16-20 - Nidm-Retrofit and Basisolation

Programme Report
Training Programme on
Earthquake Resistant Construction Practices and
Recent Building Codes
(July 16-20, 2018)
Organized by:
Towards a disaster free India
National Institute of Disaster Management South Campus

(Ministry of Home Affairs, Govt. of India)
A-wing, 4th Floor, NDCC-II Building, Jai Singh Road,

New Delhi – 110001
NATIONAL INSTITUTE OF DISASTER MANAGEMENT
(Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India)
.
Report by Course Coordinator
1. Name of the Course Earthquake Resistant Construction Practices and

Recent Building Codes
2. Dates July 16-20, 2018

3. Venue NIDM/YMCA, New Delhi
4. Name of the Course Dr. Amir Ali Khan
Coordinator
5. Number of 28
participants (enclose
list)
6. Participants Profile Participants of the training programme were a mixture of civil engineers directly
involved in building design, construction, and maintenance of
buildings/structures from various departments of the state governments. All the
participants were well versed with the needs and requirements for earthquake
risk mitigation.
State wise distribution of participants
S. No. State Participants

1. Bihar 1
2. Himachal Pradesh 3
3. Jammu and Kashmir 1
4. Meghalaya 3
5. Orissa 2
6. Rajasthan 3
7. Sikkim 5
8. Uttarakhand 6
9. West Bengal 3
10. Tripura 1
Total: 28
7. Objectives of the
training programme 1. To enhance understanding
concerning
• the nature and extent of the threats due to earthquake; and
• the concept and issues involved in earthquake risk
mitigation and management;
2. To describe different activities involved in earthquake risk
mitigation/ preparedness including building codes;
3. To develop capability to analyze plans for better earthquake
risk preparedness and mitigation measures to minimize the
impact of earthquake; and
4. To provide a forum for inter-changing of ideas and views
2
pertaining to earthquake risk mitigation.
8. Methodology The broad methodology adopted was presentations based interactive

sessions. During the training programme a variety of training methods
like group discussion, demonstration, field visit and group work
presentation by participants were used.
9. Programme Schedule
Hrs Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

(July 16 ) (July 17) (July 18) (July 19) (July 20)
9:30 Registration
10:00- Inauguration Recapitulation – Recapitulation – Recapitulation – Recapitulation – 4th
10:15 ED, NIDM, 1st day 2nd day 3rd day day
CG, AAK
10:15- Expectations, Engineering National Visit to Ministry Impact of
11:30 Experience Approaches for Building Code - of Earth Sciences earthquake and risk
Sharing & Seismic Risk 2016 and its with a lecture on reduction measures
Ground Rules Mitigation - CG implications in Seismic Micro- for heritage
- AAK & CG Earthquake Risk zonation studies structures
Mitigation - for earthquake - CB
Sanjay Pant / risk mitigation -
BIS CG & AAK
11:30 Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea Break Tea
Break
11:45- Basic -Do- -Do- -Do- Techno-legal

13:00 Concepts of issues for
Disaster Risk earthquake safety
Reduction of buildings
- AAK – Nirmita / GBU
13:00 Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break Lunch break
14:00- Earthquake Architectural RVS of buildings Presentation Training

15:15 risk & hazard requirements for – a tool to followed by evaluation
profile of Seismic Risk mitigate the discussion on the exercises
India with Mitigation earthquake risk field visit for
earthquake - Prabhjot - CG RVS Valedictory
phenomenon, Singh, SPA - CG & AAK Function
causes and
consequences
- AAK
15:15 Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break Tea break
15:30- Retrofitting GIS applications Field Visit for Retrofitting for
17:00 Techniques in urban conducting earthquake
for earthquake Planning Rapid Visual safety with a case
risk mitigation considerations Screening of study
- Vipul for earthquake (Local) - Nitin
Ahuja/ Risk Mitigation Buildings Verma/
Ahuja - Mohd. - CG & AAK ACI
Consultants Monis
Khan/
TCPO
17:00- Summary of Summary of 2nd Summary of 3rd Summary of 4th
17:15 1st day’s day’s program day’s program day’s program
program
3
CG – Prof. Chandan Ghosh, CB – Dr. Chandrani Bandyopadhyay Neogi, AAK - Dr. Amir Ali Khan
NIDM Faculty Involved with the Programme
Name Address
Shri B H Anil Kumar, IAS Executive Director, NIDM
Prof. C. Ghosh Faculty, NIDM
Dr. Chandrani Bandyopadhyay Neogi Faculty, NIDM
Dr. Amir Ali Khan Faculty, NIDM
External faculty involved with the Programme
Name Address
Mr. Prabhjot Singh Assistant Professor, Department of Architecture, School of
Planning and Architecture, New Delhi.
Mr. Mohd Monis Khan Town and Country Planner, TCPO, MOUD, New Delhi.
Mr. Arun Kumar Civil Engineering Department, Bureau of Indian Standard, New
Delhi
Mr. Vipul Ahuja Ahuja Consultants, New Delhi
Mr. Nitin Verma General Manager, ACI, Greater Noida
Ms. Nirmita Malhotra Head of Architecture Department, Gautam Buddha University,
Greater Noida.
10. List of Participants
State Sr. Name, Designation and address of Participants Contact Details

No
Bihar 1. Shri Barun Kant Mishra Tel: 0612-2350067
Sr. Advisor (Technical) Mb: 9431011010
Bihar State Disaster Management Authority, 2nd Email: bkm@bsdma.org
Floor Pant Bhawan, Bailey Road, Patnna- 800001
Himachal 2. Shri M. R. Negi Tel: 0177-2623745
Pradesh Executive Engineer Mb: 09418020450
Rural Development Department, Email:
Shimla (H.P) cr.mr.negi@gail.com
3. Shri Umesh Sharma Tel:017181-240087
Executive Engineer Mb: 08219671473
HPPWD (B&R) Rohru, umeshsharma334@gma
Dist Shimla, il.com
Himachal Pradesh
4. Shri Gopal Dev Sharma Tel: 01782-240075
Assistant Engineer, Mb: 09736680995
HPPWD o/o Executive Engineer ergpoaldev@gmail.com
Division Kumarsain
4
Himachal Pradesh
J&K 5. Shri Arvinder Kotwal Mb: 09419184608
Dy. S. P. J&K Police
SDRF-2nd Bn., Jammu
Meghalaya 6. Shri Toridabtin Kynta Tiewsoh Mb: 0700529851,
Assistant Urban Planner 09402506631
Urban Affairs Department, Meghalaya Email
toridatbine@gmail.com,
tintintiewsoh@gmail.co
m
7. Shri Dapbiang Lathong Mb: 9862810653
Assistant Engineer daplathong@gmail.com
Urban Affairs Department, Meghalaya
8. Shri Richard Anderson Wanniang Mb: 09774946256

Sub=Divisional Officer Email:
Health Engineering Wing Directorate of Health wanniangr@gmail.com
Services, Govt. of Meghalaya
Meghalaya
Orissa 9. Shri Bilash Kumar Behera Tel: 0671-2441063
Asstt. Executive Engineer Mb: 09437062211
Public Health Engineering Organisation Odisha, b70bilash @ gmail.com
PHEO, o/o P H Sub-Division Charbatia AT/PO-
Canal Road, Dist. Cuttak Odisha
10. Shri Nabakishore Samal Tel: 0671-2441063
Executive Engineer Mb: 09439263644,
Public Health Engineering Organisation (PHEO) nabasamal2013@gmail,
o/o PH Division –II Cuttack, AT/PO- Nayabazar, com
Distt- Cuttack- 753004
Rajasthan 11. Shri Deva Ram Vishnoi Mb: 9983688848
Executive Engineer vishnoidr@rediffmail.co
PWD, Jodhpur, Rajasthan m
12. Mrs. Shilpa Kachhwaha Tel: 0151-2220538
Assistant Engineer Mb: 09829073719
Public Works Department Bikaner Rajasthan shilpace87@gmail.com
13. Shri Dinesh Kumar Meena Mb: 08504923994
Assistant Engineer dineshmeenapwd2013@
PWD Rajasthan, Jaipur gmail.com
Sikkim 14. Shri Subash Cintury Mb: 09434153267
Executive Engineer scintury777@gmail.com
Rural Management & Development,
Govt of Sikkim, Gangtok
15. Shri Pravaker Basnett Tel: 03592-231054
Divisional Engineer Mb: 09434868873
Rural Management & Development Department, basnettpravaker@yahoo
Govt of Sikkim .com
16. Shri Sanjeev Rai Tel: 03592-205091

Additional Chief Engineer Mb: 09434109977
5
Buildings & Housing Department srgtk16@gmail.com
Govt of Sikkim
17. Shri Jang Bahadur Basnett Mb: 09832547706
Superintending Engineer Email:
Buildings & Housing Department jbbasnett@hotmail.com
Govt. of Sikkim
Zero Point, Gangtok
18. Shri Anil Chettri B: 09002852120
Urban Development and Housing Department, Email
Government of Sikkim vaiebhau1972@yahoo.c
Opposite STNM Hospital, Gangtok om
Uttrakhand 19. Shri Ravindra Singh Nitwal Tel: 05946-264331
Resident Engineer Mb: 7533925925,
Bridcul Office pmbridculhld@gmail.co
Rautela Colony Choti Mukhani, Haldwani, m
Nanital, Uttrakhand rav.nitwal@gmail.com
20. Shri Ankit Sangwan Mb: 09756511897,
Assistant Engineer 9453001677
Public Works Department Yamuna Colony ankitsangwan26@gmail
Dehradun, .com
Uttrakhand
21. Shri Anil Kumar Chandola Tel: 09410324325,
Assistant Engineer 09627515178
National Highway Division eranilkumarchandola@g
PWD Dehradun, Uttrakhand mail.com
22. Shri Sunny Paliwal Mb: 09528142217
Assistant Engineer sunny38632@gail.com
Public Works Department Yamuna Colony,
Dehradun Uttarakhand
23. Er. Shalu Chauhan Tel:08449694260
Assistant Engineer shaluchauhan3665@gm
PWD Yamuna Colony, ail.com
Dehradun Uttrakhand
24. Kumari Sakshi Rautela Mb: 09557628726
Assistant Engineer sakshirautela@gmail.co
Chief Office Public Work Department New m
Tehri, Uttrakhand
West 25. Md. Ebrarul Hoque Tel: 033-22628770
Bengal Assistant Commissioner of Police, Fax: 033-22625222
Disaster Management Group, Kolkata Police, 247 Mb: 09830315410
A.J.C. Bose Road, Kolkata-700027, West Bengal cbrarulhaque@gmail.co
m
26. Shri Atanu Santra Tel: 9883606708
Assistant Engineer WBPWD atanu.juce@gmail.com
North Bengal Planning and Design Division,
Public Works Department, West Bengal- 735101
27. Shri Tushar Mandal Res: 03561-225257
Executive Engineer, Mb: 09434319771
Public Works Department, Design Division, tmandaljal@gmail.com
6
Jalpaiguri-735101
Tripura 28. Er. Indrajit Bhaumik Tel: 0381-2329358
Assistant Engineer Mb: 9436133024,
o/O the Chief Engineer, RD Department, 8837458368
Gurkhabsti, Agartala, West Tripura indrajitbhaumik@gmail.
com
Photo Gallery
7
8
14-08-2018
Supported By:
Noted Distress During Earthquakes
Our Experiences
ADHAR CONSULTANCY & INFRASTRUCTURE (AC&I)

D – 194, Sector 10, NOIDA, U.P. 201301. www.aci-india.co.in 1. 2. 3.
About Us Structural Distress:

