Heat Transfer Research 50(3):287–309 (2019)

MIXED-CONVECTION NANOFLUID FLOW THROUGH

A GROOVED CHANNEL WITH INTERNAL HEAT
GENERATING SOLID CYLINDERS IN THE PRESENCE
OF AN APPLIED MAGNETIC FIELD

Mohammad Sadegh Dehghani, Davood Toghraie,* & Babak Mehmandoust

Department of Mechanical Engineering, Khomeinishahr Branch, Islamic Azad University,
Khomeinishahr, Iran
*Address all correspondence to: Davood Toghraie, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Islamic Azad
 University, Khomeinishahr Branch, Khomeinishahr 84175-119, Iran, E-mail: Toghraee@iaukhsh.ac.ir

Original Manuscript Submitted: 3/1/2018; Final Draft Received: 5/25/2018

In this study, laminar mixed convection of alumina/water nanofluid flow in a horizontal grooved channel with internal heat
generating solid cylinders in the presence of a magnetic field has been studied. The simulation is carried out in the ranges
50 ≤ Re ≤ 100, 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 100, 5000 ≤ Gr ≤ 10,000, and 0 ≤ ϕ ≤ 0.04. The results show that at a constant Grashof number,
an increase in the Reynolds number and volume fraction of nanoparticles causes the convective heat transfer coefficient to
increase. Also, at a constant Reynolds number, as the Hartmann number increases, the average Nusselt number increases.
In addition, an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles has improved PEC at all Reynolds and Hartmann numbers.
Also, at a constant volume fraction, as the Hartmann number and Reynolds number increase, the heat transfer coefficient
increases. In addition, by adding nanoparticles to the base fluid, the average Nusselt number increases. When the Reynolds
number is 50, the percentage increase of Nusselt number with a volume fraction of 3% relative to the base fluid is 4.97%.

KEY WORDS: mixed convection, nanofluid, laminar flow, grooved channel, magnetic field

1. INTRODUCTION
Magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) stidues the magnetic properties of electrically conducting fluids. The set of equa-
tions that describe MHD is a combination of the Navier–Stokes equations and Maxwell equation. A nanofluid is
a fluid containing nanoparticles. These fluids are colloidal suspensions of nanoparticles in a base fluid. Several
investigations have been carried out on convection especially with nanofluids and MHD.
Hatami et al. (2013) investigated MHD forced-convection Al2O3–water nanofluid flow over a horizontal plate.
They found that the velocity boundary-layer thickness decreases with increase of the magnetic field effect, and it
increases with nanoparticle volume fraction increase. Sheikholeslami et al. (2014a) simulated MHD nanofluid flow
and heat transfer considering viscous dissipation. They showed that the Nusselt number increases with increase of
nanoparticle volume fraction and Reynolds number but it decreases with increase of the Eckert number, magnetic
and rotation parameters. Sheikholeslami et al. (2014c) simulated effects of MHD on nanofluid flow and heat trans-
fer. They indicated that the Nusselt number is an increasing function of nanoparticle volume fraction, Rayleigh
number, and of the inclination angle, while it is a decreasing function of the Hartmann number. Sheikholeslami et
al. (2014b) simulated MHD nanofluid flow and convective heat transfer considering Lorentz forces. They found
that the effect of the Hartmann number and heat source length is more pronounced at a high Rayleigh number.
Malvandi et al. (2015a) studied MHD mixed convection in a vertical annulus filled with nanofluid. They showed
that the advantage of nanofluids in heat transfer enhancement is reduced in the presence of a magnetic field. Sheik-

1064-2285/19/$35.00 © 2019 by Begell House, Inc. www.begellhouse.com 287

288 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

holeslami et al. (2015a) investigated the effect of a nonuniform magnetic field on forced convection heat transfer
of a nanofluid. They showed that the Nusselt number has direct relationship with Reynolds number, nanoparticle
volume fraction and reverse relationship with Hartmann number. Sheikholeslami et al. (2015) investigated magnet-
ic nanofluid forced-convection heat transfer in the existence of a variable magnetic field using a two-phase model.
They showed that the Nusselt number has a direct relationship with the Reynolds number and reverse relationship
with the Hartmann number.
Heidary et al. (2015) studied the magnetic field effect on nanofluid forced convection in a channel. They con-
cluded that the heat transfer rate in channels can be enhanced up to 75% due to the presence of nanoparticles and
magnetic field in channels. Malvandi et al. (2015b) investigated nanoparticles migration effects on MHD laminar
mixed convection of alumina/water nanofluid inside microchannels. Elshehabey and Ahmed (2015) investigated
MHD mixed convection in a lid-driven cavity filled by a nanofluid. They found that the presence of an inclined
magnetic field in the flow region leads to the loss of the fluid movement. Hayat et al. (2015) simulated MHD
flow of a nanofluid in the presence of convective conditions. They showed that the temperature and heat transfer
rate are enhanced at larger values of the Biot number. Öztop et al. (2017) investigated mixed convection of MHD
flow in a nanofluid-filled and partially heated wavy walled lid-driven enclosure. They showed that the rate of heat
transfer can be enhanced or reduced by increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles based on the Hartmann and
Richardson numbers.
In this study, mixed-convection heat transfer in laminar flow, containing alumina nanoparticles in a horizontal
grooved channel with internal heat generation in solid cylinders in the presence of an applied magnetic field has
been studied. In addition, the walls of the channel are under the influence of a constant heat flux. In this study, the
effect of increasing Hartmann, Reynolds, and Grashof numbers in different volume fractions of nanoparticles on
the flow and heat transfer characteristics are investigated.

2. PROBLEM FORMULATION
The behavior of mixed-convection heat transfer of a Newtonian nanofluid laminar flow was investigated in a
three-dimensional horizontal grooved channel with internal heat generation in two solid cylinders in the presence
of a magnetic field. Figures 1 and 2 show two- and three-dimensional schematic views of the studied channels

