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Laboratory #12
Antibiotic Susceptibility Testing
Skills= 15 Points
Objective:
At the completion of this laboratory, the student will be able to:
1. Correctly set up and read Kirby-Bauer antibiotic sensitivity tests on Staphylococcus aureus
and E. coli.
2. Correctly set up and interpret an Etest.
3. Discuss the principle behind the Etest.
4. Discuss the principle behind the MIC.
References:
1. Mahon and Manuselis, Textbook of Diagnostic Microbiology, Third Edition, Chapter 13
2. Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institutes (formerly NCCLS) Standards for Antimicrobial
Susceptibility (http://www.clsi.org)
Discussion:
The traditional laboratory test for in vitro antimicrobial susceptibility has been the antimicrobial
disk-agar diffusion procedure, the so-called disk method. Its simplicity, speed of performance,
economy, and reproducibility, (under standardized conditions) have made it useful.
Filter paper disks are impregnated with various antimicrobial agents of specific concentrations
and are carefully placed on an agar culture plate that has been inoculated with a standardized
culture of the bacterium to be tested. The broth culture is standardized by comparing the
turbidity of the culture to the turbidity of a 0.5 McFarland standard, a turbid solution made by
mixing barium chloride (BaCl2) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). The antibiotic disks are usually kept
refrigerated to maintain viability. It is necessary to allow the disks to come to room
temperature before placing them on the inoculated agar to avoid cold shocking the organism.
The disks should be placed on the inoculated agar within 15 minutes so that the organism has
not had a chance to begin growing and to avoid a false negative reaction.
The plate is incubated overnight and observed the following day for a zone of growth inhibition
around the disk containing the agent to which the organism is susceptible. Antibiotics causing
zones of inhibition require that the zone size be measured and interpreted in order to
determine the relative susceptibility or resistance of an organism. The size of the zone of
inhibition denotes the concentration point at which the antibiotic concentration fails to inhibit
the growth of the bacterium. The diameter of the zone of inhibition directly relates to the MIC.
The larger the diameter of the zone of inhibition for a given antibiotic and organism, the more
susceptible the organism. The resistant organism will have a smaller zone size. Antibiotic disks
with no zone of inhibition indicate that the antibiotic did not inhibit the growth of the organism
even at the highest concentration and the organism is resistant to the antibiotic.
The disk diffusion method has been standardized through the work of Kirby and Bauer.
Mueller-Hinton agar is chosen for routine susceptibility testing since it shows good batch-to-
batch uniformity and is low in tetracycline and sulfonamide inhibitors. With the addition of
animal blood, it will support the growth of most fastidious pathogens.
Kirby-Bauer Method
Procedure:
1. Working in pairs, each person will perform one Kirby-Bauer set-up.
2. Using a sterile swab, one person will select a well-isolated morphologically identical
colony of S. aureus from a plate of 18-24 hour growth on non-selective agar. The other
partner will select a well-isolated morphologically identical colony of E. coli from a plate
of 18-24 hour growth on non-selective agar.
3. Transfer growth to a tube of sterile 0.85% saline.
4. Emulsify and mix well.
5. Adjust turbidity using sterile saline to equal a 0.5 McFarland standard. Hold the two
tubes side by side up to a light source to compare turbidity.
6. Within 15 minutes of inoculum preparation, dip a sterile cotton-tipped swab into the
inoculums suspension and swirl to saturate the swab.
7. Press and rotate the swab several times against the side of the tube to remove excess
liquid.
8. Inoculate the Mueller-Hinton plate by spreading the organism suspension over the
entire surface with the swab. Rotate the plate approximately 90 degrees, and swab the
entire surface with the same swab. Rotate the plate another 90 degrees and swab the
surface a final time to ensure an even distribution of inoculum.
9. Allow the plate to dry at least 1 minute with the lid in place.
10. Open the lid, then apply the antibiotic sensitivity discs with the dispenser. The instructor
E Test System
Principle:
The E-test is a quantitative MIC method for testing the antimicrobial susceptibility of fastidious
and non-fastidious organisms. Etest is used routinely for testing the MIC of Streptococcus
pneumonia and strep viridians group isolates recovered from blood cultures of endocarditis
patients and other streps as requested. One benefit of the Etest system is that the antimicrobial
menu is easily customized, however, it is expensive so it may not be extensively used.
The E-test strip is an inert plastic strip which has a numerical MIC scale printed on one side and
an antibiotic concentration gradient dried on the other side. The strips are applied to a
standardized inoculum of an organism swabbed onto the surface of an agar plate. The
antimicrobial agent diffuses into the agar, and a stable continuous antibiotic concentration
gradient is established along the sides of the strip. After incubation, an elliptical zone of
inhibition forms. The MIC is read where organism’s growth intersects the E-strip scale.
Materials:
Etest strips of designated test antimicrobials
Plate culture of S. pneumoniae
Sterile cotton-tipped swabs
McFarland 0.5 standard
Sterile pipettes
One 150 mm Mueller Hinton sheep blood agar (MHB plates)
0.85% saline
Forceps
Incubator, 35oC, CO2
Procedure:
1. Allow Etest strips to equilibrate to room temperature for 30 minutes prior to use.
2. Allow Mueller Hinton sheep blood agar plates to equilibrate to room temperature.
3. Using a sterile swab, select well-isolated morphologically identical colonies from a plate
Interpretation/Reading plates:
1. Read plates only if the lawn of growth is confluent or nearly confluent.
2. Remove the lid and use reflected light to read the MIC at the point where the growth
S I R
Levofloxicin <2 3-6 >8
Erythromycin <0.25 0.5 >1
Vancomycin <1 No interpretive criteria for “I” or “R”
Trim/Sulfa <32
Doripenem <0.125
The MIC is the lowest concentration of a drug in mg/ml that inhibits the growth of a
microorganism.
Read pages 281-284 in the textbook related to “Dilution Methods” for sensitivity testing and
Minimum Inhibitory Concentration and answer the questions at the end of this laboratory
exercise. Turn the answers in to complete points for this laboratory.
*Updated 7/2011
Ampicillin AM10
Cefotaxime CTX30
Cefoxitin FOX30
Cefpodoxime CPD10
Clarithromycin CLR15
Ciproflozacin CIP5
Erythromycin E15
Nitrofurantoin F/M300
Norfloxacin NOR-10
Ofloxacin OFX5
Tetracycline TE30
Trimmethoprim/Sufamethoxazol SXT
e
Organism:______________________
Levofloxacin LE 0.5-2
Erythromycin EM 0.03-0.25
Trim/Sulfa TS 0.002-32
Ceftriaxone TX 0.03-0.12
Name Date
1. Describe an E test plastic strip. How are they placed on an agar plate? How do they compare
in price to standard antibiotic sensitivity disks? For which types of organisms are the E test
especially useful? (2 pts)
3. What is CLSI (http://www.clsi.org) and what part does it play in antibiotic sensitivity testing?
(2 pts)
4. When performing microdilution MIC testing, what two control wells are added on each tray
and why?(3 pts)
6. Briefly describe “trailing” and “skipped wells” when performing MICs. How should each be
handled? (3 pts.)