n 075m 025m 125m 0885 0685 ean 375 375 315 ° ° max Ls 135 5 260 260 2529100025 = 2329129) 2529(0485)= MEN) sna wu 1130 Bore peril 256k 24940 omy aries *As we can see the maximum load 279kN will be carried by pile c1 and the minimum load 233KN is carried by piles in row at 3.3 Symmetrically arranged vertical and raking piles Just as we did for the previous cases, we first decide the location of the neutral axis for both the vertical and raking piles. Extend the two lines till they intersect each other at point c and move the forces Q & H to point ©. (see fig.11)m piles piles nt piles Figure 3-1 1symmetrically arranged piles In the case of symmetrically arranged piles, the vertical pile | is subjected to compression stress by the vertical component P, and the raking pile P, is subjected to tension (see figure 3.11 - 12) UCOSe. uFigure 3-12 Figure 3-13 (y k (Ucos.a. Pycos.a LV=0>Q-n-Py-m-P,cos.a=0 2 —£__ P,=P,cos.a => P,= M+ Con” & ‘The symmetrical arrangement of the raking piles keeps the lateral force, H, in equilibrium and it's effect on the vertical piles is ignored, With reference to figure 3.13 Horizontal projection of forces yield the following formulae. ZH=0> Figure 3-14 NB the lateral force H imposes torsional stress on half of the raking piles. Example3.4 ‘Symmetrically arranged piles: Determine the force on the piles shown in figure 3.15. The inclination on the raking piles is 5:1, the vertical load, Q =3600 KN the horizontal load, H =200 kN and is located 0.6 m from pile cutting level.VERTICAL PILES QO ranune rites Q= 360K Figure 3-15 Example 3.4 Solution 1. NA for the raking piles : 4: (0)+2: (0.9) = 6e => e, = 0.3 m 2. NA for the vertical piles: 2: (0)+2: (1) = 4e => e,= 0.5 m 3. Establish moment arm Y Inclination 5:1 Y = 5: (0.6+0.5) -0.6 = 4.9 mM= Q (X)-H(Y) = 3600(0.2) - 200(4.9) = -260 kNm 4, Establish the angle a and the perpendicular distance r, of the piles from the neutral axis. slope 5:1 => a= 11.3° sina = 0.196 cos a = 0.98 cos"*= 0.96 tana = 0.20 Raking piles For raking piles laying on axis a@ , “f= 0.3: (cos a) ane 6: (cos a ) Fs (0.9? cos) DA= (0.3 - 0.96) 4 = 0.346 m* For raking piles laying on axis bO and b® , a = (0.6? - cos**) = (0.346+1,037) + 2 = 2.07 m? Vertical piles n= 405m vertical piles laying on axis b and ¢ a 2 (0572 +05%2)= 1.0m? rf ertical and raking piles = 2.07 + 1.0 = 3.07 m* 5. Calculate load distribution on individual piles:Q | _3600__ ow Qa p= mero ae 412-096 P, = P, cosa. = 232: 0.98 = 227KN a a) SRN Pie % 6 % 5 4 aw a ar om mm ar 2 Hay xs as ° ° ss 4s 88-(03-098)=28 | sore | ase ae soe | as LtoveoePinny 181 OL 27s 9 a3 2 a= -85 + (-0.3- 0,98) = 25 = 85: (0.6: 0.98) = -50.0"* b,2, by3 = -85: (0.5) = 42.5% 0,2, 6:3 = -B5: (0.5) = 42.5 where: 4., by, By, Cy, Cj, d; represent raking and vertical piles on respective axis. 3.3.1 Example on installation error Until now we have been calculating theoretical force distribution on piles. However during installation of piles slight changes in position do occur and piles may miss their designed locations. The following example compares theoretical and the actual load distribution as a result of misalignment after pile installation.Q = 500 KN = My = 500- 0.3 = 150 => Mr= 500: 0=0 Qin = 50/6 = 83.3 kN Pi= Qin (My tay! Dn Eres 0.7? -3=0.7°3=294m? P= 83.3 (150/2.94) ty Paz = 83,3- (150/2,94): 0.7 = 47.6 kNPys= 83.3 + (150/2,94) “0,7 = 119 kN After installation Displacement of piles in the X-X direction measured, left edge of pile cap as reference point (see figure 3.17) Figure 3-17 piles after installation The new neutral axis (N A) for the pile group: (0.510.640.412.012.111.7) 1= 66> 0 = .22m ‘The new position of Q = 0.29 m M = 500: (0.28) = 145 kNm Measured perpendicular to the new N.A, pile distance, fy = 1.22-05 = 0.72 fa = 1.22-2.0=-0.79 fg = 1.22-0.6 = 0.62 a = 1.22.1 = -0.88 5 = 1.22.04 82 1.224.7=-0.49 +, of each pile: Diy = 0.72? + 0.79" + 0.62? + 0.88" + 0.82" + 0.49 = 3.2m Mya U5 ge Sra 83sum of forces on each pile pile | Nas) | 453.64) Pe Qin #(M, ora EP 1 [a3 45.3: (0.72) 51 2 45.3 (0.79) 49 3 453: (0.62) 58 4 45.3: (0.88) 1s 5 45.3 (0.82) a 6 453. (0.49) 10s LOAD ON SINGLE PILE 4.1 Introduction In this section, considering pile/soil interaction, we learn to calculate the bearing capacity of single piles subjected to compressive axial load, During pile design, the following factors should be taken into consideration: ‘@pile material compression and tension capacity ‘= deformation area of pile, bending moment capacity condition of the pile at the top and the end of the pile eccentricity of the load applied on the pile g®il characteristies peround water level .te Nevertheless, calculation method that can satisfy all of these conditions will be complicated and difficult to carry out manually, instead two widely used