AC&I is a cutting edge technology company that work towards Buckling of Pillars
solution based repair and strengthening projects.
AC&I comprises of experienced professionals that execute niche

range engineering services through scientific assessment and
economical design.
Based on an accurate assessment a suitable rehabilitation

strengthening scheme is designed & executed.
Structural Distress:
Those who demand
Seismic Safety:
Those who Respond to Those who Respond
Structural Distress: to Structural Ageing:
Buckling of Pillars
• Embassy of Sweden • DMRC (Delhi Metro Cooperative Group
• Embassy of Switzerland Rail Corporation) Housing Societies in
• The World Bank • BMTPC
• World Health • IGNCA • Dwarka
Organization (WHO • MEACON India • Patparganj
SEARO) • Vasundhara
• Gulshan Homes Enclave
• Novotel Hotel Chain • Saya Buildwell • Gurgaon
• IMS University • Unity One • Noida
• Unison School • Omaxe • IP Extension
• Coca Cola • Parsavnath ltd
• Bharti Airtel • TDI
• • Nimbus IITL
•NIDM (National Institute • GYS Reality
for Disaster Management) • S P Singla
• Choudhary Group 1. 2.
1
14-08-2018
Reasons for Poor Performance of the RC Frame
Crushing Buildings
(i) Inadequate Design for Earthquake forces

(ii) Substandard Quality of Materials and poor
Construction techniques
(iii) Long Period Effect on concrete
(iv) Soft Storey used without necessary
strengthening design provisions
2. (v) Local soil conditions or improper foundation
1.
Spalling of Concrete
Reasons for Poor Performance of the
Reinforced Concrete Frame Buildings.
(i) Thorough Visual Inspection of the structure
(ii) Structural Condition Survey through NDT
(iii) Study of the Structural Drawings, If available
(iv) Soil Investigations & Geotechnical Studies
(v) Conducting Seismic Analysis (STAAD / E-Tab)
(vi) Designing the Rehabilitation Scheme
1. 2.
Structural Distress: Supported By:
Beam Shear off Damage
Our Experiences

1. 2.
2
14-08-2018
Concrete Jacketing Concrete Jacketing
1. 2. 3.
1. 2.
Concrete Jacketing
1. 2.
1. 2.
Concrete Jacketing
1. 2.
3
14-08-2018
Concrete Jacketing Rust Removal
Reduction of Span Steel Plating
Reduction of Span Concrete jacketing
2.
1.
4
14-08-2018
Concrete jacketing Carbon Fiber Laminates
1. 2.
Reduction of Span Carbon Fiber Laminates
1. 2.
Glass Fiberse wraps Repairs Through Shotcreting
1. 2.
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14-08-2018
Repairs Through Shotcreting
1. 2.
Supported By:
Our Experiences
1. 2. 1. 2.
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14-08-2018
1. 2.
Supported By:
Our Experiences
7
14-08-2018
2.
1.
2. 1.
2.
1.
2.
1.
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14-08-2018
9
20-Jul-18
VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL 26 December 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami

BUILDINGS & DISASTER SAFETY
Chandan Ghosh
http://disasterresilientindia.blogspot.in/
https://www.facebook.com/chandan.ghosh.9887117 We didn’t know really – it was Tsunami
https://twitter.com/cghosh24
It shows the time 9AM, 1.5 hrs after, it hit Indian coast
Email: cghosh24@gmail.com 2
What’s is to be cared for OP RAHAT: LARGEST EVER RELIEF OPS (Uttarakhand 2013)
existing buildings?
Who should be attended first!!!
Evaluations of conditions and retrofitting for the
possible ones
Experts agencies – not at all up to the mark
Cost implications – Not easily fathomable
Majority buildings are not retrofitable
Damage and loss assessment – not yet
standardised in the country
More than 90% of new buildings are done by non
Education vs. reality: wide gap..we must
specialists
device tools
Hardly to contain
any buildings them…have
in the country aredisaster
Engineered
saveinliving forWhy?
real sense!! all…do we?
3 AIR HQ/ACAS Ops (T&H)/OPS RAHAT/NIDM/19AUG13 4
4-6
What is missing? Earthquake prediction-early

warning
Town hall, Lahore –180KM SW of epicenter

Kangra Eq., M8.6, April 4, 1905, killed 19500
people..no documents/statistics archived!
1
20-Jul-18
4-7 4-9
By Frogs?
What has caused this train to

derail? The DISASTER Paradigm
EQ early warning system and auto-brake
applied on 23rd Oct 2004, Mid-Nigata D: Detection
EQ., Japan I: Incident Command
S: Safety & Security
A: Assess Hazards
S: Support
T: Triage & Treatment
E: Evacuation
Kyocera co. Japan has installed EQ. early warning system to R: Recovery
all its branches taking data from JMA
Hazards? Identification!
Rapid Visual Screening (RVS)
Frequency of occurrence – How often is it likely to
occur? of built up facilities
Magnitude and potential intensity – How bad could it
get?
Location – Where is it likely to strike?
Probable geographical extent – How large of an area
will be affected?
Duration – How long could it last?
Seasonal pattern – What time of year is it more likely
to occur?
Speed of onset – How fast will it occur?
Availability of warnings – Does a warning system exist
and how much warning time will there be?
2
20-Jul-18
Vulnerability of buildings –
What will be fate of this uncountable Visual Defects – that
during earthquake!!! can’t be cured…by any Medicine
(Retrofitting)
Construction
RVS is more of judgement based on
defects – at authentic records..than a simple
our doorsteps ‘book keeping” exercise
NOW it’s mansion

– defects are
under cover
Poor constructions – Shimla, What are the

ways to handle buildings showing such TILT?
3
20-Jul-18
20
Q1. Does the building have an open storey

• Site specific concerns and other comments
with just columns and no Unreinforced Masonry
• Maintenance concerns and other comments
Infill walls, either at the ground level or
• General environmental control – housekeeping and other
at any intermediate storey level
comments
• Fire & Electrical Hazard Prevention and Safety Concerns And
Other Related Comments
• General safety concerns and other comments
Name and designation of the field
inspector/Engineer:_______________Signature:________
Experience of Inspector/engineer:
Contact No.:
Name and Designation of the Evaluator:________________
Signature:___________
Email: Contact No.
________________
Portions where brick walls can

be provided to prevent soft
storey collapse
4
20-Jul-18
Ludlo castle School –Delhi

Q17. Did the building suffer
2007
any significant damage in
the past due to earthquake
or other hazards?
25 26
Crushed cars
Soft storey collapse
X-bracing takes care of shear

forces due to earthquakes
Soft storey at the ground
New constructions – as per Lachi dam – HP, water

sanctioned plan based ON released on Jun 9, 2014
without any warning
Master plans
Building bye-laws
Development control rules
National building Codes-2016
Earthquake Codes
Techno-legal/commercial guidelines
NIDM/NDMA/BMTPC/TCPO..guidelines
5
20-Jul-18
Haity EQ. 2010 – before and after The DISASTER Paradigm

[importance of open space]
D: Detection
I: Incident Command
S: Safety & Security
A: Assess Hazards
S: Support
T: Triage & Treatment
E: Evacuation
R: Recovery
Hazards? Identification!
Frequency of occurrence – How often is it likely to
occur?
Magnitude and potential intensity – How bad could it
get?
Location – Where is it likely to strike?
Probable geographical extent – How large of an area
will be affected?
Duration – How long could it last?
Seasonal pattern – What time of year is it more likely
to occur?
Speed of onset – How fast will it occur?
Availability of warnings – Does a warning system exist
and how much warning time will there be?
“Road map”
What is important? Where do you think we are lacking?
Knowledge & wisdom?
When an earthquake strikes, it is extremely Resources, data, materials?
important to take appropriate action
without panicking. This is the only sure way
Technological knowhow?
to minimize the damage. Skills & man power?
Unforeseen events?
Making preparations to face an actual …….right
earthquake on a daily basis can help to limit
the effect of the disaster.
attitude…..commitment…will
power?????? …
New act, Law, …
New constitutional amendment???
6
20-Jul-18
How to store surplus water? On

How to live with Flood? River Bed!!
Weep holes – inclination!

How to live with Landslides
in Hills?
7
20-Jul-18
What went wrong, when there were no How to live with stilt Floor
technology?
Rao Lakha Chatri, Bhuj
building?
Before 26 Jan 2001
X-bracing takes care of shear

After 26 Jan 2001 forces due to earthquakes
Soft storey at the ground
43
Crushed cars Portions where brick walls can be

provided to prevent soft storey
collapse
RVS of built infrastructure –

conclusions
ONLINE format for data
collection and vulnerability RVS – to be taken extensively across the
assessment….for 10000 country,, >>master trainers to be developed
Detail vulnerability mapping to be taken with
buildings in East Delhi utmost priority >> Building typology manual
(2011) LiDAR mapping must for facility
mapping and Infra…
Retrofitting of selected building >>
demonstrations and documentation …
Strict regulations cum technical intervention for
new buildings
48
8
20-Jul-18
Thank you
we must leave behind an EMI
free thriving World for the our
next Generation 49
9
• BY
• VIPUL AHUJA,
• DIRECTOR/CEO AHUJA CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.
K-100, First floor, Kalkaji,

New Delhi – 110019
www.ahujaconsultants.com 1
Email: acpl222@yahoo.co.in
Outline of Seminar
• Conventional Methods of Retrofitting

• New & Better Methods of Retrofitting (Vibration Control)
Conventional Methods of Retrofitting
(WITHOUT RESILIENCE ADDRESSAL)
3
BLOCK C NORTH FACADE
SOUTH SIDE FAÇADE
NORTH FACADE
STEP A
1) Site survey along with rehab observation—collect all information

about structure.
2) Create analysis model using existing information (existing
drawings, test results etc.)
3) Run bare frame LRSA (1) analysis
X
Y
Z Load 1
Bare Frame Model

MODAL ANALYSIS
STEP B
1) Check location & size of brick infill wall panels.

2) Run braced frame LRSA (2).
3) Verify run for allowable drift & stresses in existing structural elements—beams,
columns, brick wall (struts), existing shear walls, foundations etc.
X
Y
Z Load 1
BRACED FRAME
STEP C
1) If failure then retrofit or try to salvage more hidden strength with

PUSHOVER ANALYSIS (3).
HINGES FORMED AT LAST STEP – BARE FRAME
STEP D
1) If pushover does not yield acceptable results run retrofit scheme

(s) LRSA (4).
RETROFIT SCHEME
Y
X
Z Load 1
RETROFIT SCHEME
STEP E
1) If foundation pressures are excessive—first try stage construction

LRSA (5).
2) If foundation pressures are still high try retrofit for foundation.
3) Run retrofit scheme(s) LRSA (6..) with revised foundations.
4) Verify adequacy of all structural elements & foundation pressures.
FINAL RETROFIT SCHEME WITH ENHANCED FOUNDATION
---
---
---
S01
S01
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AHUJA CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

TYP DETAIL OF FOUNDATION OF NEW SHEAR WALL
TYP DETAIL OF FOUNDATION FOR COUPLING BEAM
TYP DETAIL OF REINFORCEMENT BARS CONNECTING SLAB AND
SHEAR WALL
TYP.COLLECTOR BEAM TO SLAB / BEAM CONNECTION DETAIL
TYP DETAIL OF BOUNDARY ELEMENT OF NEW SHEAR WALL
TYP SHEAR WALL REINFORCEMENT AROUND OPENING.
TYP SHEAR WALL RENIF AROUND OPENING. (DET 4)
TYP.SECTION AT ROOF
DIVISIONAL COMMISSIONER--
BLOCK D
BLOCK D—NORTH SIDE
REAR (SOUTH) SIDE
WEST SIDE ENTRANCE
TYPICAL 1st to 3rd LEVEL RETROFITTING PLAN
3 D MODEL (BARE FRAME)
ISOMETRIC VIEW
SHEAR STRESS IN SHEAR WALLS FOR EARTHQUAKE IN LONG DIR – 2.4
MPA (unfactored)
TYP DETAIL OF SHEAR WALL AT EXISITING FOUNDATION
--- ---
---
---
AHUJA CONSULTANTS PVT. LTD.