FIG. 1: Two-dimensional schematic view of the grooved channel

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 289

FIG. 2: Three-dimensional schematic view

with thermal boundary conditions, entrance and exit regions, and the magnetic field applied region. The depth,
width, and length of the channel are shown as w, h, and 4h (L = 2 m, h = 0.5 m, and w = 0.5 m), respectively.
Calculations are performed considering squared grooves 0.1 m × 0.1 m (Ag = 0.01 m2) in the upper and lower
walls of the channel. Boundary condition of constant heat flux was also applied to the upper and lower walls of
the channel ( q0′′ = 80 W/m2), and the rest of the walls were insulated. The radius of the heat generating cylinders
was 0.1 m (d = 0.2 m). The distance between the two cylinders was 0.6 m. The internal heat generation rates (q1
and q2) in the cylinders were 4000 W/m2. The fluid flow was under the influence of a uniform magnetic field with
B0 power, which was applied to the upper wall of the channel at the y axis. The fluid temperature at the entrance
to the channel was Tc = 298 K. The base fluid was water. Aluminum oxide nanoparticles (Al2O3) with a diameter
of 30 nm and volume fractions of 0, 1, 2, and 3% were added to the base fluid. Nanofluid flow was assumed as
three-dimensional, incompressible, Newtonian, laminar, and single-phase. The fluid flow in the entrance region of
the channel was laminar. The shape of nanoparticles was assumed to be uniform and spherical. The governing equa-
tions were solved using the finite volume method with the help of the SIMPLE algorithm. Simulations were carried
out at Reynolds numbers 50 ≤ Re ≤ 100, Hartmann numbers 0 ≤ Ha ≤ 15, Grashof numbers 5000 ≤ Gr ≤ 10–4, and
volume fractions 0 ≤ φ ≤ 0.04. The effect of Reynolds number and the influence of magnetic field and pressure
drop on the convective heat transfer coefficient were studied at different volume fractions of nanoparticles and
different Reynolds numbers.

2.1 Schematic View

Figures 1 and 2 show two-dimensional and three-dimensional schematic views of the flow in a grooved channel
with internal heat generation in solid cylinders.

2.2 Thermophysical Properties of Nanofluids

Density (Pak and Cho, 1998):
ρ nf = ϕρ p + (1 − ϕ)ρ f , (1)

where φ represents the nanoparticle volume fraction and the subscripts f, p, and nf stand for the fluid, particle, and
nanofluid, respectively.

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

290 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

Specific Heat Capacity (Xuan and Roetzel, 2000):

(ρC p )nf = ϕ (ρC p ) + (1 − ϕ)(ρC p ) f .

p
(2)

Thermal conductivity (Chon et al., 2005):

0.3690 0.7476
k nf 0.7460 ⎛df ⎞ ⎛ kp ⎞
= 1 + 64.7ϕ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ ⎜⎜ ⎟⎟ Pr 0.9955 Re f 1.2321 , (3)
kf ⎝dp ⎠ ⎝kf ⎠

where

b
μ kf
Pr = , μ = a.10 t − c , α f = ,
ρf αf ρ f C p. f

c = 140, b = 247 , a = 2.414e – 5 ,

ρ f βc Τ
βc = 1.3807 × 10–23 , Lbf = 0.17 nm, Re f = ,
3π μ 2 Lbf

1
⎛ 6m ⎞3 23
df = 0.1 ⎜ ⎟⎟ , N = 6.022 × 10 . (4)
⎜ N πρ f
⎝ ⎠

Dynamic viscosity (Brinkman, 1952):

μ bf
μ nf = . (5)
(1 − ϕ) 2.5

Thermal diffusivity:

k nf
α nf = . (6)
(ρC p ) nf

Thermal expansion coefficient (Victor and Sreedhara, 2017):

(ρβ) nf = ϕ (ρβ) s + (1 − ϕ)(ρβ) f . (7)

Electric conductivity (Victor and Sreedhara, 2017):

⎡ ⎛σ ⎞ ⎤
⎢ 3 ⎜ s − 1⎟ ϕ ⎥
⎢ ⎜σf ⎟ ⎥
σ nf = σ f ⎝ ⎠
⎢1 + ⎥. (8)
⎢ ⎛ σs ⎞ ⎛ σs ⎞ ⎥
⎜⎜ + 2⎟ − ⎜ − 1⎟ ϕ
⎢ ⎟ ⎜σf ⎟ ⎥
⎣ ⎝σf ⎠ ⎝ ⎠ ⎦

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 291

2.3 Other Parameters

Reynolds number:
ρf uh
Re = . (9)
μf

Grashof number:
ρ 2f gβ f q'' h 4
Gr = . (10)
μ 2f k f
Richardson number:
Gr ρ 2f gβ f q '' h 4 1
Ri = 2
= . (11)
Re μ 2f k f Re 2
Hartmann number:
σf
Ha = B0 L . (12)
μf

Local convective heat transfer coefficient:

q''
h ( x) = . (13)
Tw ( x) − Tb ( x)

Local temperature of the channel wall:

1
Tw ( x) = ∫ TdAs . (14)
A

Bulk temperature of the fluid: G G

Tb ( x) =
∫ T ρ u dA . (15)
JG G
∫ ρ u dA
Local Nusselt number (Parsaiemehr et al., 2018):
h ( x) Dh
Nu ( x) = . (16)
k nf

Hydraulic diameter:
4 Ac
Dh = . (17)
p

Friction factor (Rezaei et al. 2017):

Dh 1 . (18)
f = 2ΔP 2
L ρuin

Performance evaluation criterion (PEC) (Shamsi et al., 2017):

⎛ Nu ave ⎞
⎜ ⎟
Nu
PEC = ⎝ ave.s ⎠ . (19)
(1/ 3)
⎛ f ⎞
⎜ ⎟
⎝ fs ⎠

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

292 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

2.4 Governing Equations

Continuity equation:
∂u ∂v ∂w
+ + = 0. (20)
∂x ∂y ∂z

Momentum equations:

⎛ ∂u ∂u ∂u ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ∂ 2u ⎞ 2
ρ nf ⎜ u +v +w ⎟ = − + μ nf ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ − σ nf B0 u , (21a)
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂x ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠

⎛ ∂v ∂v ∂v ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ∂ 2v ⎞
ρ nf ⎜ u +v +w ⎟ = − + μ nf ⎜⎜ 2 + 2 + 2 ⎟⎟ + (ρβ) nf g (Tnf − T0 ) , (21b)
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂y ⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠

⎛ ∂w ∂w ∂w ⎞ ∂p ⎛ ∂2w ∂2w ∂2w ⎞

ρ nf ⎜ u +v +w ⎟ = − + μ nf ⎜⎜ 2 + + 2 ⎟. (21c)
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠ ∂z ⎝ ∂x ∂y 2 ∂z ⎟⎠

Energy equation:
⎛ ∂Tnf ∂Tnf ∂Tnf ⎞ ⎛ ∂ 2Tnf ∂ 2Tnf ∂ 2Tnf ⎞
(ρC p )nf ⎜u +v +w ⎟ = k nf ⎜
⎜ ∂x 2
+ + ⎟.
⎟
(22)
⎝ ∂x ∂y ∂z ⎠
⎝ ∂y 2 ∂z 2 ⎠
Temperature distribution equation in cylinder 1:
⎛ ∂ 2Tc ∂ 2Tc1 ∂ 2Tc1 ⎞
kc ⎜ 1
+ + ⎟ + q1 = 0 . (23)
⎜ ∂x 2 ∂ y 2
∂ z 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

