CUPRINS

TO BE ( A FI )............................................................................................................................................1

TO HAVE ( A AVEA ) CAND IL FOLOSIM...........................................................................................2

NUMERELE...............................................................................................................................................3

EXPRIMAREA DATEI..............................................................................................................................4

NUMERAL ORDINAL..............................................................................................................................4

TRADUCERE GRADE DE RUDENIE......................................................................................................5

EXEMPLE DE EXPRIMARE A DATILOR DE NASTERE......................................................................6

LUNILE ANULUI SI ZILELE SAPTAMANII..........................................................................................7

PRESENT TENSE SIMPLE.......................................................................................................................8

PREPOZITII ZILELE SAPTAMANII, ANI, LUNI SI ANOTIMPURI....................................................10

IN+ANI/LUNI/ANOTIMPURI.................................................................................................................11

PAST TENSE SIMPLE.............................................................................................................................13

PAST HABIT............................................................................................................................................20

WOULD RATHER / WOULD SOONER.................................................................................................20

IT’S TIME / AS IF / AS THOUGH...........................................................................................................22

WISH (REGRET) + PAST TENSE...........................................................................................................23

YOU HAD BETTER.................................................................................................................................30

WHO / WHAT / WHERE / WHEN - ELSE.............................................................................................31

LEAVE / BORROW / LEND / LIE...........................................................................................................37

CUM SE ZICE NATIONALITATI ( CHINESE ).....................................................................................39

TAG QUESTIONS....................................................................................................................................43

FROM – TO ( LIMITE DE SPATIU )......................................................................................................45

FOLOSIREA LUI IT ( DISTANTA / DATA / VREMEA / IDENTITATEA ).........................................45

EXPLICARE WANT / LIKE / EVER – NEVER.....................................................................................48

PRESENT TENSE CONTINOUS.............................................................................................................48

PAST TENSE CONTINOUS....................................................................................................................56

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE SIMPLE....................................................................................................57

PRESENT PERFECT TENSE CONTINOUS...........................................................................................64

GENITIV SINTETIC – ANALITIC - WHICH.........................................................................................66

PAST PERFECT SIMPLE........................................................................................................................67

PAST PERFECT CONTINOUS...............................................................................................................70

DIATEZA PASIVA..................................................................................................................................72

SUBORDONATA DE CONDITIE ( IF )..................................................................................................75

SHOULD+VB/WERE TO+VB.................................................................................................................81

IF ONLY...................................................................................................................................................83

SORE – IN FATA UNEI PARTI A CORPULUI......................................................................................90

CAZURILE SPECIALE DE DIATEZA PASIVA....................................................................................93

SUBSTANTIVUL HOMEWORK............................................................................................................95

CAND NU FOLOSIM WOULD SI WILL................................................................................................99

DEPLASAREA CU MIJLOACELE DE TRANSPORT ( BY).................................................................99

EXPLICATIE ANYBODY.......................................................................................................................99

REPORTED SPEECH.............................................................................................................................102

REPORTED SPEECH – QUESTION.....................................................................................................107

REPORTED SPEECH – COMMANDS / REQUESTS...........................................................................107

VERBELE MODALE.............................................................................................................................108

REPORTED SPEECH – PARTEA A II –A............................................................................................114

VERBE MODALE IN REPORT SPEECH.............................................................................................116

FOLOSIREA LUI WILL SI WOULD.....................................................................................................120

FOLOSIREA LUI IF SI WHEATHER...................................................................................................121

IF SI WHETHER....................................................................................................................................121

TO BE USED TO....................................................................................................................................122

TO BE INTERESED IN..........................................................................................................................123
CAN’T HELP ESTE URMAT MEREU DE ING ( A NU SE PUTEA ABTINE )..................................123

UNLESS / BY THE TIME / LONG GONE ARE THE DAYS...............................................................124

CAUZATIVE..........................................................................................................................................125

TO MAKE SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING.........................................................................................125

VERBE CU PREPOZITII.......................................................................................................................126

TO GO ON HOLIDAY / TRIP................................................................................................................132

VERBE CARE CER DUPA ELE ING....................................................................................................133

VERBE URMATE DE INFINITIV LUNG.............................................................................................137

EXPRESII URMATE DE ING................................................................................................................140