TYP.DETAIL AT BASEMENT DOOR
TYP.DETAIL AT BASEMENT DOOR LINTEL
TYP.DETAIL 1
TYP.DETAIL BELOW BASEMENT DOOR
Hospital Building 3 Stories—With 3 More To Be Added
Overview of RML Hospital
Corrosion affected columns
Steel Jacketing RCC Column With Non-Shrink Grout
SADHNA SHOPPING CENTRE
Addition of Storey In Steel With Minimum Added Load
ATTACHMENT DETAIL
Current BIS Standards for Retrofitting—
Prescriptive Standards
Retrofit by Vibration Control
56
What Is Building Vibration Control (VC)?
• Reduction of desired building structural response to

earthquake or wind forces on the structure by any
external or internal means is called vibration control.
57
Why is Vibration Control Important
• Post Disaster Health Care

• Post Disaster Shelter
• Post Disaster Other Essential Services (Fire, Police, Govt etc)
• Post Disaster Protection of Individual’s Assets
• Post Disaster Business Continuity
Ductile Detailing--Strut Mechanisms
59
Energy Dissipation in Well & Poorly Confined Concrete vs VC
60
India’s 1st Commercial Venture in Base
Isolation (FP)—Ahuja Consultants Pvt
Ltd.—Structural Consultants
61
Bhuj Hospital—India’s 1st BI
62
Retrofitting with Base Isolation
Rankine Brown.wmv
63
Base Isolation Retrofit
64
Friction Pendulum Application
65
Large size bearings
66
Double Pendulum
67
Triple Pendulum
68
Base Isolation Movie (2)
Slider & Uplift Prevention Device
70
Slider Movie (20 Sec)
Slider Movie (20 Sec)
Typical Damper Applications
72
Dampers
73
74
Oil Dampers
75
Dampers
Used in
India
76
Application of Oil Dampers to
Retrofit of High-rise Building
77
Oil Damper on Site
78
Priority of Seismic Retrofit Over
Aesthetics –Japan
79
Buckling Restrained Braces (BRB)
Dampers
80
81
BRB Components
82
BRB as Dampers
83
Energy Dissipation in BRB’s
84
Comparison of performance –BRB vs
Conventional Brace
85
86
Application of BRB
87
TUNED MASS DAMPERS
88
Tuned Mass Dampers
89
90
91
Passive Vibration Control System: The Biggest
TMD (Tuned Mass Damper) in Japan
Shinjuku Mitsui Building, Japan
92
www.mitsuifudosan.co.jp/corporate/news/2015/0514/st
M.Seki, Lecture for Indian Delegation, 7 March, 2018, JSSI, Japan
Passive Vibration Control System: TMD
(Tuned Mass Damper)
TMD Damper
TMD Damper
Cover
Cable
Oil damper
Wight
(3000KN)
Oil Damper Oil Damper
93
Passive Vibration Control System: TMD
(Tuned Mass Damper)
Detail of TMD
Cable
Weight
Damper
94
Taipei 101
Tuned Mass Damper (semi active ?)—
Weight =660 Tons,
Participating Seismic Weight=52,000Tons
or approx. 1.25 % of mass
95
RESILIENCE
96
Definition of Earthquake Resilience
• Ability of organization to recover quickly

after Earthquake
97
Resilience
98
Christchurch before 2011 Earthquake
Slides Courtesy Prof. Akira Wada, JSSI
99
Christchurch after 2011 Earthquake
100
2010-2011 Earthquake—CHRISTCHURCH Courtesy of Prof. Gregory MacRae
Red Squares (Demolished), White Square (Partial Demolish), White Circle
(retrofit).
http://www.stuff.co.nz/the-press/news/christchurch-earthquake-2011/5282824/Quake-damaged-buildings- 101
map
Red squares indicate buildings to be demolished, while white squares are for partial
demolition and white circles indicate buildings to be made safe.
Post Disaster Resilience
• If quantified conventional design will NOT be acceptable

• Example of Christchurch EQ where most buildings
cracked but survived, but most were eventually
dismantled
• Vibration Control can offer less than 2% reconstruction
cost & less than 72 hour down time even after a major
earthquake.
Summary of Retrofit Techniques
• Try to prove as per advanced techniques retrofit NOT required

• Low Resilience
• Conventional retrofit (strengthening)
• High Resilience
• Base Isolation
• Dampers
• Tuned Mass Dampers
• Pick least expensive within the Resilience level required
MOU Between IASE & JSSI (President Prof.
Akira Wada)on March 5, 2018 at Tokyo
104
105
Thank You for Your Attention
106
NEED FOR BUILDING REGULATION AND
CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION 2
1
Subjects relating to land and buildings fall under the State List
NATIONAL BUILDING CODE (Seventh Schedule )
OF INDIA 2016:
35. Works, lands and buildings vested in or in the possession of
OVERVIEW & the State.
IMPLICATIONS IN
EARTHQUAKE RISK MITIGATION 49. Taxes on lands and buildings.
Schedule (referred to under Article 243W) added by the

Constitution (74th Amendment) Act, 1992 (w.e.f 01.06.1993),
1. Urban planning including town planning.
2. Regulation of land-use and construction of buildings.
3. Planning for economic and social development.
S. Arun Kumar 4. Roads and bridges.
Scientist ‘D’ (Civil Engg) 5. Water supply for domestic, industrial and commercial
Bureau of Indian Standards
purposes.
6. Public health, sanitation conservancy and solid waste
management.
7. Fire services.
NEED FOR BUILDING REGULATION AND 4

CONSTITUTIONAL POSITION ENTITIES UNDER THE LAND REGIONS/REVENUE,
3
RURAL AND URBAN LOCAL GOVERNMENTS
8. Urban forestry, protection of the environment and promotion
of ecological aspects.
9. Safeguarding the interests of weaker sections of society,
including the handicapped and mentally retarded.
10. Slum improvement and upgradation.
11. Urban poverty alleviation.
12. Provision of urban amenities and facilities such as parks,
gardens, playgrounds.
13. Promotion of cultural, educational and aesthetic aspects.
14. Burials and burial grounds; cremations, cremation grounds;
and electric crematoriums.
15. Cattle ponds; prevention of cruelty to animals.
16. Vital statistics including registration of births and deaths.
17. Public amenities including street lighting, parking lots, bus
stops and public conveniences.
18. Regulation of slaughter houses and tanneries. Source: http://lgdirectory.gov.in/
AUTHORITIES HAVING JURISDICTION

1) Municipal Corporation
5
INSTRUMENTS FOR BUILDING 6
2) Municipality REGULATION
3) Notified Area Committee
4) Town Area Committee Town and Country Planning Act/
5) Cantonment Board Development Act
6) Township
7) Port Trust
Master Plan, Zonal Plans and Layout Plans
8) Special Purpose Agency like: Municipality/Municipal Corporation Act
Town improvement trusts.
Urban development authorities.
Building Bye-Laws
Water supply and sewerage boards.
Housing boards.
Pollution control boards.
Electricity supply boards.
City transport boards.
1
AUTHORITIES FOR ADDITIONAL 7
CLEARANCES THAT MAY BE REQUIRED 8
AUTHORITIES ADDITIONAL CLEARANCES

Fire Authorities High rise and special (fire
vulnerable) buildings
Chief Inspectorate of Factories Industrial buildings
Pollution Control Board As per espective state norms

Chief Controller of Explosives, Hazardous buildings
Nagpur
Urban Art Commission As per relevant Acts
Archaeological Survey of India Plot falling within 300 m distance
from any protected monument
Railway/Metro-rail Authority Plot is falling within railway
corridor
Airports Authority of India Plot is falling in proximity of
airport; etc
HISTORICAL 9 Salient Features of NBC 2016 10

Year History • Dealt by National Building Code Sectional Committee,
1965 Panel of Experts appointed by Planning Commission to study the whole CED 46 of BIS
gamut of operations involved in construction such as:
Administrative, Organizational, Financial, Technical • Revision of the Code initiated in 2014
1968 ‘Report on Economies in Construction Costs’ recommended:
• One of the important steps towards achieving economy is through • 22 Expert Panels involved in which around 1000 experts
formulation of Unified Building Code at national level. contributed
• For this NBC to be brought out unifying building regulations throughout
the country
• Job entrusted to the then ISI (now BIS)
• Around 50 Meetings of the Experts Panels were organized
1970 NBC (first version) • Involves stakeholder engagement and wide consultation
1983 NBC (first revision) process
1987 Amendment No. 1 & 2 to NBC 1983
1997 Amendment No. 3 to NBC 1983
• Revised Code is a culmination of the untiring efforts of above
2005 NBC (second revision)
Experts and BIS
2015 Amendment No. 1 & 2 to NBC 2005 • A voluminous document published in two volumes
2016 NBC (third revision)
Salient Features of NBC 2016 Salient Features of NBC 2016

• Substantial improvements incorporated, particularly for 12
• Expected to be extensively used by,
Ensuring structurally safe and disaster resistant
buildings the local bodies for framing and revamping the existing
local building byelaws
Accessibility of buildings and built environment for the Govt. and private construction agencies in their
persons with disabilities and the elderly construction activities
Fire safety of modern complex and high-rise buildings the building professionals like architects, engineers,
structural engineers, town planners, building services
Use of new/innovative building materials and technologies
engineers and consultants in the design of building and
Ensuring speedier construction through prefab built environment
technology building material suppliers and technology providers
Installation of modern plumbing and building services research institutions for their research purposes
faculty and students of academic institutions for
Ensuring IT enabled buildings imparting technical education to architectural and
Sustainability and conducive outdoor built environment engineering students by using the Code as part of their
curriculum
Management of constructed building assets and facilities
2
CONTENTS OF NBC 2016
4 Pillars of Safety 13 14
Part No. Title
Part 0 Integrated Approach – Prerequisite for Applying Provisions of the code
Part 1 Definitions
Structural Safety Part 2 Administration
Part 3 Development Control Rules and General Building Requirements
Health Safety Part 4 Fire and Life Safety
Fire Safety Part 5 Building Materials

Part 6 Structural Design
Public Safety Part 7 Constructional Management, Practices and Safety
Part 8 Building Services
Part 9 Plumbing Services (including Solid Waste Management)
Part 10 Landscape Development, Signs and Outdoor Display Structures
Part 11 Approach to Sustainability
Part 12 Asset and Facility Management
TEAM APPROACH 15
MULTI DISCIPLINARY TEAM OF BUILDING
PROFESSIONALS
Sl. No Major Stages Corresponding Team Purpose Each team to be multi-disciplinary team of need based professionals, 16
depending upon type, size, magnitude, complexity in the project; such as:
Location/siting
Conceptualization & Proper integration of Architect Environment/Sustainability
1. planning Design team various design inputs Specialist
Civil Engineer
Designing and Town Planner
Structural Engineer
detailing Urban Designer
Geotechnical Engineer
Accomplishment in Landscape Architect
accordance with Electrical Engineer
Project Management & Security System Specialist
Construction/ Construction designs and Plumbing Engineer
2.
execution Management Teams specifications in a Fire Protection Engineer Interior Designer
stipulated time and cost
HVAC Engineer Quantity Surveyor
framework.
Operation, maintenance Lift, Escalator & Moving Walk Project/Construction Manager
Operation & Specialist
and repairs to be Accessibility & Universal
Maintenance Team or Acoustics Specialist
executed with least Design specialist
3. Maintenance and Asset Management
inconvenience and Information/Communication Asset/Facility Manager
repair Team or
without any mismatch/ Technology Engineer
Estate Management Other subject specialists
damage to structure, Health, Safety & Environment
Team
finishings, fittings, etc. Specialist
Major Modifications in Major Modifications in Part 1 - Definitions