Temperature distribution equation in cylinder 2:

⎛ ∂ 2Tc ∂ 2Tc2 ∂ 2Tc2 ⎞

kc ⎜ 2
+ + ⎟ + q2 = 0 , (24)
⎜ ∂x 2 ∂y 2 ∂z 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠

where kc represents the thermal conductivity of the solid cylinders. In the above relations, the subscripts f, nf, c1,
and c2 represent the properties of the fluid, nanofluid, cylinder 1, and cylinder 2, respectively. The following pa-
rameters were used to rewrite Eqs. (20) to (24) in dimensionless form (Karimipour et al., 2016):
z y x
Z = , Y = , X = ,
w h L

w v u
W = , V = , U = ,
uin uin uin

p 1 T − Tc
P = è, Nu x = , = . (25)
ρ nf uc2 θs TH − Tc

Dimensionless continuity equation:

∂U ∂V ∂W
+ + = 0. (26)
∂X ∂Y ∂Z

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 293

Dimensionless momentum equations:

∂U ∂U ∂U ρ f ∂P μ nf ρ f 1 ⎛ ∂ 2U ∂ 2U ∂ 2U ⎞ σ nf ρ f Ha 2
U +V +W = − + ⎜ + + ⎟− U , (27a)
∂X ∂Y ∂Z ρ nf ∂X μ f ρ nf Re ⎝⎜ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ∂Z 2 ⎠⎟ σ f ρ nf Re

∂V ∂V ∂V ρ f ∂P μ nf ρ f 1 ⎛ ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ∂ 2V ⎞ (ρβ) nf ρ f Gr
U +V +W = − + ⎜⎜ 2 + + ⎟+ θ nf , (27b)
∂X ∂Y ∂Z ρ nf ∂Y μ f ρ nf Re ⎝ ∂X ∂Y 2 ∂Z 2 ⎟⎠ (ρβ) f ρ nf Re 2

∂W ∂W ∂W ρ f ∂P μ nf ρ f 1 ⎛ ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ∂ 2W ⎞
U +V +W = − + ⎜ + + ⎟. (27c)
∂X ∂Y ∂Z ρ nf ∂Z μ f ρ nf Re ⎜⎝ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ∂Z 2 ⎟⎠

Dimensionless energy equation:

∂θ nf ∂θ nf ∂θ nf k nf (ρC p ) f 1 ⎛ ∂ θ nf
2
∂ 2 θ nf ∂ 2 θ nf ⎞
U +V +W = ⎜ + + ⎟. (28)
∂x ∂y ∂z kf (ρC p )nf RePr ⎜ ∂X 2
⎝ ∂Y 2 ∂Z 2 ⎟
⎠

Dimensionless equation for temperature distribution in cylinder 1:

α r ⎛ ∂ θc1 ∂ 2 θc1 ⎞
2
∂ 2 θc1
⎜ + + ⎟ + Q1 = 0 . (29)
RePr ⎜ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ∂Z 2 ⎟⎠
⎝

Temperature in cylinder 2:

α r ⎛ ∂ θ c2 ⎞
2
∂ 2 θ c2 ∂ 2 θ c2
⎜ + + ⎟ + Q2 = 0 , (30)
RePr ⎜ ∂X 2 ∂Y 2 ∂Z 2 ⎟
⎝ ⎠
where

kc (ρC p ) f q h2
kr = , α r = kr , Q = c . (31)
kf (ρC p ) k cT0
c

In the above equations, the quantities (ρCp)f and (ρCp)c represent the fluid heat capacity and heat capacity of the
solid cylinders, respectively. The quantities kf and kc are the thermal conductivities of the fluid and of the solid
cylinders, respectively. The internal heat generation rates of cylinders 1 and 2 were q1 = q2 = qc.

2.5 Cooling Fluid

In this simulation, the cooling fluid was aluminum oxide–water nanofluid with volume fractions 0, 1, 2, and 3%. The
thermophysical properties of the base fluid and powdered aluminum oxide nanoparticles are presented in Table 1
(Akbari et al., 2016).
The diameters of the solid nanoparticles and base fluid are presented in Table 2 (Akbari et al., 2016).
The properties of the nanofluid used in this study for volume fractions of solid nanoparticles 0, 1, 2, and 3% are
presented in Table 3.
The quantities of entrance velocity (uin) and uniform magnetic field (B0) for different Reynolds and Hartmann
numbers and volume fractions of soild nanoparticles 0, 1, 2, and 3% are presented in Table 4.

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

294 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

TABLE 1: Thermophysical properties of base fluid and solid nanoparticles, based on Akbari et al. (2016)

Material σ (1/Ω m) k (W/m·K) Cp (J/kg·K) ρ (kg/m3) Pr

Pure water 0.05 0.613 4182 998.2 6.2
–10
Aluminum oxide 1 × 10 40 765 3970 —

TABLE 2: Diameter of molecules of used base fluid and nanoparticle powder, based on Akbari et al. (2016)
Material Diameter (nm)
Pure water 0.2
Aluminum oxide 30

TABLE 3: Thermophysical properties of base fluid and solid nanoparticles of aluminum oxide
φ ρ (kg/m3) Cp (J/kg·K) k (W/m·K) μ (Pa·s) β (1/K) σ (1/Ω·m)
0% 998.2 4182 0.613 0.000891 0.00021 0.05
1% 1027.92 4050.022 0.631 0.0009137 0.000202 0.0493
2% 1057.64 3925.46 0.652 0.0009372 0.000195 0.0485
3% 1087.35 3807.74 0.670 0.0009615 0.000188 0.0478

TABLE 4: Quantities of entrance velocity and uniform magnetic field for base fluid and solid nanoparticles of
aluminum oxide
uin (m/s) B0 (T)
φ
Re = 50 Re = 100 Ha = 0 Ha = 1 Ha = 5 Ha = 10 Ha = 15
0% 0.0000893 0.0001785 0 0.267 1.34 2.67 4.0

1% 0.0000889 0.0001778 0 0.272 1.36 2.72 4.08

2% 0.0000886 0.0001772 0 0.278 1.39 2.78 4.17

3% 0.0000884 0.0001769 0 0.284 1.42 2.84 4.25

2.6 Grid Independence

Six different types of grids were designed in order to study the effect of the number of cells on the computational
grid. In the end, the most suitable grid for solving the problem was selected. The number of cells in the grid varied
from 400,000 to 1,500,000 specific cells. The effect of the number of cells on the average Nusselt number was
investigated. The average Nusselt number was used to stabilize the solutions in problem solving. Figures 3–5 show
schematic views of meshing of problem geometry for grooved channel in a Cartesian coordinate system.
Table 5 and Fig. 6 show grid independence at the average Nusselt number for the water-based fluid at Re = 100,
Ha = 10, and Gr = 10,000.