GO SWIMMING SAILLING ETC.........................................................................................................142

PHRASAL VERBS (VERBE FRAZALE)..............................................................................................143

TO BE LATE + V-ING...........................................................................................................................148

TO DELAY + V- ING.............................................................................................................................148

PREPOZITIA BY CU GERUNZIU........................................................................................................148

VERBUL TO REMEMBER....................................................................................................................148

CUM SPUN LA A OPRI UN APARAT ELECTRONIC........................................................................149

TO ALLOWED SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING...........................................................................149

TO EUNCOURAGED SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING................................................................149

EXPRESII IMPERSONALE – INFINITIV LUNG.................................................................................149

GERUNZIU – VB ING – SUBIECT.......................................................................................................150

TO HELP SOMEBODY DO SOMETHING..........................................................................................150

TO GET SOMEBODY TO DO SOMETHING.......................................................................................150

EXPLICATII FRONTIERA 2009 V1.....................................................................................................152

GENITIVUL SINTETIC.........................................................................................................................152

TIMES ( 5X10 = 50 - INMULTIRE )......................................................................................................153

CERERE OFERTA SHALL....................................................................................................................153

TO BE NAMED AFTER.........................................................................................................................153
ACCORDING TO...................................................................................................................................153

PROVIDED.............................................................................................................................................153

TO BE AWARE OF + V-ING.................................................................................................................154

MUST = DEDUCTIE LOGICA..............................................................................................................154

THE FIRST/THE SECOND/THE THIRD..............................................................................................154

HARD/HARDLY....................................................................................................................................154

TO LEND/TO BORROW.......................................................................................................................154

ADJECTIVE POSESIVE........................................................................................................................155

PRONUMELE POSESIV........................................................................................................................155

NICE/NICELY........................................................................................................................................155

ADJECTIVUL.........................................................................................................................................156

TO BE PLEASED/TO BE SATISFIED/AMAZED WITH.....................................................................160

MUCH/BY FAR/A LOT/A GOOD DEAL.............................................................................................164

ADJECTIVE NEREGULATE................................................................................................................165

LONG/MUCH.........................................................................................................................................165

TO TAKE LITTLE INTEREST IN+V-ING............................................................................................167

ADJECTIVE DEMONSTRATIVE.........................................................................................................169

SUCH+A/AN+ART ZERO.....................................................................................................................169

SUBST NUMARABILE (Y-IES)............................................................................................................170

EVERY + NUMERAL CARDINAL/ORDINAL....................................................................................170

TO COMPLAIN ABOUT+V-ING..........................................................................................................171

TO HAVE BREAKFAST........................................................................................................................171

ALTHOUGH/EVEN THOUGH/DESPITE/IN SPITE OF......................................................................171

HOWEVER/YET/NEVERTHLESS/NONETHELESS...........................................................................171

TAG NEGATIV “AREN’T”...................................................................................................................172

ONCE+ART NEHOT SAU PREP+WEEK.............................................................................................172

MODAL VERBS/VERBE MODALE PART 2.......................................................................................173

ADJECTIVE RELATIVE(WHAT/WHATEVER/WHICH/WHICHEVER/WHOSE)............................185

ADJECTIVELE NEHOT(SOME/ANY/MUCH/MANY).......................................................................187

WITHOUT+V-ING.................................................................................................................................188

TO BE GOING TO.................................................................................................................................189

DIFERENTE DINTRE HOW MUCH/HOW MANY.............................................................................190

A LITTLE/LITTLE/A LOT OF,LOTS OF,PLENTY OF........................................................................191

FEW/A FEW...........................................................................................................................................192

A LITTLE/A FEW..................................................................................................................................192

A FEW/A LITTLE/FEW/LITTLE/MUCH/MANY/A LOT ,LOTS,PLENTY OF..................................193

DIFERENTA DINTRE EACH/EVERY..................................................................................................194

EXERCITII PREPOZITII.......................................................................................................................195

AGREED ON/AGREED WITH..............................................................................................................196

APOLOGIZE FOR..................................................................................................................................196

ARGUE/ARGUE WITH.........................................................................................................................196

APOLOGIZE...........................................................................................................................................196

COLLOCATIONS..................................................................................................................................197

LOCUL ADJECTIVELOR IN PROP......................................................................................................201