Part 0 - Integrated Approach 17 18
Updated provisions for association of need based professionals

and agencies to ensure proper discharge of responsibilities for Various new terms added in various Chapters during this
accomplishment of building project. revision of the Code are reflected in this Part.
Inclusion of professionals such as geotechnical engineers, ICT Many of the existing definitions have been modified
engineer, sustainability specialist, accessibility specialist, and
other subject specialist(s).
based on internationally accepted definitions.
Further reinforcement of the various considerations to be

taken care of by the design teams, project/construction
management team, and operation and maintenance team,
considering the present day requirements and expectations
from buildings and built environment.
3
STRUCTURED APPROACH FOR ENSURING STRUCTURED APPROACH FOR ENSURING
COMPLIANCE TO PROVISIONS OF 19 COMPLIANCE TO PROVISIONS OF 20
NBC 2016 IN THE CODE NBC 2016 IN THE CODE….
Stages in Building Permit Process 3. Sanction by the Authority including approvals from
statutory authorities
1. Submission of application by owner along with - Two stage approval for vulnerable buildings
- Building plan 4. Construction activity
- Service plan
- Specifications 5. Step-wise inspection by local authority
- Structural design sufficiency certificate by engineer/ 6. Completion of construction activity
structural engineer and owner 7. Notice of completion by owner along with
- Certificate of engagement of builder/constructor(s)
- Certificate of supervision by architect/engineer
- Certification for execution of work as per structural
safety requirements by engineer/ structural engineer
2. Verification of building plans and specifications by the 8. Inspection by Authority
Authority with respect to building byelaws 9. Issue of Occupancy Permit by Authority.
PART 2 21 22
ADMINISTRATION
It covers the administrative aspects of the
Code, such as applicability of the Code,
organization of building department for
enforcement of the Code, procedure for
obtaining development and building
permits, and responsibility of the owner
and all professionals involved in the
planning, design and construction of the
building.
PART 2 Major Modifications in Part 2 Administration

ADMINISTRATION Contd… 23 24
Organization of Building Department for enforcement of the Code
Ease of doing business through detailed and updated provision
Qualifications & competence of registered professionals (Annex A) for streamlining the approval process in respect of different
Responsibilities of owner and professionals involved agencies in the form of an integrated approval process
Twelve Standard Forms through single window approach, thereby avoiding separate
Form for first application to develop, erect, re-erect or to make clearances from various authorities.
alteration in any place in a building
Form for certificate for structural design sufficiency
Updated provision on computerization of approval process.
Form for engagement of builder/constructor
Form for supervision
Form for sanction or refusal of development/building permit Reinforcement of the provisions on the mechanism of
Form for notice for commencement ensuring certification of structural safety of buildings by the
Form for certificate for sub-surface investigation competent professional and peer review of design of
Form for certificate for completed structural design work as per buildings.
structural safety requirements
Form for certificate for supervision of execution of work

Fixation of responsibility for geotechnical engineer and
Form for certificate for completed work by builder/constructor
contractor, where involved in a building construction project.
Form for completion certificate
Form for occupancy permit
4
PART 3 25 26
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
This Part deals with the development

control rules and general building
requirements to ensure health and
safety of the public.
PART 3
27 DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND 28
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS
- Land use classification and uses permitted
- Cluster planning approach and provisions for housing
- Inclusion of detailed town planning norms for various amenities
such as:
Educational facilities
Health care facilities
Socio-cultural facilities
Distribution services
Police, Civil Defence & Home Guards
Fire services
Telephone, telegraph, postal and banking facilities
Sports activity
Shopping
Religious
Electrical substation
Transport
Cremation/Burial Ground, etc
PART 3 Major Modifications in

Part 3 Development Control Rules and General
DEVELOPMENT CONTROL RULES AND 29
Building Requirements
30
GENERAL BUILDING REQUIREMENTS (contd…) Modification of land use classification.
- Parking norms for metro & mega cities

Modification of planning norms for various amenities provided in a
- Special requirements for low income housing in city/town and also inclusion of provisions for new amenities.
urban areas
Barrier free built environment: Comprehensive updated provisions for
- Special requirements for rural habitat planning accessibility in buildings and built environment for persons with
disabilities and the elderly by adopting universal design principles.
- Special requirements for development planning in
hilly areas Provisions on new planning and development norms, such as,
- Provision for buildings & facilities for persons with Transferable Development Rights (TDR) and Accommodation
reservation (AR).
disabilities and the elderly
Foreword of this part also refers to Transit Oriented Development
(TOD).
5
Major Modifications in
Part 3 Development Control Rules and General PART 4
31 32
Building Requirements
FIRE AND LIFE SAFETY
Updated requirements for fire tender movement keeping in view availability
of more equipped fire tenders of higher capacity.
Provisions for underground or multi-storeyed parking as also mechanized

Approach towards Fire and Life safety
parking of vehicles.
Updated provisions on basements keeping in view the latest FIRE PREVENTION

developments.
LIFE SAFETY
New provisions for solar energy utilization.
FIRE PROTECTION
Updation of special requirements for low income housing and for
development planning in hilly areas.
Incorporation of requirements for upcoming buildings on podium for

ensuring fire and life safety in such buildings.
33 CONTENTS 34
SCOPE OF PART 4
This Code (Part 4) covers the requirements for fire prevention, life safety in relation to fire
and fire protection of buildings. This Code (Part 4) specifies occupancy-wise
classification, constructional aspects, egress requirements and protection features that
are necessary to minimise danger to life and property from fire.
The provisions of this Part are applicable to, all high rise buildings; and special buildings,
those are,
• hotel, educational, institutional, business, mercantile, industrial, storage,

hazardous and mixed occupancies, where any of these buildings have floor
area more than 500 m 2 on any one or more floors;
• educational buildings having height 9 m and above;
• institutional buildings having height 9 m and above;
• all assembly buildings;
• buildings, having area more than 300 m 2 of incidental assembly occupancy
on any floor; and
• buildings with two basements or more, or with one basement of area more
than 500 m 2.
unless otherwise mentioned specifically in the provisions.
NOTE — The owner of the building and parties to agreement, may however, decide to
apply the provisions of this Part to buildings other than those given above.
35 BUILDING OCCUPANCY CLASSIFICATION Clause 3.1

65 Terminologies 28 Tables 16 Figures 11 Annexes
Part 4 to be read along with the provisions in: Lodging or rooming houses (A-1)
One or two family dwelling (A-2)
Group A Residential Dormitories (A-3)
Read with Title of the Part Reference Apartment houses (flats) (A-4)
Part made in Hotels (A-5) & Starred hotels (A-6)
Clause Schools up to senior secondary level (B-1)
Group B Educational Others/training institutions (B-2)
Part 2 Administration 3.1.4, 3.2.7
Hospitals and Sanatoria (C-1)
Part 3 Development Control Rules and General Building 3.4.4 Group C Institutional Custodial institutions (C-2)
Penal & mental institutions (C-3)
Requirements
Part 6/ Sec 8 Structural Design: Glass and Glazing 3.4.10 D-1 to D-6 (Theatrical performances, auditoria, motion picture houses, concert halls,
Group D Assembly stadia, amusement park, external swimming pool)
D-7 Underground and elevated MRTS
Part 8/ Sec 1 Building Services: Lighting and Natural Ventilation 3.4.8
E-1 to E-5 (offices, banks, labs, computer, telephone exchanges, broadcasting
Group E Business stations)
Part 8/ Sec 2 Building Services: Electrical and Allied Installations 3.4.6
F-1 to F-3 (shops, departmental stores, markets & underground shopping
Group F Mercantile centres)
Part 8/ Sec 3 Building Services: Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical 3.4.8
Ventilation Low hazard (G-1)
Group G Industrial Moderate hazard (G-2)
Part 9/ Sec 4 Plumbing Services: Gas Supply 4.8 High hazard (G-3)
Group H Storage
Part 12 Asset and Facility Management 4.9, 5.3
Group J Hazardous
6
MIXED OCCUPANCY
FIRE PREVENTION
38
Building classification
Fire Protection – most restrictive of the individual occupancies
applies to entire building Fire zones – Zone no. 1, 2 & 3 (used in Land Use Development Plan)
Types of construction – Type 1, 2, 3 & 4
Life Safety – as per respective occupancy (based on fire resistance rating
of building elements)
Exits – Size of egress should not decrease in the direction of travel
Fire Zones Occupancy Group Type of
Occupancies to be separated by 240 min fire resistance rating Construction
No. 1 A, B, C, D, E-1 (small offices), F 1, 2, 3, or 4
CHANGE IN OCCUPANCY
(including temporary buildings & structures)
No. 2 E-2 to E-5, G-1, G-2 1, 2 or 3
Building to be designed to comply with requirements of the new group/
sub-division (including temporary buildings & structures)
No. 3 G-3, H, J 1 or 2
If new occupancy type is less hazardous – it need not conform to
requirements of the new Group/ sub-division Surface interior finishes - Classes 1, 2, 3 & 4
(Very Low, Low, Medium and
Certificate of occupancy before making change as per Part 2 (Annex P)
Rapid surface flame spread)
Alteration permit False ceiling, suspension fixtures - non-combustible material
LIFE SAFETY 39 General Requirements for All Individual Occupancies 40

Requirements specified for: Reference at
Exit requirements Clause 4.2
Buildings under construction
Occupant load Table 3 Maximum height, FAR, open spaces (Part 3)
Egress components Clause 4.4 Openings in fire resistant walls, floors (Clause 3.4.5)
Exit capacities and arrangement Table 4 Service ducts and shafts
No. of exits
Refuse chutes
Max. travel distance Table 5
Vertical opening
Doorways, corridors & passageways
Staircases – pressurization Table 6
Electrical installation (Clause 3.4.6)
Ramps Escape lighting, exit signage (Clause 3.4.7)
Compartmentation Clause 4.5 Air conditioning, ventilation, smoke control (Clause 3.4.8)
Smoke control Clause 4.6 Heating (Clause 3.4.9)
Illumination/escape lighting
Glazing (Clause 3.4.5)
Fire detection & alarm system Clause 4.9
Fire Command Centre (Clause 3.4.12)
Fire fighting shaft Fig. 2
FIRE PROTECTION
Fire Fighting Installation 41 Refuge Area 42
Fire extinguisher
First aid hose reel For High Rise Buildings:
Wet riser @ 24m, @ 39m, @ 54m, in multiples of 15 m
Down comers
Yard hydrant Apartments of height 60 m and beyond only need refuge area
Automatic sprinkler system Min. size 15 m2 in area
Manually operated electric fire alarm system
0.3 m2/ person
Automatic detection and alarm system
Underground static water storage tank For 200 occupants, 1 wheel chair area of 0.9 m2
Terrace tank over respective tower terrace To be ventilated, first aid box, P.A. Speaker, fire men talk back,
Pump near underground tank
Pump at terrace tank level emergency lighting, DRINKING WATER, storm water drain,
Dry riser (for hilly areas or industrial areas) To have sprinklers in the entire refuge area
Fire protection requirements for high rise buildings To be accessible (level floor not raised)
Fire drill & evacuation procedures To connect to fire fighting shaft (fireman lift, lobby, staircase)
7
Major Modifications in Major Modifications in
43
Part 4 Fire and Life Safety Part 4 Fire and Life Safety 44
The scope of application of provisions of this Part for different LIFE SAFETY
occupancies has been clarified.
Components of means of egress - exit access, exit and
FIRE PREVENTION
exit discharge
Table 1 on fire resistance ratings of structural and non-
Table on capacity factors - modified based on the
structural elements has been updated.
aspect of width per person approach used globally
Detailed provisions on fire separating walls, fire separating
floors and fire partitions Requirement for displaying the occupancy load for
assembly buildings and call centres.
Separate comprehensive clause on electrical power supply
distribution for fire and life safety systems Well integrated provisions on firefighting shaft to access
Detailed provisions on air conditioning systems towards safety the floor on fire and also allows egress/evacuation of
and smoke control integration the occupants with simultaneous use of refuge area.
Glass façade requirements have been detailed towards fire Updated provisions on compartmentation with fire
protection and smoke exhaust aspects barrier and its passive fire safety requirements for
Comprehensive clause on Fire Command Centre (FCC) respective occupancies.
Part 4 Fire and Life Safety 45
FIRE PROTECTION References made to Part 4 in other chapters of NBC 2016