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 295

FIG. 3: A schematic view of meshing of problem geometry in the x–y direction

FIG. 4: A schematic view of meshing of problem geometry in the x–z direction

FIG. 5: A schematic view of meshing of problem geometry in the y–z direction

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

296 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

TABLE 5: Grid independence for average Nusselt number

Number of Elements Average Nusselt Number Percent of Variations
419,004 7.11346 0
604,466 7.49466 5.36
804,908 7.64851 2.05
1,001,184 7.66934 0.27
1,203,650 7.67071 0.018
1,406,442 7.67146 0.009

FIG. 6: Grid independence for the average Nusselt number

2.7 Validation
The present work was validated with reference to Karimipour et al. (2016) in order to ensure the numerical solu-
tion method. Table 6 and Fig. 7 show the results of validation with reference to Karimipour et al. (2016). The pro-
file of the dimensionless horizontal velocity is shown at the central geometry line at Ha = 0, 20, and 40, nanofluid
with volume fraction 0.2%, and Re = 10.
Comparison of the graphs shows a slight difference between the present study and the reference.

3. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

3.1 Average Nusselt Number

The effects of the Hartmann number and volume fraction of nanoparticles on the average Nusselt number at Re = 50
and 100 and constant Grashof number of 5000 and 10,000 are shown in Figs. 8–10. The heat transfer rate is en-

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 297

TABLE 6: Validation of results with reference to Karimipour et al. (2016) for zero slip coefficient
Ha Karimipour et al. (2016) Present Study Percent of Variations
Ha = 0 0.635 0.629 0.95
Ha = 20 0.586 0.687 14.70
Ha = 40 0.607 0.706 14.02

FIG. 7: Comparison of validation results with reference to Karimipour et al. (2016)

hanced as the Hartmann number increases. For example, the average Nusselt number is equal to 7.8 at Re = 100
and Gr = 5000 in the absence of magnetic field at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% and average Nusselt
number equal to 8.2 under the same conditions at Ha = 15 in the presence of the magnetic field (Fig. 8). In fact, it
can be stated that the heat transfer rate is enhanced by 5.12% in the presence of a magnetic field at Ha = 15. En-
hancement in the heat transfer rate due to the increase in the Hartmann number is typical because of the fluid mass
flows towards the wall, which enhances heat transfer from the surface to the fluid. The effect of adding nanopar-
ticles to the base fluid was studied. The results showed that the average Nusselt number increases by increasing
the volume fraction of nanoparticles at all Reynolds and Hartmann numbers. An increase in the volume fraction of
nanoparticles increases the presence of nanoparticles between fluid layers that in turn increases the thermal con-
ductivity and decreases the specific heat of the fluid. As a result, heat is suitably transferred. For example, the Nus-
selt number increases from 4.7 to 7.8 by adding volume fraction of nanoparticle 3% to the base fluid at Re = 100,
Gr = 5000, and Ha = 15 (see Fig. 8). In fact, it can be stated that the heat transfer rate is enhanced by 5.4% by
increasing the volume fraction from zero to 3%. The effect of Reynolds number on the process of heat transfer was
investigated. As the Reynolds number increases, the heat transfer rate increases. This is because the fluid layers are
more suitably mixed by increasing momentum at higher Reynolds numbers. The average Nusselt number increases
by enhancing the convective heat transfer coefficient due to the increase in the nanofluid flow rate. Figure 8 shows

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

298 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

FIG. 8: Average Nusselt number vs. Hartmann number at different volume fractions of nanoparticles, Re = 50 and 100, and
Gr = 5000

FIG. 9: Average Nusselt number vs. Hartmann number at different volume fractions of nanoparticles, Re = 50 and 100, and
Gr = 10,000

the graph of the average Nusselt number versus the Hartmann number for different volume fractions at Re = 50
and 100 and Gr = 5000. The average Nusselt number increases by increasing the Hartmann number at a constant
volume fraction and a certain Reynolds number. At Re = 50, the average Nusselt number increases by 1.42% at a
volume fraction of nanoparticles of 1% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. Also, for Re = 50,
the average Nusselt number increases by 4.98% at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume
fraction of nanoparticles of 0%.

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 299

FIG. 10: Average Nusselt number vs. volume fraction of nanoparticles at different Hartmann numbers, Re = 50 and 100, and
Gr = 10,000

Figure 9 shows the graph of the average Nusselt number versus the Hartmann number for different volume
fractions at Re = 50 and 100 and Gr = 10,000. The heat transfer rate is enhanced by increasing the Hartmann
number and the Reynolds number at a constant volume fraction. The average Nusselt number increases by adding
a volume fraction of nanoparticles to the fluid. At Re = 50, the average Nusselt number increases by 1.6% at a vol-
ume fraction of nanoparticles of 1% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. Also, at this Reynolds
number, the average Nusselt number increases by 3.37% at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 2% compared
to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. Finally, the average Nusselt number increases by 4.97% at a volume
fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. At Re = 100, the average
Nusselt number increases by 1.85% at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 1% compared to a volume fraction of
nanoparticles of 0%. Also, at this Reynolds number, the average Nusselt number increases by 3.31% at a volume
fraction of nanoparticles of 2% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. Finally, the average Nusselt
number increases by 4.9% at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanopar-
ticles of 0%. The average Nusselt number increases by 34.01% by adding 3% volume fraction of nanoparticles
at Re = 50 compared to Re = 100 at constant Gr = 10,000. The Hartmann number had the greatest effect on heat
transfer at Ha = 15, Re = 100, and at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3%.
Figure 10 shows the diagram of the average Nusselt number vs. volume fractions at different Hartmann num-
bers, Re = 50 and 100, and Gr = 10,000. The thermophysical properties of the nanofluid vary on variations of the
volume fraction of nanoparticles. Since the thermal conductivity is high in the nanoparticles, the average Nusselt
number increases at all Reynolds and Hartmann numbers, which shows that the nanofluid enhances the heat trans-
fer rate. The average Nusselt number increases by increasing the Reynolds and Hartmann numbers. The average
Nusselt number increases at larger Reynolds numbers and volume fractions because the heat transfer rate is en-
hanced due to the enhancement of nanofluid movement at a higher velocity. The average Nusselt number increases
by 4.26% at Re = 50 and Ha = 10 in the presence of magnetic field compared to the absence of magnetic field.
Also, the average Nusselt number increases by 6.75% at Ha = 15 in the presence of magnetic field compared to

