m

Whent
wocompl
exnumber
sar
egi
veni
npol
arf
ormi
tispar
ti
cul
arl
ysi
mpl
eto
mul
ti
plyanddi
vi
det
hem byusi
ngf
ormul
a:
 Mul
ti
pli
cat
ion: I
f and

Then,

OR
Al
ter
nat
ivemet
hod:

 Di
vi
sion: I
f and

Then,

OR

Al
ter
nat
ivemet
hod:

Exampl
e:5.
14

1. Gi
ven and .Fi
nd:

a)

b)

Sol
uti
on:

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a)

OR

Al
ter
nat
ivemet
hod:

b)

OR

Al
ter
nat
ivemet
hod:

Exampl
e:5.
15

Gi
ven and .Fi
nd

Sol
uti
on:

UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
3.2.
1

1.Gi
ven and .Fi
nd:

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a) b)

1.Gi
ven and .Fi
nd:

a) b)

Fi
nd i
f and

5.
4 DEMOI
VRE’
STHEOREM

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Tof
indpower
sandr
oot
sofacompl
exnumber
,wecanuset
heDeMoi
vre’
sTheor
em.

zn = (r(cos+isi n
n))
DEMOI
VRE’
STHEOREM n
= r(cosn+isi
nn)

COMPLEX
Exampl
e5.
16:Fi
ndi
ngt
hepowerofcompl
exnumberusi
ngDeMoi
vre’
s
Theor
em

1.Fi
ndt
hef
oll
owi
ngs:

(
a)

(
b)

Sol
uti
on:

(
a) =

(
b) =

2.Expr
ess i
npol
arf
orm.Hence,
eval
uat
e i
nrect
angul
arf
orm

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Sol
uti
on:

Si n1stquadr
nce i ant
,

pol
arf
orm

r
ect
angul
arf
orm

3.Fi
nd andwr
it
etheansweri
nrect
angul
arf
orm.

Si n4th quadr
nce i ant
,

r
ect
angul
arf
orm

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UNI
TEXERCI
SE5.
4

1. Per f
ormthei
ndicat
edoper
ati
ons.Leav
eyouransweri
npol
arf
orm.
5
a) (
1(cos140+i
sin140)
)

b) ,

2.Sol
vet
hef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumber
.Wr
it
eyouransweri
nrect
angul
arf
orm

a) I
f f
ind

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b)I
f ,
find

3.Fi
ndt
hef
oll
owi
ngcompl
exnumberusi
ngDeMoi
vre’
sTheor
em

a)

b)

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RECTANGULARFORM: POLARFORM
Z=a+bi

Real
Par
tI
magi
nar
ypar
t
SUMMARY

COMPLEXNUMBERS

I
MAGI
NARYNUMBER:
2
i=-
1

OPERATI
ON

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ADDI
TION&SUBSTRACTI
ON
MODULUS&ARGUMENT
(
a+bi)±( )
c+di Modul r= a2+b2
us,
=(a+c)±(b+d)
i
-
1 b
Ar
gument
,θ=t
an
a

ARGANDDI
AGRAM
bi

a(
-ve)
,b(
+ve) a(
+ve)
,b(
+v e)
a
a(
-ve)
,b(
-ve) a(
+ve)
,b(
-ve)

MULTI
PLI
CATI
ON
Z1Z2=( )
a+bi( )
c+di
=( bd)+(
ac- ad+bc)
i

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DI
VISI
ON
̅
Z1 Z2 (
a+bi
)(c-
di)
× = ×
Z2 ̅ (c+di
)(c-
di)
Z2

(a+bi)
(c-
di)
= 2 2
c+d

(
ac+bd) (
c+d
bc-
[ ]
ad)
= 2 2 ÷ 2 2 i
c+d

DEMOI
VRE’
STHEOREM
zn = (r(cos+i
si n
n))
n
= r(cosn+isi
nn)

NOTE

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