Erstwhile Table 23 on minimum requirements for fire fighting
installations (now Table 7) comprehensively updated. Part Clause Item/component
6 / 5A 20 Fire Resistance
Detailed provisions have been included on fire water
Concrete Fig. 1 Minimum Dimensions of Reinforced Concrete Members for Fire
storage, fire pump room, sprinkler system and various
Resistance
alternative fire suppression systems. Table 16A Nominal Cover to Meet Specified Period of Fire Resistance
Detailed provisions on the concept of progressive 6/6 22 Fire Resistance
evacuation in case of hospital buildings. Steel Fig. 25 Three Sided Fire Exposure Condition Requirements
Provisions on refuge area have been updated including for Fig. 26 Web Penetration
D-6 occupancy and introduced for apartment buildings of 8/2 2.1.3 to Cables types including FR, FR-LSH, Metal Sheathed, Circuit
height 60 m and above. Electrical 2.1.19 Integrity
4.4 Location of MV/LV Switch Room Other than in Substation
Provisions specific to atrium, commercial kitchen and car
8.1.3.4 Smoke Management System in Underground Metro Station
parking facilities.
Provisions specific to Metro Stations and Metro Trainways
References made to Part 4 in other chapters of NBC 2016

Part Clause Item/component
48
8/3 7.2.8.2 Ductwork Design
HVAC 8.1.1 Healthcare Facility
11.5 Underground Car Park Ventilation System ( incl air changes per
hour )
12.5 Smoke control system in HVAC
8 / 5A 7 * Fireman’s Lift (atleast 1 per building & 1 in a bank of lifts)

(Comprehensive
Lifts )
* Fire Protection Requirement for Lifts including operation
requirements (Phase 1 & 2)
8 / 5B 7 Fire Protection
Escalators
8/6 3 Telecommunication Spaces(conduits, trays, slots, sleeves, ducts)
9/1 4.1.4 Water Supply for Fire Fighting Purposes

4.4, Storage of water for fire fighting
Fig. 5 & 6
9/4 8.7 Pipe entrance to buildings
10 / 1 9 Service/Utilities in Landscape development
8
49 50
51 52
53 54
9
55 56
57 58
59 60
10
61 62
63
CATEGORIES OF MATERIALS 64
ALUMINIUM AND OTHER LIGHT GYPSUM BUILDING MATERIALS
METALS AND THEIR ALLOYS LIGNOCELLULOSIC BUILDING
BITUMEN AND TAR PRODUCTS MATERIALS (including timber, bamboo
and Products thereof)
BUILDER’S HARDWARES PAINTS AND ALLIED PRODUCTS
BUILDING CHEMICALS POLYMERS, PLASTIC AND
BUILDING LIMES GEOSYNTHETICS/ GEOTEXTILES
CEMENT AND CONCRETE SANITARY APPLIANCES AND WATER
(including concrete reinforcement) FITTINGS
STEEL
CEMEMT MATRIX PRODUCTS
STONES
CLAY PRODUCTS FOR BUILDING
STRUCTURAL SECTIONS
CONDUCTORS AND CABLES THERMAL INSULATION MATERIALS
DOORS AND WINDOWS THREADED FASTENERS AND RIVETS
ELECTRICAL WIRING FITTINGS UNIT WEIGHTS OF BUILDING
AND ACCESSORIES MATERIALS
FILLERS, STOPPERS AND WATERPROOFING AND DAMP-
PUTTIES PROOFING MATERIALS
FLOOR COVERING, ROOFING AND WELDING ELECTRODES AND WIRES
OTHER FINISHES WIRE ROPES AND WIRE PRODUCTS
GLASS
NEW / ALTERNATIVE BUILDING 65

Major Modifications in 66
MATERIALS Part 5 Building Materials
Suitability for End Application Updated provisions for ensuring utilization of number
Strength Properties of new/alternative building materials to provide for
Durability innovation in the field of building construction.
Fire Resistivity
Examples of some potential new/alternative
Thermal Properties
materials.
Acoustical Properties
Ease of Working/Handling New clause giving broad aspects relating to
Energy Conservation/Environment Sustainability sustainable materials.
Categories reclassified for ease of reference.
11
CEMENT
67
IS No. Title
IS 269:2015 Specification for ordinary Portland cement (sixth revision)
AGGREGATES 68
IS 455:2015 Specification for Portland slag cement (fifth revision)
IS 1489 (Part 1):2015 Specificity on for Portland pozzolana cement: a) Aggregates for concrete (IS 383:2016)
Part 1 Flyash based (fourth revision)
IS 1489 (Part 2):2015 Specification for Portland-pozzolana cement: b) Artificial lightweight aggregates for masonry units
Part 2 Calcined clay based (fourth revision) (IS 9142:1979)
IS 3466:1988 Specification for masonry cement (second re vision)
IS 6452:1989 Specification for high alumina cement for structural use (first IS 9142 is being revised as:
revision)
Specification for Artificial lightweight aggregates for
IS 6909:1990 Specification for super sulphated cement (first revision)
concrete
IS 8041:1990 Specification for rapid hardening Portland cement
(second revision) Part 1 : Foamed blast furnace slag, bloated clay
IS 8042:2015 Specification for white Portland cement (third revision) aggregate, and cinder aggregate for concrete masonry
IS 8043:1991 Specification for hydrophobic Portland cement (second
blocks and for applications other than for structural
revision) concrete
IS 8229:1986 Specification for oil-well cement (first revision) Part 2: Sintered fly ash coarse Aggregates
IS 12330:1988 Specification for sulphate resisting Portland
IS 12600:1989 Specification for low heat Portland cement
IS 16415:2015 Specification for composite cement
Provisions on Use of Aggregates from

other than Natural Sources in IS 383:2016
Aggregate type Slag / Waste included Maximum utilization
Concrete 70
in
Plain Concrete Reinforced Lean Concrete (less
Concrete than M15 grade)
1) Coarse Aggregate
i) Iron slag coarse aggregate 50% 25% 100%
a) Plain & Reinforced Concrete (IS 456)
ii) Steel slag coarse 25% Nil 100%
aggregate
iii) Recycled concrete coarse 25% 20% (only upto 100%
b) Concrete Mix Proportioning (IS 10262:2009)
aggregate (See Note 1) M25 grade)
iv) Recycled
aggregate
coarse nil Nil 100% (under publication)
2) Fine Aggregate
i) Iron slag fine aggregate 50% 25% 100% a) Prestressed concrete (IS 1343: 2012)
ii) Steel slag fine aggregate 25% nil 100%
iii) Copper
aggregate
slag fine 40% 35% 50%
b) Ready-mixed concrete (IS 4926: 2003)
iv) Recycled concrete fine 25% 20% (only upto 100%
aggregate (See Note 1)
v) Bottom Ash Nil
M25 grade)
Nil 25%
c) Concrete for dams and other massive
NOTES structures (IS 457)
1 The source concrete for recycled concrete aggregates should not be deteriorated concrete and it is desirable to
source these from site being redeveloped for use in the same site.
2 In any given structure, only one type of manufactured coarse aggregate and one type of manufactured fine d) Structural safety of tall concrete
aggregate shall
be used.
3 The increase in density of concrete due to use of copper slag and steel slag aggregates need to be taken into
buildings (IS 16700:2017)
consideration in the design of structures.
Asbestos Cement Products 71

Asbestos Cement Products 72
i) AC building pipes and pipe fittings [IS 1626 (Part 1):1994]
a) Corrugated and semi-corrugated AC sheets j) AC gutter and gutter fittings [IS 1626 (Part 2):1994]
(IS 459:1992) k) AC roofing accessories [IS 1626 (Part 3):1994]
b) Asbestos cement flat sheets (IS 2096:1992)
c) Asbestos cement building boards (IS 2098:1997)
d) Silica-asbestos cement sheets (IS 13000:1990) Non-Asbestos Fibre Based
e) Shallow corrugated AC sheets (IS 13008:1990) Products
f) AC pressure pipe (IS 1592:2003)
l) Fibre Cement Flat Sheets (IS 14862:2000)
g) AC pressure pipe (light duty) (IS 9627:1980) m) Long corrugated or asymmetrical section sheet and
h) AC pipes for sewerage and drainage (IS 6908:1991) fittings for roofing and cladding (IS 14871:2000)
12
Steel Reinforcement 73 Prestessing Steel 74
Plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete: Part 1 Cold-

drawn stress relieved wire [IS 1785(Part 1): 1983]
Mild steel and medium tensile steel bars Plain hard-drawn steel wire for prestressed concrete: Part 2 As
[ IS 432(Part 1)] drawn wire reinforcement [IS 1785(Part 2): 1983]
High strength deformed steel bars High tensile steel bars used in prestressed concrete (IS 2090: 1983)
(IS 1786: 2008) Indented wire for prestressed concrete (IS 6003: 2010)
Hard-drawn steel wire fabric (IS 1566) Uncoated stress relieved strand for prestressed concrete (IS 6006:2014)
Grade A of structural steel (IS 2062) Fusion bonded epoxy coated reinforcing bars (IS 13620:1993)
High strength deformed stainless steel bars Uncoated stress relieved low relaxation seven ply strand for
(IS 16551: 2017) prestressed concrete (IS 14268: 2017)
Stress relieved low relaxation steel wire for prestressed concrete

(IS *******: 2018)
REVISION OF IS 1199 METHODS OF SAMPLING, TESTING REVISION OF IS 516 METHODS OF TEST FOR
AND ANALYSIS OF FRESH CONCRETE HARDENED CONCRETE
75 76
Part Name Status
Part Name Status
Part 1 Sampling of fresh concrete Under Publication
Part 1 Testing of strength of hardened concrete Draft being
Part 2 Determination of consistency of fresh concrete Under Publication prepared
Part 2 Properties of hardened concrete other than
Part 3 Determination of density of fresh concrete Under Publication strength
Section 1 Density of Hardened Concrete and Under Publication
Part 4 Determination of air content of fresh concrete Under Publication Depth of Water Penetration Under Pressure
Section 2 Initial Surface Absorption Draft is under
Part 5 Making and curing of test specimens Under Publication finalization
Part 6 Tests on fresh self compacting concrete Under Publication Part 3 Making, curing and determining compressive Draft being
strength of accelerated cured concrete test prepared
Part 7 Determination of setting time of concrete by Under Publication specimens
penetration resistance
Part 4 Sampling, preparing and testing of concrete cores Under Publication
Part 8 Determination of water soluble and acid soluble Draft being
chlorides in mortar and concrete prepared Part 5 Non-destructive testing of hardened concrete Under Publication
Part 9 Analysis of freshly mixed concrete Draft being Section 1 Ultrasonic Pulse Velocity Testing
prepared
REVISION OF IS 516 METHODS OF

TEST FOR HARDENED CONCRETE 77 CERTIFICATION 78
Part Name Status BIS operates a third party certification under