ADJ DUPA: BE/GET/BECOME/SEEM/LOOK/FEEL/TASTE/SMELL/SOUND................................203

WELL/GOOD.........................................................................................................................................204

WEATHER-ARTICOL...........................................................................................................................205

TAG QUESTION AREN’T.....................................................................................................................205

TO BE GOING TO.................................................................................................................................206

TO HOPE/TO EXPECT VOR CERE VIITOR DUPA ELE CAND SUNT ACTIUNI PLANIFICATE.206

IMPERATIVUL(NEGATIVA/2MODURI/LET)....................................................................................207

NOBODY................................................................................................................................................209

PRONUMLE PERSONAL IN NOMONATIV.......................................................................................210

PRONUMLE PERSONAL IN ACUZATIV............................................................................................210

ARTICOLUL (NEHOTARAT)...............................................................................................................212

PRONUMELE ‘ONE’.............................................................................................................................214

EXPRESII...............................................................................................................................................220

EXPRESII...............................................................................................................................................222

EXPRESII...............................................................................................................................................223

ARTICOLUL NEHOTARAT.................................................................................................................223

EXPRESII ART. NEHOT.......................................................................................................................229

OBSERVATII VARIANTA ACADEMIE 2004.....................................................................................230

NEITHER+AUXILIAR+SUBIECT........................................................................................................232

SO+AUXILIAR+SUBIECT....................................................................................................................233

NEED TO/NEEDN’T..............................................................................................................................234

ARTICOLUL 0.......................................................................................................................................235

ADVERBE DE CANTITATE, MASURA, GRAD SI APROXIMATIE................................................244

SO+ADJ/SUCH+SUBST........................................................................................................................251

ADVERBE DE LOC...............................................................................................................................255

ADVERBE DE TIMP.............................................................................................................................256

OBSERVATII JANDARMI-FALTICENI..............................................................................................257

DACA ADVERBUL STA LA INCEPUTUL PROPOZITIE CERE INVERSIUNE: NERVER HAVE. 259

EXERCITII PREFER..............................................................................................................................261

NEWS ACORD IN SINGULAR.............................................................................................................261

OBSERVATII FRONTIERA..................................................................................................................262

OBSERVATII ACADEMIE 2006...........................................................................................................264

SUBSTANTIVUL...................................................................................................................................266

SBUSTANTIVE CARE FORMEAZA MASCULINUL DE LA FEMININ: WIDOW...........................266

AGREEMENT SO+AUXILIAR+SUBIECT...........................................................................................285

NEITHER SI EITHER............................................................................................................................287

BOTH…AND.........................................................................................................................................288
NOT ONLY…BUT ALSO......................................................................................................................289

NEITHER OF/NONE OF........................................................................................................................289

WHO/WHOM/WHOSE..........................................................................................................................290

DIFERENTA TO TELL/TO SAY----TO TALK/TO SPEACK...............................................................290

ALWAYS/CONSTANTLY/NEVER/EVER-PRESENT CONTINUU...................................................290

ENTER NU ARE PREPOZITIE.............................................................................................................291

SUBSTANTIVE FOLOSIT NUMAI LA SINGULAR...........................................................................291

EXEMPLE DE CUANTIFICARE(LOAF OF BREAD, A BAR OF CHOCOLATE).............................292

ACESTE SUBSTANTIVE POT FI FOLOSITE SI CU ‘S’ SAU ‘ES’....................................................293

POJAR OREION=MEASLES-MUMPS.................................................................................................295

SUBST UNICE: THE SUN, THE MOON..............................................................................................295

SUBSTANTIVE CA ADVICE, INFORMATION ECT..........................................................................295

CAZURILE SUSBSTANTIVELOR-CAZUL NOMINATIV.................................................................297

DIFERITE TIPURI DE INFINITIV........................................................................................................299

NOMINATIVUL ABSOLUT..................................................................................................................300

CAZUL GENITIV...................................................................................................................................301

GENITIVUL DUBLU.............................................................................................................................302

GENITIVUL PARTITIV.........................................................................................................................302

GENITIVUL SINTETIC.........................................................................................................................303

GENITIVUL ANALITIC........................................................................................................................309

CAZUL DATIV......................................................................................................................................311

CAZUL ACUZATIV..............................................................................................................................315