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

300 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

the absence of magnetic field. The average Nusselt number increases by 3.29% at Re = 100 and Ha = 10 in the
presence of magnetic field compared to the absence of magnetic field. Also, the average Nusselt number increases
by 5.80% at Ha = 15 in the presence of magnetic field compared to the absence of magnetic field.
Figures 11 and 12 show the average Nusselt number versus the Hartmann number with different volume frac-
tions of nanoparticles at Gr = 5000 and 10,000 and Re = 50 and 100, respectively. The average Nusselt number

FIG. 11: Average Nusselt number vs. Hartmann number at different volume fractions of nanoparticles, Re = 50, and Gr = 5000
and 10,000

FIG. 12: Average Nusselt number vs. Hartmann number at different volume fractions of nanoparticles, Re = 100, and Gr = 5000
and 10,000

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 301

slightly increases by increasing Grashof number followed by an increase in the Richardson number. Buoyancy
forces are also involved in the changes of the average Nusselt number at the studied values of the Grashof and
Reynolds numbers. The Grashof numbers have a negligible effect on heat transfer at Re = 100, which indicates
that a buoyancy force is weakened by increasing the Reynolds number. At Re = 50 and Gr = 5000, the average
Nusselt number increases by 4.98% at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction
of nanoparticles of 0%. At Re = 50 and Gr = 10,000, the average Nusselt number increases by 4.97% at a vol-
ume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. The average Nusselt
number increases by 0.17% at Re = 50 at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% at Gr = 5000 compared to
Gr = 10,000.
Figure 12 shows the average Nusselt number versus the Hartmann number with different volume fractions of
nanoparticles at Gr = 5000 and 10,000 and Re = 100. At Re = 100 and Gr = 5000, the average Nusselt number
increases by 4.77% at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles
of 0%. At Re = 100 and Gr = 10,000, the average Nusselt number increases by 4.9% at a volume fraction of
nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. The average Nusselt number increases
by 0.13% at Re = 100 at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% at Gr = 5000 compared to Gr = 10,000. Buoy-
ancy and magnetic forces greatly influence the flow in the center and the walls of the channel at lower Reynolds
numbers due to the low fluid momentum but the buoyancy force exerts a less influence on the fluid flow at higher
Reynolds numbers due to the low fluid momentum.

3.2 Friction Factor (Pressure Drop)

Figures 13–15 show the effects of the Hartmann number and volume fraction of nanoparticles on the friction factor
at Re = 50 and 100 and Gr = 10,000. According to Fig. 13, the friction factor (pressure drop) follows an exponen-

FIG. 13: Friction factor vs. Hartmann number at different volume fractions of nanoparticles, Re = 50 and 100, and
Gr = 10,000

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

302 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

FIG. 14: Friction factor vs. volume fraction of nanoparticles at different Hartmann numbers, Re = 50, and Gr = 10,000

FIG. 15: Friction factor vs. volume fraction of nanoparticles at different Hartmann numbers, Re = 100, and Gr = 10,000

tial pattern. The friction factor rises by increasing the Hartmann number up to 15 at both Reynolds numbers due
to the Lorentz force at the opposite direction of the x axis. The greater the magnitude of the magnetic field, the
stronger the Lorentz force. This decreases the distribution of velocity in the channel, which increases the velocity
gradient in the vicinity of the walls and the fluid mass flows towards the walls. Thereby, the fluid touches the sur-

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 303

faces of the walls more. As a result, the shear rate increases in the walls of the channel. The effect of the Reynolds
number at constant Hartmann numbers and constant volume fractions of nanoparticles was studied. The results
showed that the shear stress decreases by increasing the Reynolds number due to the increase of the fluid velocity
and the fluid flow towards the walls that decreases the boundary layer and velocity near the walls. This also reduc-
es the friction factor. The effect of adding solid nanoparticles to the base fluid under similar flow conditions was
studied. The results showed that the friction factor rises by adding a volume fraction of nanoparticles at all studied
Reynolds and Hartmann numbers. The dynamic viscosity and density of the nanofluid increase at a larger volume
fraction of nanoparticles. This increases the movement of the solid nanoparticles at the walls at a larger volume
fraction and increases the shear rate in the walls, which is followed by the increase in the friction factor. Figure 13
shows a graph of the friction factor versus the Hartmann number at different volume fractions of nanoparticles at
Re = 50 and 100 and Gr = 10,000. The friction factor rises with increasing Hartmann number, Reynolds number,
and volume fraction of nanoparticles. The friction factor rises by 6.96% at Re = 50 and Gr = 10,000 at a volume
fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. The pressure drop rises by
6.99% at Re = 100 and Gr = 10,000 at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction
of nanoparticles of 0%.
Figure 14 shows a graph of the friction factor versus volume fractions at different Hartmann numbers at
Re = 50 and Gr = 10,000. Addition of nanoparticles to the fluid rises the pressure drop or the friction factor. The
friction factor rises by 0.44% at Re = 50, Gr = 10,000, and Ha = 1 in the presence of magnetic field compared to
the absence of magnetic field. The friction factor rises by 12% at Ha = 5 in the presence of magnetic field com-
pared to the absence of magnetic field. The friction factor rises by 6.85 at Re = 50, Gr = 10,000, Ha = 15, and at
a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%.
Figure 15 shows a graph of the friction factor versus volume fractions at different Hartmann numbers at
Re = 100 and Gr = 10,000. Addition of nanoparticles to the fluid rises the friction factor. The friction factor rises
by 0.37% at Re = 100, Gr = 10,000, and Ha = 1 in the presence of magnetic field compared to the absence of mag-
netic field. The friction factor rises by 10% at Ha = 5 in the presence of magnetic field compared to the absence of
magnetic field. The friction factor rises by 6.93 at Re = 100, Gr = 10,000, Ha = 15, and at a with volume fraction
of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%.