Part 6 Determination of drying shrinkage of Draft ready for the BIS (Certification) Regulations, 1988
concrete for samples and moisture issuing for public
movement comments which plays a very important role in quality
assurance. The third party certification not
Part 7 Determination of creep of concrete Draft being only encourages the producers/beneficiating
cylinders in compression prepared
agency but also guides them for in-process
Part 8 Determination of modulus of elasticity Draft being
quality control including regarding the
in compression prepared beneficiation, segregation and processing,
Part 9 Wear resistance Draft being etc.
prepared
Part 10 Bond in reinforced concrete Draft being
prepared
13
PART 6 Major Modifications in
STRUCTURAL DESIGN 79 Part 6/Sec 1 Loads, Forces and Effects 80
Section Title Incorporation of latest structural loading and design and construction
Section 1 Loads, Forces and Effects codes with a view to ensuring resilient buildings which are
Section 2 Soils and Foundations structurally safe against disasters.
Section 3 Timber and Bamboo
Sub section 3A Timber Provisions relating to design imposed load due to helipad and due
Sub section 3B Bamboo to fire tenders and emergency vehicles.
Section 4 Masonry
Section 5 Concrete
Provisions relating to design for blast loads.
Sub section 5A Plain and Reinforced Concrete
Sub section 5B Prestressed Concrete
Provisions relating to loads due to collision between vehicle and
structural and non-structural elements in car parking and stilts.
Section 6 Steel
Section 7 Prefabrication, Systems Building and Mixed/ Composite
Construction Updation of provisions on parapets and balustrades.
Sub section 7A Prefabricated Concrete
Sub section 7B Systems Building and Mixed/Composite Construction Provisions relating to new use areas covering appurtenances fixed
Section 8 Glass and Glazing (New) to the structure.
Important Standards utilized in

Part 6/Sec 1 81 82
IS No. Title
IS 875(Part 2):1987 Code of practice for design loads (other than
earthquake) for buildings and structures:
Part 2 Imposed loads (second revision)
IS 875(Part 3): 2015 Code of practice for design loads (other than
Part 3 Wind loads (third revision) 2016 Wind Map
Part 4 Snow loads (second revision)

Part 5 Special loads and load combinations (second
revision)
IS 1893(Part 1):2016 Criteria for earthquake resistant design of structures:

Part 1 General provisions and buildings (sixth revision)
EARTHQUAKE RISK MITIGATION – THROUGH

83 EFFICIENT DESIGN OF BUILDINGS 84
Additions to existing structures
Change in occupancy
Load combinations
Design acceleration spectrum (based on soil type)
Increase in net bearing pressure; skin friction
2016 Seismic
Zoning Map Seismic zone factor
Equivalent static method of analysis
Dynamic analysis method (response spectrum & time history
method)
Cracked moment of inertia
Building and structures located underground
Project specific design acceleration spectrum
14
Specific features for buildings 85 86
Robust structural configuration (plan & vertical irregularities)

Minimum elastic lateral stiffness
Minimum lateral strength
Adequate ductility
Minimum lateral force
Importance factor
Response reduction factor
Damping ratio
Imposed load in earthquake force calculation
RC frame buildings with unreinforced masonry in fills
RC frame buildings with open stories
Separation between adjacent units
Vertical projection & horizontal projections
87 88
89 90
15
91 92
Major Modifications in Important Standards utilized in

Part 6/Sec 2 Soils and Foundations 93 Part 6/Sec 2 94
Scope extended to cover design of foundations on rock. IS No. Title
IS 1080:1985 Code of practice for design and construction of shallow
Revised clause on site investigation with modifications such as new foundations in soils (other than raft, ring and shell) (second
methods of soil investigation; depth of exploration for pile revision)
foundations; new sub-clauses on vertical interval for field tests and IS 1892:1979 Code of practice for subsurface investigation for
site investigation report; etc. foundations (first revision)
IS 1904:1986 Code of practice for design and construction of
Updated provisions for permissible differential settlements and tilt foundations in soils: General requirements (third revision)
(angular distortion) for shallow foundations in soils. IS 2911 Design and construction of pile foundations — Code of
practice
Updated provisions for design and construction of concrete pile (Part 1/Sec 1):2010 Concrete piles, Section 1 Driven cast in-situ concrete piles
foundations based on revised IS 2911 (Part 1/Sec 1 to 4) and (second revision)
IS 2911 (Part 4). (Part 1/Sec 2):2010 Concrete piles, Section 2 Bored cast in-situ piles (second
revision)
A reference to spun piles has been included. (Part 1/Sec 3):2010 Concrete piles, Section 3 Driven precast concrete piles
(second revision)
(Part 1/Sec 4):2010 Concrete piles, Section 4 Precast concrete piles in
Updated provisions on ground improvement techniques with a table
prebored holes (first revision)
on summary of soil improvement methods.

95
Part 6/Sec 3A Timber Part 6/Sec 3A 96
Updated design provisions for timber connector joints, lamella IS No. Title
roofing, trussed rafters, etc.
IS 399:1963 Classification of commercial timbers and their
zonal distribution (revised)
The permissible lateral strength (in double shear) of mild steel
IS 883:2016 Code of practice for design of structural timber in
common wire for different new species of timber have been added
building (fifth revision)
and also strength values for some of the existing species have
IS 1150:2000 Trade names and abbreviated symbols for
been modified based on latest research.
timber species (third revision)
IS 2366:1983 Code of practice for nail-jointed timber
Data on block shear test results of glued timber joints and on
construction (first revision)
strength properties of glued finger joints based on the indigenous
IS 4891:1988 Specification for preferred cut sizes of structural
work, has been included for guidance in design.
timber (first revision)
Illustrations added for possible orientation of planks in glue
nailed laminated timber beams
laminated beams (Glulam).
bolt-jointed timber construction
Design outline for horizontally laminated beams has been added.
IS 14616:1999 Specification for laminated veneer lumber
16
Part 6/Sec 3B Bamboo 97 Part 6/Sec 3B 98
Updated design provisions for IS No. Title

• bamboo trusses, and IS 9096:2006 Code of practice for preservation of bamboo for
structural purpose (first revision)
• bamboo foundations.
IS 15912:2012 Code of practice for structural design using
bamboo
Inclusion of provisions relating to use of
• bamboo as reinforcement in concrete,
• bamboo based materials/panel products as
walling/roofing material, and
• reconstituted wood from destructured bamboo.

Part 6/Sec 4 Masonry 99 Part 6/Sec 4 100
Inclusion of provisions relating to IS No. Title

• reinforced masonry, IS 1905:1987 Code of practice for structural use of
• confined masonry building construction, and unreinforced masonry (third revision)
IS 4326:2013 Earthquake resistant design and construction of
• masonry wall construction using rat-trap bond.
buildings — Code of practice (third revision)
IS 10440:1983 Code of practice for construction of RB and
New provisions related to durability criteria for selection of RBC floors and roofs
masonry mortars.
IS 13828:1993 Improving earthquake resistance of low strength
masonry buildings — Guidelines
Stabilized soil blocks have been included as masonry unit.
Number of storeys of masonry construction has been limited

to 4, in line with the seismic design standards.

Part 6/Sec 5A Concrete 101 Part 6/Sec 5A Concrete 102
Elaborated provisions relating to use of mineral admixtures, Provisions relating to self compacting concrete (SCC) and
their effects on properties of fresh and hardened concrete, high performance concrete (HPC).
including precautions associated therewith.
Design provisions relating to steel fibre reinforced concrete
Incorporation of permission to use aggregates from other than (SFRC) as part of special concretes.
natural sources, including iron slag aggregate, steel slag
aggregate, copper slag aggregate, bottom ash from thermal
Inclusion of provisions relating to shear stress for coupled
power plant, and aggregate derived from construction and
shear walls.
demolition waste, through cross reference to revised IS 383.
Inclusion of comprehensive provisions on ductile detailing
Inclusion of stripping time required in case of concrete made
from IS 13920 : 2016 to help extensive implementation of
using cement other than OPC or using cementitious
ductile detailing provisions in all relevant structures.
materials like fly ash and slag.
17
10 10
Coverage of 3 4
Ductile Detailing
10 10
5 6
10 10
7 8
18
10 11
9 0
11 Important Standards utilized in

1 Part 6/Sec 5A 112
IS No. Title
IS 456:2000 Code of practice for plain and reinforced concrete
(fourth revision)
IS 13920:2016 Code of practice for ductile detailing of reinforced

concrete structures subjected to seismic forces (first
revision)

Part 6/Sec 5B Prestressed Concrete 113 Part 6/Sec 5B 114
Updated design provisions for prestressed concrete in line
with revised IS 1343:2012 and latest practices. IS No. Title
IS 1343 : 2012 Code of practice for prestress concrete (second
Section on materials, workmanship, inspection and testing revision)
has been completely modified in line with IS 456 as
applicable to prestressing.
Provisions related to bearing stress in the end zone in

post-tensioned members have been updated.
Provisions related to ultimate shear resistance of a section

uncracked in flexure and also for that cracked in flexure
have been updated.
Test on wall thickness of the duct of corrugated HDPE

sheathing duct has been updated.
19
Part 6/Sec 6 Steel 115 Part 6/Sec 6 Steel 116
The chapter has been modified in line with IS 800:2007 and Provisions related to slender cross sections have been
latest developments. updated, with the inclusion of two new figures on effective
sections of slender members under pure and flexural
The table on tensile properties of structural steel products has compression.
been updated by including yield stress values of bolts of sizes
3.6 to 6.8 mm as per IS 1367 (Part 3) and aligning the The table on deflection limits has been suitably updated with
corresponding provisions of the table with those given in respect to the load nomenclature of the load and their
IS 2062:2011.
combinations.
Elaborated provisions for mechanical properties of structural steel.
Warping restraint conditions in the table on effective lengths
for simply supported beams have been clarified.
Provisions related to effective wind pressure on exposed circular
tube members have been included.
The provision on assessment of conditions under which
Provisions related to requirement of temperature stress analysis fatigue assessment is to be done, is covered
have been updated. comprehensively.

Part 6/Sec 6 Steel 117 Part 6/Sec 6 Steel 118
Provisions related to design of end panels in stiffened web panels Provisions on ductile designing with respect to column base
have been updated. connections have been updated.
Provisions related to design for earthquake loads relating to load Reference design conditions under fatigue for S-N curve
and load combinations, response reduction factor for various types
of frames, connections in the critical zones of frames, and have been modified.
bracing members have been updated.
Provisions on clearances related to fabrication procedures
The nominal bearing pressure between the column base plate and have been updated.
the support has been updated to bring it line with the
corresponding provisions of IS 456 : 2000.
Sketches of the restraint conditions under table on effective
Provisions related to design of single angle struts loaded through lengths of single stepped columns have been updated.
one leg have been revised.
Certain terminologies, symbols and figures have been
Provisions related to non-ductile braced and moment resisting updated based on the changes incorporated.
frames have been included.
Important Standards utilized in Major Modifications in

Part 6/Sec 6 119 Part 6/Sec 7A Prefabricated Concrete 120
Inclusion of emulative system of prefabricated concrete with
IS No. Title detailed provisions in respect of its definition, analysis,
IS 800 : 2007 Code of practice for general construction in design, detailing, etc.
steel (third revision)
Detailed provisions on diaphragm action of floor systems
IS 806: 1968 Code of practice for use of steel tubes in have been included.
general building construction (first revision)
Design considerations have been updated where accidental
impact due to vehicles has been included.
Provisions and testing procedures for water tightness of joints

have been included.
Some of the typical precast joint details have been

illustrated.
20
Part 6/Sec 7A Prefabricated Concrete 121 Part 6/Sec 7B Systems Buildings and 122
Provisions relating to fire resistance testing of prototypes Mixed/Composite Construction
under sustained load has been provided for.
Updated provisions in respect of the following aspects of
Connection between adjacent prefabricated members only systems building and mixed/composite construction:
through frictional resistance has been removed and • definition,
suggestions for resistance using shear has been included. • analysis,
• design,
Provisions on site prefabrication have been updated.
• detailing, etc.
Guidelines (restriction on the number of components) on
vertical stacking on ground have been included. Aspects relevant to devising systems and structural schemes
have been updated.
Provisions for tolerances in erection and associated design
considerations have been included.
New Chapter Important Standards utilized in