BUSH-BUSHES, MEASLES, SCISSORS, TORCH-TORCHES, HOMWORK....................................316

PIECE OF HOMEWORK, SHEET OF PAPER, HAIR, ALTELE.........................................................317

DATE-DATES, FLOCK BIRDS, TO PUT UP WITH, A BAG OF FLOUR .........................................318

ADJECTIVE CIUDATE.........................................................................................................................319

SUBSTANTIVE COLECTIVE...............................................................................................................321
SUMA EXPRIMATA LA SINGULAR, PHENOMEN-PHENOMENA.................................................325

IS-SG, ES-PL, CUVINTE.......................................................................................................................326

COMPARATIVUL DUBLU...................................................................................................................327

VERBE SENZORIALE+ADV................................................................................................................327

SO+ADJ/ADV, SUCH+SUBST..............................................................................................................327

FUTURE TENSE SIMPLE.....................................................................................................................328

FUTURE TENSE CONTINUOUS..........................................................................................................330

FUTURE PERFECT................................................................................................................................332

FUTURE PERFECT CONTINUOUS.....................................................................................................334

NEAR FUTURE......................................................................................................................................335

COLLOCATIONS..................................................................................................................................336

EXPLICATII RELATIVE CLAUSES....................................................................................................342

PRONUMELE PERSONAL...................................................................................................................345

SO+ADJ, SUCH+SUBST.......................................................................................................................347

PRONUME PERSONAL IN DATIV......................................................................................................353

PRONUME PERSONAL IN ACUZATIV..............................................................................................353

EXERCITII IT IS/INFINITIV.................................................................................................................354

TIPURI DE INFINITIV..........................................................................................................................356

PRONUMELE REFLEXIV/DE INTARIRE...........................................................................................357

ONESELF...............................................................................................................................................358

VERBE CARE ACCEPTA PRONUMELE DE INTARIRE...................................................................359

VERBE CARE NU ACCEPTA PRONUMELE DE INTARIRE............................................................360

EXPLICATII VARIANTE CAMPINA 2018 V2....................................................................................361

EXPLICATII TEMA ANY/SOME/MUCH/MANY...............................................................................364

EXPLICATII VARIANTE CAMPINA...................................................................................................365

RELY ON/KEEN ON.............................................................................................................................366

REMEMBER/REMINDED.....................................................................................................................366
ARTICOLUL HOTARAT “A” PENTRU DIFTOGI..............................................................................366

HANDED IN/PASS DOWN...................................................................................................................369

PHRASAL VERBS (VERBE FRAZALE)..............................................................................................370

EXPLICATII VARIANTE MAI.............................................................................................................380

TO KNOW BY HEART..........................................................................................................................380

EXPLICATIE COMPARATIVUL DUBLU...........................................................................................380

DIATEZA PASIVA VIITOR..................................................................................................................381

EXPLICATII VARIANTE MAI.............................................................................................................381

TO BE GUILTY OF................................................................................................................................381

LIAR=SUBST.........................................................................................................................................381

TO LAUGH AT SOMEBODY...............................................................................................................381

NUMERAL+SUBST...............................................................................................................................381

LET-INF SCURT/INF LUNG.................................................................................................................382

EXPLICATII VARIANTE V1 ACADEMIA 2004.................................................................................382

EXPLICATII VARIANTE V2 ACADEMIA 2004.................................................................................382

SHALL-LET’S—TAG QUESTION.......................................................................................................383

HAVE TO—TAG QUESTION...............................................................................................................383

INTERESTED IN--V-ING......................................................................................................................383

EITHER OF/BOTH.................................................................................................................................383

VALORILE LUI “THAT”......................................................................................................................383

THE MORE HIGHLY.............................................................................................................................384

INQUIRED..............................................................................................................................................384

HE WONDERED....................................................................................................................................384

TAG QUESTUIN(CAZAURI SPECIALE)—VALORILE LUI “THAT”..............................................384

IMPERATIVE IN TAG QUESTION......................................................................................................385

ALTE CAZURI SPECIALE DE TAG QUESTION................................................................................386

FOLOSIREA LUI “ TO BE GOING TO”...............................................................................................387

CUVINTE...............................................................................................................................................388

TESTE PHRASAL VERBS....................................................................................................................391

PHRASAL VERBS.................................................................................................................................392