3.3 Local Nusselt Number

Figures 16 and 17 show variation in the local Nusselt number along the channel with respect to the Hartmann,
Reynolds, and Grashof numbers and volume fractions. The local Nusselt number follows a decreasing trend along
the channel. The difference between the channel wall and bulk temperatures increases by the fluid flow and growth
of the thermal boundary layer. The difference between these two parameters gradually decreases along the channel.
The convective heat transfer coefficient also increases by increasing the volume fraction of nanoparticles. In fact,
an increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles increases the thermal conductivity and decreases the thermal
capacity, which increases the convective heat transfer coefficient. The effect of the Reynolds number on the con-
vective heat transfer coefficient was also studied. The convective heat transfer coefficient increases as the Reyn-
olds number increases. The local Nusselt number increases and the heat transfer rate is enhanced by increasing
the Reynolds number due to increase of the fluid momentum and heat dissipation in the fluid. The convective heat
transfer coefficient increases by increase of the Hartmann number. The increase in this coefficient is significant at
the lower wall surface compared to the upper wall surface. The local Nusselt number increases at the lower chan-
nel wall due to the increase of the Hartmann number as a result of the increase in the temperature gradient consid-
ering the temperature profile at the lower channel wall. The difference between the mean temperature and surface

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

304 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

FIG. 16: Local Nusselt distribution along the lower channel wall at volume fractions of nanoparticles of 0% and 3%, Ha = 15,
Re = 50 and 100, and Gr = 10,000

FIG. 17: Local Nusselt number distribution at upper and lower channel walls at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3%,
Ha = 0 and 15, Re = 50 and 100, and Gr = 10,000

temperature of the fluid decreases by increasing the Hartmann number. This increases the local Nusselt number at
the lower wall compared to the upper wall of the channel. The effect of Reynolds number and volume fraction of
nanoparticles on local convective heat transfer was studied. Figure 16 shows the distribution of the local Nusselt

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 305

number along the lower channel wall for a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0% and 3% at Ha = 15, Re = 50
and 100, and Gr = 10,000. The convective heat transfer coefficient increases by increasing the Reynolds number
and volume fraction of nanoparticles. The diagram of local Nusselt number distribution was further studied, which
revealed that the local Nusselt number decreased in the cavities due to the presence of grooves and cavities in
the channel. This is because the fluid cannot flow into the cavities, which decreases the local Reynolds number in
the cavities that decreases heat transfer from the surface to the fluid and increases the wall temperature at a con-
stant heat flux. The local Nusselt number increases by 4.94% at Re = 50 and Gr = 10,000 at a volume fraction of
nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. The local Nusselt number increases by
4.85% at Re = 100 and Gr = 10,000 at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of
nanoparticles of 0%. The local Nusselt number increases by 33.56% at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0% at
Re = 100 compared to Re = 50. The local Nusselt number increases by 33.44% at a volume fraction of nanoparti-
cles of 3% at Re = 100 compared to Re = 50.
Figure 17 shows a graph of the distribution of the local Nusselt number along the upper and lower walls of
the channel for a nanoparticle volume fraction of 3% at Ha = 0 and 15, Re = 50 and 100, and Gr = 10,000. The
convective heat transfer coefficient increases by increasing the Reynolds and Hartmann numbers. The graph of the
local Nusselt number distribution was further studied, which revealed that the symmetry of the distribution of the
local Nusselt number is eliminated along the upper and lower channel walls due to the presence of magnetic field.
This is because the local Reynolds number along the lower wall conducts most of the fluid towards the walls and
increases the local velocity of the fluid at the space between the lower wall and the cylinders in the presence of
magnetic field. This also enhances heat transfer in the lower wall compared to the upper wall. The local Nusselt
number decreases in some regions due to the presence of the groove where the fluid touches the channel walls less.
This reduces the heat transfer rate. The local Nusselt number increases by 1.05% along the lower wall compared
to the upper wall of the channel at Re = 50 in the absence of magnetic field. The local Nusselt number increases
by 16.57% at Re = 100, Ha = 15 in the presence of magnetic field at the lower wall compared to the upper wall
of the channel.

3.4 Performance Evaluation Criterion (PEC)

Enhancement in heat transfer in a channel in the presence of a magnetic field can lead to a significant increase in
the pressure drop and pumping power of the fluid. Therefore, a balance should be established between these two
parameters in order to evaluate the method used to enhance the thermal performance in a more effective manner.
The performance evaluation criterion (PEC) is used in this case. The PEC was defined by Eq. (19). In this section,
the influences of magnetic field and volume fraction of nanoparticles on PEC were studied. Figures 18 and 19
show PEC for the flow with different volume fractions, different Hartmann numbers, Re = 50, and Gr = 10,000. As
the volume fraction increases, the PEC increases. This is due to the increase in shear rates in the channel walls. As
the Hartmann number increases, the PEC decreases. The PEC was studied for a flow with a zero Hartmann number
(in the absence of magnetic field) and Ha = 1. The results showed that the PEC is larger than one in the presence
of nanoparticles in the fluid. The PEC is less than one in the presence of magnetic field with Ha = 5, 10, and 15.
The pressure drop due to the presence of magnetic field overcomes the heat transfer from the magnetic field. The
PEC increased by 2.64% at Re = 50 and Gr = 10,000 in the absence of magnetic field at a volume fraction of
nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 0%. The PEC increased by 2.67% in the
presence of magnetic field at Ha = 15 at a volume fraction of nanoparticles of 3% compared to a volume fraction
of nanoparticles of 0%. Therefore, although the magnetic field enhances the heat transfer rate, it rises the pressure
drop and increases the pumping power of the fluid.

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

306 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

FIG. 18: PEC vs. volume fraction of nanoparticles at different Hartmann numbers, Re = 50, and Gr = 10,000

FIG. 19: PEC vs. Ha at different volume fractions of nanoparticles, Re = 50, and Gr = 10,000

4. CONCLUSIONS
The behavior of mixed-convection heat transfer of a Newtonian nanofluid in laminar flow was investigated in a
three-dimensional horizontal grooved channel under conditions of internal heat generation in two solid cylinders in
the presence of magnetic field. The following results can be deduced from our simulation:

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 307

• At a certain Grashof number, an increase in the Reynolds number and volume fraction of the nanofluid caus-
es the increase in the heat transfer coefficient.
• At a constant Reynolds number, as the Hartmann number increases, the average Nusselt number increases.
• An increase in the volume fraction of nanoparticles has improved the thermal performance at all Reynolds
and Hartmann numbers.
• At a constant volume fraction, as the Hartmann number and Reynolds numbers increase, the heat transfer
increases.
• By adding nanoparticles to the base fluid, the average Nusselt number increases.
• When the Reynolds number is 50, the percentage increase of the Nusselt number with a volume fraction of
nanoparticles of 3% relative to the base fluid is 4.97%.
• When the Reynolds number is 100, the percentage increase of the Nusselt number with a volume fraction of
3% relative to base fluid is 4.9%.
Extending this paper to the previous nanofluid and CFD studies (Afrand et al., 2015, 2016a,b; Aghanajafi et al.,
2017; Akbari et al., 2016; Esfahani and Toghraie, 2017; Faraidzadeh et al., 2014; Esfe et al., 2015, 2016a–e;
Nazari and Toghraie, 2017; Oveissi et al., 2016a,b; Rezaie et al., 2015a,b; Semiromi and Azimian, 2010a-c, 2012;
Toghraie et al., 2016a,b; Zaringhalam et al., 2016) provides engineers with a good option for nanoscale and mi-
croscale simulations.

REFERENCES

Afrand, M., Sina, N., Teimouri, H., Mazaheri, A., Safaei, M.R., Hemmat Esfe, M., Kamali, J., and Toghraie, D., Effect of Mag-
netic Field on Free Convection in Inclined Cylindrical Annulus Containing Molten Potassium, Int. J. Appl. Mech., vol. 7,
no. 04, p. 1550052, 2015.
Afrand, M., Toghraie, D., and Ruhani, B., Effects of Temperature and Nanoparticles Concentration on Rheological Behavior of
Fe3O4–Ag/EG Hybrid Nanofluid: An Experimental Study, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 77, pp. 38–44, 2016a.
Afrand, M., Toghraie, D., and Sina, N., Experimental Study on Thermal Conductivity of Water-Based Fe3O4 Nanofluid: De-
velopment of a New Correlation and Modeled by Artificial Neural Network, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 75,
pp. 262–269, 2016b.
Aghanajafi, A., Toghraie, D., and Mehmandoust, B., Numerical Simulation of Laminar Forced Convection of Water–CuO
Nanofluid inside a Triangular Duct, Physica E, vol. 85, pp. 103–108, 2017.
Akbari, O.A., Karimipour, A., Toghraie, D., and Safaei, M.R., Investigation of Rib's Height Effect on Heat Transfer and Flow
Parameters of Laminar Water–Al2O3 Nanofluid in a Two-Dimensional Rib-Microchannel, Appl. Math. Comput., vol. 290,
pp. 135–153, 2016.
Brinkman, H., The Viscosity of Concentrated Suspensions and Solution, J. Chem. Phys., vol. 20, pp. 571–577, 1952.
Chon, C.H., Kihm, K.D., Lee, S.P., and Choi, S.U.S., Empirical Correlation Finding the Role of Temperature and Particle Size
for Nanofluid, Thermal Conductivity Enhancement, Appl. Phys. Lett., vol. 87, 153107, 2005.
Elshehabey, H.M. and Ahmed, S.E., MHD Mixed Convection in a Lid-Driven Cavity Filled by a Nanofluid with Sinusoi-
dal Temperature Distribution on the Both Vertical Walls Using Buongiorno's Nanofluid Model, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf.,
vol. 88, pp. 181–202, 2015.
Esfahani, M.A. and Toghraie, D., Experimental Investigation for Developing a New Model for the Thermal Conductivity of Sil-
ica/Water–Ethylene Glycol (40%–60%) Nanofluid at Different Temperatures and Solid Volume Fractions, J. Mol. Liquids,
vol. 232, pp. 105–112, 2017.
Esfe, M.H., Afrand, M., Gharehkhani, S., Rostamian, H., Toghraie, D., and Dahari, M., An Experimental Study on Viscosity of
Alumina-Engine Oil: Effects of Temperature and Nanoparticles Concentration, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 76,
pp. 202–208, 2016a.

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019

308 Dehghani, Toghraie, & Mehmandoust

Esfe, M.H., Afrand, M., Yan, W.M., Yarmand, H., Toghraie, D., and Dahari, M., Effects of Temperature and Concentration
on Rheological Behavior of MWCNTs/SiO2 (20–80)–SAE40 Hybrid Nano-Lubricant, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf.,
vol. 76, pp. 133–138, 2016b.
Esfe, M.H., Hassani Ahangar, M.R., Rejvani, M., Toghraie, D., and Hajmohammad, M.H., Designing an Artificial Neural Net-
work to Predict Dynamic Viscosity of Aqueous Nanofluid of TiO2 Using Experimental Data, Int. Commun. Heat Mass
Transf., vol. 75, pp. 192–196, 2016c.
Esfe, M.H., Rostamian, H., Toghraie, D., and Yan, W.M., Using Artificial Neural Network to Predict Thermal Conductivity of
Ethylene Glycol with Alumina Nanoparticle, J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 126, no. 2, pp. 643–648, 2016d.
Esfe, M.H., Saedodin, S., Wongwises, S., and Toghraie, D., An Experimental Study on the Effect of Diameter on Thermal Con-
ductivity and Dynamic Viscosity of Fe/Water Nanofluids, Therm. Anal., vol. 119, pp. 1817–1824, 2015.
Esfe, M.H., Yan, W.M., Afrand, M., Sarraf, M., Toghraie, D., and Dahari, M., Estimation of Thermal Conductivity of
Al2O3/Water(40%)–Ethylene-Glycol(60%) by Artificial Neural Network and Correlation Using Experimental Data, Int.
Commun. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 74, pp. 125–128, 2016e.
Faridzadeh, M.R., Semiromi, D.T., and Niroomand, A., Analysis of Laminar Mixed Convection in an Inclined Square Lid-Driv-
en Cavity with a Nanofluid by Using an Artificial Neural Network, Heat Transf. Res., vol. 45, no. 4, pp. 1–9, 2014.
Hatami, M., Nouri, R., and Ganji, D.D., Forced Convection Analysis for MHD Al2O3–Water Nanofluid Flow over a Horizontal
Plate, J. Mol. Liquids, vol. 187, pp. 294–301, 2013.
Hayat, T., Imtiaz, M., and Alsaedi, A., MHD 3D Flow of Nanofluid in Presence of Convective Conditions, J. Mol. Liquids,
vol. 212, pp. 203–208, 2015.
Heidary, H., Hosseini, R., Pirmohammadi, M., and Kermani, M.J., Numerical Study of Magnetic Field Effect on Nanofluid
Forced Convection in a Channel, J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., vol. 374, pp. 11–17, 2015.
Karimipour, A., Taghipour, A., and Malvandi, A., Developing the Laminar MHD Forced Convection Flow of Water/FMWNT
Carbon Nanotubes in a Microchannel Imposed the Uniform Heat Flux, J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., vol. 419, pp. 420–428,
2016.
Malvandi, A., Kaffash, M.H., and Ganji, D.D., Nanoparticles Migration Effects on Magnetohydrodynamic (MHD) Laminar
Mixed Convection of Alumina/Water Nanofluid inside Microchannels, J. Taiwan Inst. Chem. Eng., vol. 52, pp. 40–56,
2015a.
Malvandi, A., Safaei, M.R., Kaffash, M.H., and Ganji, D.D., MHD Mixed Convection in a Vertical Annulus Filled with Al2O3–
Water Nanofluid Considering Nanoparticle Migration, J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., vol. 382, pp. 296–306, 2015b.
Nazari, S. and Toghraie, D., Numerical Simulation of Heat Transfer and Fluid Flow of Water–CuO Nanofluid in a Sinusoidal
Channel with a Porous Medium, Physica E, vol. 87, pp. 134–140, 2017.
Oveissi, S., Ali Eftekhari, S., and Toghraie, D., Longitudinal Vibration and Instabilities of Carbon Nanotubes Conveying Fluid
Considering Size Effects of Nanoflow and Nanostructure, Physica E, vol. 83, pp. 164–173, 2016a.
Oveissi, S., Toghraie, D., and Ali Eftekhari, S., Longitudinal Vibration and Stability Analysis of Carbon Nanotubes Conveying
Viscous Fluid, Physica E, vol. 83, pp. 275–283, 2016b.
Öztop, H.F., Sakhrieh, A., Abu-Nadad, E., and Al-Salem, K., Mixed Convection of MHD Flow in Nanofluid Filled and Partially
Heated Wavy Walled Lid-Driven Enclosure, Int. Commun. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 86, pp. 42–51, 2017.
Pak, B.C. and Cho, Y., Hydrodynamic and Heat transfer Study of Dispersed Fluids with Submicron Metallic Oxide Particles,
Exp. Heat Transf., Int. J., vol. 11, pp. 141–170, 1998.
Parsaiemehr, M., Pourfattah, F., Akbari, O.A., Toghraie, D., and Sheikhzadeh, G., Turbulent Flow and Heat Transfer of
Water/Al2O3 Nanofluid inside a Rectangular Ribbed Channel, Physica E: Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct., vol. 96, pp. 73–
84, 2018.
Rezaei, M., Azimian, A.R., and Toghraie, D., Molecular Dynamics Study of an Electro-Kinetic Fluid Transport in a Charged
Nanochannel based on the Role of the Stern Layer, Physica A, vol. 426, pp. 25–34, 2015a.
Rezaei, M., Azimian, A.R., and Semiromi, D.T., The Surface Charge Density Effect on the Electro-Osmotic Flow in a Nano-
channel: A Molecular Dynamics Study, Heat Mass Transf., vol. 51, no. 5, pp. 661–670, 2015b.