CAND PRIMESC ANUMITE SUBST FOLOSITE CU “GO” ART HOTARAT...................................409

LOOK UP/CALL IN/CALL ON.............................................................................................................410

LOOK UP/CALL ON..............................................................................................................................410

CALL IN AT...........................................................................................................................................410

EXPLICATII VARIANTE V1 ACADEMIA 2011.................................................................................410

CAND "AS LONG AS “ INLOCUIESTE PE “IF”.................................................................................410

BREAK OUT/ BREAK UP.....................................................................................................................410

TO BE OPERATED ON.........................................................................................................................410

TO PREFER—V-ING.............................................................................................................................411

AS INTRODUCE O ACTIUNE CONTINUA .......................................................................................411

LOOK DOWN ON..................................................................................................................................411

PHRASAL VERBS.................................................................................................................................412

EXPLICATII VARIANTE V1 ACADEMIE 2008..................................................................................416

ADVISE—SHOULD (DIATEZA PASIVA)...........................................................................................416

GO ON= INF LUNG/V-ING...................................................................................................................416

AT WEEKEND.......................................................................................................................................417

PHRASAL VERBS (DOSAR PAG 22-24).............................................................................................417

VERBE CU INF LUNG/SCURT/V-ING (GI00-URILE)........................................................................417

PHRASAL VERBS (DOSAR PAG 25-33)............................................................................................425

CUVINTE...............................................................................................................................................425

FALL OVER ONSELF TO DO SMTH...................................................................................................425

EXERCITII—EXPLICATII VARIANTE CAMPINA 2000...................................................................426

KEEP ON—V-ING.................................................................................................................................427

TO DUE..................................................................................................................................................427
CI STA IN FATA CD.............................................................................................................................427

ACTIUNE TRECUTA=INF SCURT ACTIUNE CONTINUA=V-ING...............................................427

EXPLICATII VARIANTE CAMPINA 2001..........................................................................................427

TO INFORM=TO TELL ON..................................................................................................................427

TO BRACE UP.......................................................................................................................................427

CONSECINTA EXPRIMATA PRIN: THAT/ SO THAT.......................................................................427

PROPOZITIILE ON/BY PENTRU MIJLOACE DE TRASPORT.........................................................428

SINCE/FOR.............................................................................................................................................428

TO AGREE WITH SOMEDOBY...........................................................................................................429

TO AGREE WITH SOMEDOBY ON/ABOUT SOMTHING...............................................................429

EXPLICATII VARIANTE CAMPINA V2002.......................................................................................429

WISH+WOULD+INF SCURT................................................................................................................430

TO OBJECT TO+V-ING........................................................................................................................430

ON A MAY.............................................................................................................................................430

THE PARTICIPLE..................................................................................................................................430

ACUZATIVUL CU PARTICIPIU..........................................................................................................434

EXPLICATII VARIANTE CAMPINA V2003/FRONTIERA TOT 2003...............................................435

CONTENTS=ARE/WERE......................................................................................................................435

PANTALON/PANTALONI=TROUSERS..............................................................................................435

TEAM FACE ACORDUL IN SINGULAR.............................................................................................435

CONSIST OF..........................................................................................................................................435

GOOD/WELL; ILL/BAD........................................................................................................................436

FARTHER/FURTHER............................................................................................................................436

FAR/MUCH/BY FAR/A GREAT DEA, A LOT/ A LOT BETTER=INTENSIFICA COMPARATIA..436

PAIR OF/PIECE OF................................................................................................................................436

FALL/FALLEN/FELLED.......................................................................................................................436

WARN SOMEBODY AGAINST SMTH...............................................................................................436

TO MEND...............................................................................................................................................437

MAY=ALLOWED; PREMITTED(REPORTED SPEECH)...................................................................437

YET/STILL.............................................................................................................................................437

SLOW/SLOWLY....................................................................................................................................438

ON TIME/IN TIME.................................................................................................................................438

TO FASTEN............................................................................................................................................438

SUFFER FROM SOMETING.................................................................................................................439

EXPLICATII VARIANTE CAMPINA 2004..........................................................................................439

HAVE NU MERGE TRANSFORMAT IN HAVING............................................................................439

PULL OUT OF SOMETHING................................................................................................................439

OVER=MORE THAN (MAI MULT).....................................................................................................439