Heat Transfer Research

Mixed-Convection Nanofluid Flow through a Grooved Channel 309

Rezaei, O., Akbari, O.A., Marzban, A., Toghraie, D., Pourfattah, F., and Mashayekhi, R., The Numerical Investigation of Heat
Transfer and Pressure Drop of Turbulent Flow in a Triangular Microchannel, Physica E: Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct.,
vol. 93, pp. 179–189, 2017.
Semiromi, D.T. and Azimian, A.R., Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Liquid–Vapor Phase Equilibrium by Using the Modified
Lennard-Jones Potential Function, Heat Mass Transf., vol. 46, no. 3, pp. 287–294, 2010a.
Semiromi, D.T. and Azimian, A.R., Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Nonodroplets with the Modified Lennard-Jones Poten-
tial Function, Heat Mass Transf., vol. 47, no. 5, pp. 579–588, 2010b.
Semiromi, D.T. and Azimian, A.R., Molecular Dynamics Simulation of Annular Flow Boiling with the Modified Lennard–Jones
Potential Function, Heat Mass Transf., vol. 48, pp. 141–152, 2012.
Semiromi, D.T. and Azimian, A.R., Nanoscale Poiseuille Flow and Effects of Modified Lennard–Jones Potential Function, Heat
Mass Transf., vol. 46, no. 7, pp. 791–801, 2010c.
Shamsi, M.R., Akbari, O.A., Marzban, A., Toghraie, D., and Mashayekhi, R., Increasing Heat Transfer of Non-Newtonian
Nanofluid in Rectangular Microchannel with Triangular Ribs, Physica E: Low-Dimens. Syst. Nanostruct., vol. 93, pp. 167–
178, 2017.
Sheikholeslami, M., Abelman, S., and Ganji, D.D., Numerical Simulation of MHD Nanofluid Flow and Heat Transfer Consid-
ering Viscous Dissipation, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 79, pp. 212–222, 2014a.
Sheikholeslami, M., Gorji Bandpy, M., Ellahi, R., and Zeeshan, A., Simulation of MHD CuO–Water Nanofluid Flow and Con-
vective Heat Transfer Considering Lorentz Forces, J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., vol. 369, pp. 69–80, 2014b.
Sheikholeslami, M., Gorji Bandpy, M., Ellahi, R., Hassan, M., and Soleimani, S., Effects of MHD on Cu–Water Nanofluid
Flow and Heat Transfer by Means of CVFEM, J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., vol. 349, pp. 188–200, 2014c.
Sheikholeslami, M., Rashidi, M.M., and Ganji, D.D., Effect of Non-Uniform Magnetic Field on Forced Convection Heat Trans-
fer of Fe3O4–Water Nanofluid, Comput. Meth. Appl. Mech. Eng., vol. 294, pp. 299–312, 2015a.
Sheikholeslami, M., Rashidi, M.M., and Ganji, D.D., Numerical Investigation of Magnetic Nanofluid Forced Convective Heat
Transfer in Existence of Variable Magnetic Field Using Two-Phase Model, J. Mol. Liquids, vol. 212, pp. 117–126, 2015b.
Toghraie, D., Alempour, S.M.B., and Afrand, M., Experimental Determination of Viscosity of Water Based Magnetite Nanofluid
for Application in Heating and Cooling Systems, J. Magnet. Magnet. Mater., vol. 417, pp. 243–248, 2016a.
Toghraie, D., Chaharsoghi, V.A., and Afrand, M., Measurement of Thermal Conductivity of ZnO–TiO2/EG Hybrid Nanofluid,
J. Therm. Anal. Calorim., vol. 125, no. 1, pp. 527–535, 2016b.
Victor, M. and Sreedhara, R., Mixed Convection Nanofluid Flows in the Presence of an Applied Magnetic Field, Int. J. Heat
Mass Transf., vol. 107, pp. 133–145, 2017.
Xuan, Y. and Roetzel, W., Conceptions for Heat Transfer Correlation of Nanofluids, Int. J. Heat Mass Transf., vol. 43,
pp. 3701–3707, 2000.
Zarringhalam, M., Karimipour, A., and Toghraie, D., Experimental Study of the Effect of Solid Volume Fraction and Reyn-
olds Number on Heat Transfer Coefficient and Pressure Drop of CuO–Water Nanofluid, Exp. Therm. Fluid Sci., vol. 76,
pp. 342–351, 2016.

Volume 50, Issue 3, 2019