TO AFRAID=INF LUNG/ AFRAID OF.................................................................................................440

WAIT FOR..............................................................................................................................................440

WHENEVER NU ACCEPTA WILL......................................................................................................440

IF ONLY.................................................................................................................................................440

DUPA AFTER NICIODATA WILL.......................................................................................................440

LA IF ONLY DINTRE PAST SI WOULD DE PREFERAT PAST........................................................441

ONLY IF.................................................................................................................................................441

SINCE/FOR.............................................................................................................................................442

DIFERENTA DINTRE THEN/AFTER..................................................................................................443

EXPLICATIE TEST 8 PROFA...............................................................................................................444

DIFERENTA EACH/EVERY.................................................................................................................444

CAN'T STAND=NU POT TOLERA......................................................................................................444

TO DO ONE’S BEST=A FACE TOT CE-I STA IN PUTINTA.............................................................444

TO AGREE TO DO SMTH.....................................................................................................................444

TO AGREE WITH SOMEBODY ABOUT/ON SMTH..........................................................................444

SEE ABOUT/JOIN IN/GO IN FOR/MAKE FOR...................................................................................445

TO DEAL WITH ...................................................................................................................................445

LIVE ON.................................................................................................................................................445

NICE OF.................................................................................................................................................445

BLAMED FOR.......................................................................................................................................445

GET/DOWN/ON/OFF/IN/OUT..............................................................................................................445

MAKE UP FOR/FACE UP TO/GET OVER/SAW TO...........................................................................445

RUN OUT OF/CUT DOWN ON/COME UP WITH...............................................................................445

PREPOZITIILE.......................................................................................................................................446

PHRASAL VERBS (DOSAR PAG 34-39).............................................................................................456

EXERCITII ARTICOL UNIT 72............................................................................................................457

CUVINTE CU ARTICOL HOTARAT...................................................................................................459

CUVINTE CU ARTICOLUL 0...............................................................................................................460

ARTICOLUL 0 SI ARTICOLUL HOTARAT CU ANUMITE SUBTANTIVE/INSTUTII SCOP........460

DACA VORBESC IN GENERAL DESPRE ANUMITE SUBTANTIVE= FARA ARTICOL..............461

DIFERENTA TO LEAVE FOR/TO LEAVE..........................................................................................462

HOME NU MERGE CU GO TO HOME CI GO HOME........................................................................462

SUBT+ NUMERAL NU AM ARTICOL HOTARAT............................................................................463

TELEVISION DACA ESTE VRBA DESPRE APARTAT AM ARTICOL HOTARAT........................463

PROPOZITIA DE SCOP/ SUBORDONATA DE SCOP........................................................................463

EXPLICATII VARIANTA 2007 ACADEMIE.......................................................................................467

COME ACROS= A DE PESTE CINEVA INOPINAT..........................................................................467

TU PUT WITH/ IN/ ON/ OFF ...............................................................................................................467

THERE BY CERE DUPA EL V-ING (GERUNZIU).............................................................................468

WHILE CERE DUPA V-ING.................................................................................................................468

DE PREFERAT DUPA VERBELE DE SENTIMENT V-ING...............................................................468

DISAPPROVE OF/APPROVE OF + V-ING..........................................................................................468

BEGAN + INF LUNG.............................................................................................................................468

FOR GOOD= PT TOTDEAUNA............................................................................................................468

AT ONE TIME OR ANOTHER= INTR-UN MOMENT SAU ALTUL.................................................468

DACA NEVER E PUS IN FATA CERE INVERSIUNE DUPA EL .....................................................468

PREPOZITII CONTINUARE AT-BEHIND...........................................................................................469

DUPA WITHOUT MEREU ANY .........................................................................................................472

OLD GEORGE FARA ARTICOL .........................................................................................................473

ADJECTIVE CU “AT” ..........................................................................................................................473

VERBE CU “AT” ...................................................................................................................................473

PREPOZITIA BEHIND .........................................................................................................................474

NUMERALUL .......................................................................................................................................475

CONJUNCTII ........................................................................................................................................483

CONTINUARE CAIET DE OBSERVATII ...........................................................................................487

ADJECTIVE TERMINATE IN “ED” SAU “ING” ................................................................................488

PREPOZITII ...........................................................................................................................................489