Part 6/Sec 8 Glass and Glazing 123 Part 6/Sec 8 124
This new chapter on structural use of glass covers
• different types of glass, their requirements and associated IS No. Title
glazing materials; IS 16231 Code of practice for use of glass in buildings:
• selection and application of glass in buildings,
(Part 1) : 2016 General methodology and selection
• provision for glazing w.r.t. their effect on energy, visual
(light) and solar environments in the building; (Part 2) : 2016 Energy and light
• selection of glass in buildings, subject to wind loading,
seismic loading and special considerations for fire rated (Part 3) : 2016 Fire and loading
glass and related materials;
(Part 4) : 2014 Safety related to human impact
• provisions for the selection and manifestation of glass in
buildings, subject to safety with respect to human impact
of the occupants; and
• provisions relating to selection, design, fabrication and
installation of glazing systems.
Construction Project Management

IS No. Title
125
Current Stage
SAFETY GUIDELINES 126
IS 15883 Construction Project Management- Guidelines: - Safety guidelines during different construction operations
such as during:
Part 1:2009 Part 1 General Published
• excavation
Part 2:2013 Part 2 Time Management Published
• drilling and blasting
Part 3:2015 Part 3 Cost Management Published
• piling and deep foundations
Part 4:2015 Part 4 Quality Management Published
• tunneling
Part 5:2013 Part 5 Health & Safety Management Published • road making
Part 6:2015 Part 6 Scope Management Published • at floor and wall openings
Part 7 Part 7 Procurement Management Draft being prepared • demolition
Part 8:2015 Part 8 Risk Management Published • steel erection
Part 9:2018 Part 9 Communication Management Under Publication • in construction of concrete framed structure
Part 10 Part 10 Human Resource Management Draft being prepared • during material handling
Part 11 Part 11 Sustainability Management Draft being prepared • while working in compressed air
• in use of tools
Part 12:2016 Part 12 Integration Management Published
• in use of construction machinery
IS 16416:2016 Guidelines for Construction Project Published
Formulation and Appraisal • from common hazards
IS 16601:2016 Guidelines for Habitat and Welfare Published - Concept of safety committees/management
Requirements for Construction Workers - Maintenance management
21
PART 7 CONSTRUCTION MANAGEMENT, Major Modifications in
PRACTICES AND SAFETY Part 7 Construction Management, Practices 128
and Safety
Updated provisions for ensuring utilization of number of
new/alternative building technologies to provide for innovation
in the field of building construction.
Incorporation of construction management guidelines to aid in

timely completion of building projects in a safe manner with
desired quality and within the budgeted cost.
Inclusion of requirements for habitat and other welfare

requirements for workmen at construction site.
Updated provisions on safety in construction.
PART 8 129 Part 8/Sec1 Lighting and Natural Ventilation 130
BUILDING SERVICES
Updated provisions relating to efficient artificial light source
Section Title and luminaires and photocontrols for artificial lights.
Section 1 Lighting and Natural Ventilation
Section 2 Electrical and Allied Installations
Inclusion of modern lighting techniques such as LED and
Section 3 Air Conditioning, Heating and Mechanical
Ventilation
induction light vis-à-vis their energy consumption.
Section 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control
Section 5 Installation of Lifts and Escalators and Moving Reference to SP 41:1987 for obtaining coefficient utilization
Walks for determination of luminous flux has been included.
Sub section 5A Lifts
Sub section 5B Escalators and Moving Walks (New) Enabling provisions for lighting shelves and light pipes have
Section 6 Information and Communication Enabled been included.
Installations (New)

Part 8/Sec1 Lighting and Natural Ventilation 131 Part 8/Sec 2 Electrical and Allied Installations132
Updation of the chapter for ensuring alignment with The
The provisions related to thermal comfort clause have been Indian Electricity Act, 2003 and various CEA Regulations
elaborated including therein indices such as effective framed thereunder particularly Central Electricity Authority
temperature, adaptive thermal comfort along with elaborations (Measures Relating to Safety and Electric Supply)
on tropical summer index. Regulations, 2010.
Updated provisions on location and other requirements

Design guidelines for natural ventilation have been elaborated
relating to layout, environmental and safety aspects for
with illustrations. different substation apparatus/equipment and generating sets.
Provisions related to determination of rate of ventilation Inclusion of provisions relating to location of compact
particularly on combined effect of wind and thermal actions substations.
have been elaborated.
Updated provisions for reception and distribution of supply
Provision on colour rendering has been included in line with and wiring installations and for installation of energy meters
that in SP 72 : 2010 ‘National Lighting Code 2010’. with due cognizance to the Indian Standards formulated.
22
Part 8/Sec 2 Electrical and Allied Installations133 Part 8/Sec 3 Air conditioning, Heating and 134
Revised provisions for earthing/grounding. Mechanical Ventilation
Modified provisions on refrigerants for air conditioning to
include new refrigerants with zero ODP and ultra-low GWP
Comprehensive revision of provisions relating to lightning
protection of buildings. including natural refrigerants.
Inclusion of provisions relating to renewable energy sources Inclusion of other available options of HVAC such as, VRF
system, inverter technology, district cooling system, and
for building, such as solar PV system; aviation obstacle
lights; electrical supply for electric vehicle charging and car hybrid central plant using chilled beams, radiant floor
park management; etc. components, geo-thermal cooling and heating, etc.
New provisions relating to electrical installations for Thrust on envelope optimization using energy modelling, day
construction sites and demolition sites. lighting simulation, solar shade analysis and wind modelling
software to optimize the air conditioning load.
Inclusion of provisions relating to protection of human beings
from electrical hazards and protection against fire in the Indoor design conditions for comfort HVAC now based on
building due to leakage current. adaptive comfort conditions for the specific climatic zone.
Major Modifications in Part 8/Sec 3 Major Modifications in

Part 8/Sec 4 Acoustics, Sound Insulation and Noise Control 136
Updated provisions on HVAC requirements for data centres
135
and healthcare facilities and inclusion of such requirements Updated provisions on sound insulation and noise control
for underground metro stations. measures in buildings.
Incorporation of refrigeration for cold stores. New clause on construction noise.
Inclusion of most efficient strategies for winter heating, using The provision relating to noise control in open plan schools
reverse cycle operation, solar heating systems, electric heat has been deleted, owing to the changed scenario.
pump, and ground source heat pump.
Reverberation times of classrooms and assembly halls in
Coverage of modern system of mechanical ventilation for schools have been modified.
industries, commercial kitchen, underground car parking, and
for open tunnels connecting underground metro stations. Requirement of insulation (Rw) for walls or partitions
between rooms in hospitals have been modified.
Updated provisions on building automation system to include
the latest practices for web-based monitoring and control of Recommended maximum reverberation time for very large
performance parameters. offices and for canteens have been modified.
Major Modifications in New Chapter

Part 8/Sec 5A Lifts 137 Part 8/Sec 5B Escalators and Moving Walks 138
Inclusion of requirements for high speed lifts and lifts for tall This new chapter on escalators and moving walks covers all
buildings including elaboration of lifts for fire-fighting and aspects relating to their
emergency evacuation and inclusion of considerations for
• Planning;
machine room less (MRL) lifts.
• Installation;
Updation of preliminary design provisions for lifts to cover • Operation, maintenance; and
the requirements for various building functions.
• Inspection
Inclusion of provisions for seismic resistance aspects in lifts. for ensuring safe movement of people with satisfactory
performance.
23
New Chapter
Part 8/Sec 6 Information and Communication Enabled Installations
This new chapter on information and communication enabled
139 PART 9 140
installations covers PLUMBING SERVICES

• essential requirements for ICT installations;
• technology systems and cabling installations in a building;
Section 1 Water Supply
• general guidelines required for planning and providing ICT Section 2 Drainage and Sanitation
services in the building at the planning and execution
Section 3 Solid Waste Management (New)
stages;
Section 4 Gas Supply
• basic design and integration requirements for
telecommunication spaces within building/buildings along
with their cabling infrastructure, their pathway components
and passive connectivity hardware; and
• general requirements relating to installation of different
communication equipment, cable terminations and power
connections.

Part 9/Sec 1 Water Supply 141
Part 9/Sec 2 Drainage and Sanitation 142
Water supply requirements for buildings based on estimated
occupancy in the chosen type of building. Various additional requirements relating to layout of drainage
and sanitation system have been added.
Updation of water requirements for non-residential buildings
Inclusion of provisions on venting system for high rise
with separate domestic and flushing requirements. buildings.
Updation of number of various water supply fixture unit and Updation of number of various drainage fixture unit.
probable simultaneous demand, with demand values up to
10,000 fixture units. Revised sizes of rainwater pipes for efficient roof drainage.
Updated provisions for water supply distribution systems in Updated provisions on rainwater harvesting and artificial
multi-storeyed buildings with illustrations therefor. ground water recharge.
Inclusion of provisions relating to swimming pools.
New Chapter Major Modifications in

Part 9/Sec 3 Solid Waste Management 143 Part 9/Sec 4 Gas Supply 144
This new chapter on solid waste management covers
• various solid waste management systems, Revised provisions on LPG supply in buildings
• assessment of per capita solid waste quantities, and
• treatment of solid waste within the building, building complexes
and their built environments. Detailed provisions on PNG supply in buildings
References to latest applicable statutory Rules and Regulations
have been included.
New provisions on medical gas pipeline system
An informative Annex relating to municipal solid waste generation
has been included, covering quantity, type, description and
sources of solid waste generation.
An Annex relating to treatment of food waste has also been

included.
24
PART 10 145 Part 10/Sec 1 and 2 146
LANDSCAPE DEVELOPMENT, Updated provisions on landscape planning, design and

development and signs and outdoor display structures.
SIGNS AND OUTDOOR DISPLAY
STRUCTURES New clause on landscape site planning requirements.
A new clause relating to roof landscape has been added.

Section 1 Landscape Planning, Design and
Development New provisions related to materials and finishes plan have
Section 2 Signs and Outdoor Display Structures been included as part of the landscape development
documents required for statutory approvals.
Part 10/Sec 2 has been linked with Part 3 of the Code

for ensuring appropriate controls of signs as applicable for
the purpose of accessibility for persons with disabilities
Major Modifications in OUTLINE OF

Part 11 Approach to Sustainability 147 PART 11 APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY 148
Updation of the new Part 11 ‘Approach to Sustainability’

1 SCOPE
which was added to NBC 2005 through its Amendment No.
2 TERMINOLOGY
1 for covering guidelines for making buildings and built
3 APPROACH TO SUSTAINABILITY
environment energy efficient and environmentally compatible.
4 APPLICAPABILITY OF THIS PART OF THE CODE
5 SITING, FORM AND DESIGN
Covers all aspects of energy conservation such as electrical
6 EXTERNAL DEVELOPMENT AND LANDSCAPE
energy conservation, water conservation, use of low
7 ENVELOPE OPTIMIZATION
embodied energy materials, renewable energy utilization, etc.
8 MATERIALS
9 WATER AND WASTE MANAGEMENT
The chapter is intended to help in meeting relevant
10 BUILDING SERVICES OPTIMIZATION
sustainable development goals (SDG) laid down by the
United Nations. 11 CONSTRUCTIONAL PRACTICES
12 COMMISSIONING, OPERATION, MAINTENANCE AND
PERFORMANCE TRACKING
PART 12 ASSET AND 14 15

FACILITY MANAGEMENT 9 0
25
New Chapter
PART 12 ASSET AND FACILITY MANAGEMENT151 ENORMOUS NATIONAL INVOLVEMENT 152
This new chapter on asset and facility management covers
AND RESPONSE IN REVISION
• provisions relating to management of building assets and
associated services; IMPLEMENTATION DRIVE
• provisions to deal with issues relating to maintenance of - Central Government
all types of facilities and fixed assets such as buildings - States Government
and building services (includes both hard and soft
services such as building fabric maintenance, roads and
- State Local Bodies
pathways, security, MEP services including fire safety - State Fire Authorities
installations, housekeeping, etc; - Planning Commission
• Provisions for identifying critical activities and critical assets - Housing Finance Institutions (RBI, HUDCO, NHB)
which need to be focused upon by facility managers; and
- Academic Institutions
• responsibilities of occupants for maintenance of facilities,
such as, structures, equipment and exterior property.
ADOPTION OF NBC - WAY FORWARD SOME SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES

153 154
IN INDIA
Population of over 50 Lakhs – Delhi,
Year Place Magnitude
Mega Cities (8) Mumbai, Kolkata, Chennai, Bangalore,
Hyderabad, Ahmedabad, Pune
1819 Kutch 8.0
Metro Cities (45) 10 to 50 Lakhs
1869 Near Cachar (Assam) 7.5
Municipal 1885 Sopor (J&K) 7.0
5 Lakhs and above
Corporations (121) 1897 Shillong 8.7
City Municipalities 1918 Shrimangal (Assam) 7.6
1 Lakh and above
(A class)
1930 Dhubri (Assam) 7.1
Town Municipalities 5,000 – 1,00,000
1934 Bihar-Nepal Border 8.3
(B &C class) / Town
Panchayats 1941 Andaman 8.1
Rural Areas 1943 Assam 7.2

1950 Arunachal-China Border 8.5
53 million plus cities/urban agglomerations – 70 by 2021 1956 Anjar (Gujarat) 7.0
SOME SIGNIFICANT EARTHQUAKES ENFORCEMENT

IN INDIA (Contd…) 155 156
Year Place Magnitude

The Building Regulatory Media consist of
1967 Koyna 6.5

Building Byelaws
1975 Kinnaur 6.2
Building Rules
Planning Standards
1988 Manipur-Myanmar Border 6.6
Development Control Rules
1988 Bihar-Nepal Border 6.4
Fire Regulations
1991 Uttarkashi 6.6 These regulatory Town Planning Rules
1993 Latur-Osmanabad 6.3 documents have Hazard Mapping Rules
1997 Jabalpur 6.0 to be brought in Water Supply Byelaws
1999 Chamoli 6.8
line with Drainage Byelaws
2001 Bhuj 6.9
NBC 2016
2005 J&K 7.4
2015 Nepal - Bihar 7.9
26
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27
• Mitigation of natural disasters can be successful only when detailed
knowledge is obtained about the expected frequency, character, and
magnitude of hazardous events in an area.
• Many types of information that are needed in natural disaster
management have an important spatial component.
Mohd. Monis Khan • Spatial data are data with a geographic component, such as maps,
Town and Country Planner aerial photography, satellite imagery, GPS data abd rainfall data etc.
• Many of these data will have a different projection and co-ordinate
system and need to be brought to a common map-basis in order to
superimpose them.
• We now have access to information gathering and organising
technologies like remote sensing and geographic information
Town & Country Planning Organisation
systems (GIS), which have proven their usefulness in disaster
Govt. of India management.
Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
• RS and GIS provides a data base from which the evidence left behind by disasters
• When a disaster occurs, the speed of information collection from air
that have occurred before can be interpreted, and combined with other base
layers such as soil, geology, vegetation, settlement, water bodies etc to arrive at and space borne platforms and the possibility of information
hazard maps, indicating which areas are potentially dangerous. dissemination with a matching swiftness make it possible to monitor
• The zonation of hazard must be the basis for any disaster management project the occurrence of the disaster.
and should supply planners and decision-makers with adequate and • Many disasters may affect large areas and no other tool than remote
understandable information. sensing would provide a matching spatial coverage.
• Remote sensing data, such as satellite images and aerial photos allow us to map
the variabilities of terrain properties, such as vegetation, water, and geology, soil,
• Remote sensing also allows monitoring the event during the time of
both in space and time. occurrence while the forces are in full swing.
• Satellite images give a synoptic overview and provide very useful environmental • The vantage position of satellites makes it ideal for us to think of
information for a wide range of scales from entire continents to details of a few plan for operationally monitor the event.
metres.
• GIS is used as a tool for the planning of evacuation routes for the
• The disasters such as earthquake, floods, drought, cyclones, volcanic eruptions,
design of centres for emergency operations and for integration of
etc. will have certain precursors. The satellites can detect the early stages of these
events as anomalies in a time series. satellite data with other relevant data in the design of disaster
• Images are available at regular short time intervals and can be used for the warning systems.
prediction of both rapid and slow disasters.
• The volume of data needed for disaster management, particularly in

• In the disaster relief phase, GIS is extremely useful in combination the context of integrated development planning is too much to be
with Global Positioning Systems (GPS) in search and rescue handled by manual methods in a timely and effective way.
operations in areas that have been devastated and where it is difficult
• For example, the post disaster damage reports on buildings in an
to orientate.
earthquake stricken city may be thousands.
• The impact and departure of the disaster event leaves behind an area
• Each one will need to be evaluated separately in order to decide if the
of immense devastation.
building has suffered irreparable damage or not.
• Remote sensing can assist in damage assessment and aftermath
• After that all reports should be combined to derive at a
monitoring, providing a quantitative base for relief operations.
reconstruction zoning within a relatively small period of time.
• In the disaster rehabilitation phase GIS is used to organise the
• One of the main advantages of the use of the powerful combination
damage information and the post -disaster census information and in
techniques of a GIS, is the evaluation of several hazard and risk
the evaluation of sites for reconstruction.
scenarios that can be used in the decision -making about the future
• Remote sensing is used to map the new situation and update the development of an area, and the optimum way to protect it from
databases used for the reconstruction of an area and can help to natural disasters.
prevent that such a disaster occurs again.
1
• Remote sensing data derived from satellites are excellent tools in the
mapping of the spatial distribution of disaster related data within a The data required for disaster management is coming from different
relatively short period of time. scientific disciplines and should be integrated. Data integration is one
of the strongest points of GIS. In general the following types of data are
• Many different satellite based systems exist nowadays, with different
required:
characteristics related to their spatial-, temporal- and spectral
resolution. • Data on the disastrous phenomena (e.g. landslides, floods,
earthquakes), their location, frequency, magnitude etc.
• The linkage is done in two ways, either via visual interpretation of the
image or via classification. • Data on the environment in which the disastrous events might take
place: topography, geology, geomorphology, soils, hydrology, land use
and vegetation etc.
• Data on the elements that might be destroyed if the event takes
place: infrastructure, settlements , population, socio-economic data
etc.
• Data on the emergency relief resources, such as hospitals, fire
brigades, police stations, warehouses, shelters etc.
DATABASE
EVENTS • The areas affected by earthquakes are generally large, but they are restricted to
Flood Topography
well known regions (plate contacts).
Drought Geology
Earthquake • Typical recurrence periods vary from decades to centuries.
Climatic
Cyclone • Observable associated features include fault rupture, damage due to ground
Fire Infrastructure
shaking, liquefaction, landslides, fires and floods.
Crop details
• The following aspects play an important role: distance from active faults,
Structural
COMMUNICATION Vulnerability geological structure, soil types, depth of the water table, topography, and
LINKS Housing construction types of buildings.
Internet,
Businesses • In earthquake hazard mapping two different approaches are to be
Telephone,
Satellite distinguished, each with a characteristic order of magnitude of map scale :
GROUND TRUTH small scale (regional) seismic macro zonation at scales 1:5,000,000 to 1:50,000,
Imagery
Google map
and large scale (local) seismic micro zonation at scales of 1:50,000 to 1:10,000.
• The most important data for seismic hazard zonation is derived from seismic
ESTIMATED
networks.
DAMAGE
RESPONSE
Infrastructure
RECOVERY AND
• In seismic microzonation, the data is derived from accelerometers,
Resource POPULATION AT geotechnical mapping, groundwater modelling, and topographic modelling, at
SUSTAINABILITY
RISK
large scales.
• In the phase of disaster prevention satellite remote sensing can play

• In the phase of disaster relief, satellite remote sensing can at the
a role in the mapping of lineaments and faults, the study of the
moment only play a role in the identification of large associated
tectonic setting of an area, and neotectonic studies.
features (such as landslides), which can be mapped by medium
• Visible and infra -red imagery with spatial resolutions of 5-20 meters detailed imagery (SPOT, IRS etc.).
is generally used.
• Structural damages to buildings can be observed with the LiDAR
• Satellite Laser Ranging (SLR) and Very Long Baseline Interferometry Technology.
(VLBI) have been used for the monitoring of crustal movement near
• The Near Real Time capability for the assessment of damage and the
active faults.
location of possible victims can be interpreted from Very High
• In the measurement of fault displacements Global Positioning Resolution Satellite Imageries such as World View, Quick bird,
System (GPS) have become very important. IKONOS etc. though this will only make a difference if adequate
• An increasingly popular remote sensing application is the mapping temporal resolution, swath-coverage and ready access to the data can
of earthquake deformation fields using SAR interferometry (InSAR). be achieved.
• It allows for a better understanding of fault mechanisms and strain.
• http://bhuvan-noeda.nrsc.gov.in/disaster/disaster/disaster.php?id=quake
2
Activitiesand
Analyze thatdocument
actually eliminate
the possibility
the probability
of an emergencyPlans
of an oranddisaster
activities
emergency tototo
occur Kathmandu, Nepal- Earthquake- 25, April, 2015
occur.
– policies and by-laws handle the emergency
where mitigation has failed
Disaster Probability
Mapping of Disastermapping
mitigation
byefforts,
historical
e.g data
for floods,
analysis,
mapping levies, flood
– early warning systems,
disaster intensity
embankments, dams
mapping,
to control
population
flood. For Response
andearthquakes,
resources under
reinforced
threat etc.
structures
stockpiling
Preparedness Mapping all the emergency
resources with attributes,
emergency control rooms,
police stations, fire brigades,
Evacuation, shelter,
hospitals, communication
relief supply
centers.
Relief planning during
disasters, like shortest
route to reach a point of
Mitigation Recovery
emergency, mapping relief
supplies, sites for relief
camps, routing for civil
Planning
supplies
Recovery Returning all systems to normal or better; short or long-

term resettlement, repatriation, re-tooling and re-integration - Post disaster
planning- infrastructure management, resettlement and rehabilitation plans Before After
Kathmandu, Nepal- Earthquake- 25, April, 2015 Kathmandu, Nepal- Earthquake- 25, April, 2015
Before After
Relief Operations
Before After
Fukushima, Japan – Tsunami- 21 November, 2016 Fukushima, Japan – Tsunami- 21 November, 2016
3
Iwanuma, Japan Iwanuma, Japan - Tsunami
Before
After
Sichuan, China – Earthquake – 12, May 2018 FLOOD ANALYSIS
After Before
FLOOD ANALYSIS
Technologies Used
Remote Sensing Data is used to study and monitor land

features, natural resources and dynamics of human activities in
urban areas. Through ground truthing the remote sensing data
is analyzed, interpreted and maps related to existing features,
land use, settlement structure, resource analysis etc. are
generated.
Aerial photographs depict real world objects like streets,

buildings, etc. and are useful for zonal plan preparation, urban
renewal projects, land-use surveys and habitat analysis.
4
Total Station is an optical instrument used in modern Geographic Information System (GIS) are application consists of
surveying which is combination of an electronic theodolite, an two elements namely spatial and attribute. The first one gives
electronic distance measuring device (EDM) and software information about the features and their geometrical orientation,
running on an external Computer. shape, size, and relative position on base map with respect to other
features and the second one gives various attributes like area,
length, population etc.
Global Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical method
that uses radar pulses to image subsurface. Ground-
In GIS, physical features on the base map may be classified into
penetrating radar is used in utility mapping to ascertain the four categories, three of which pertain to spatial data and the fourth
depth, diameter and material used for water supply, sewerage to attribute data i.e. Points, Lines, Polygons and Attributes
pipes etc.
Global Positioning System (GPS) is used to establish the

GCPs points, coordinate and elevation etc.
Urban Information System – A Case study of Anand, Gujarat (Year: 1984)
Objectives:
• To design an Urban Information
System after analyzing the existing
data attributes such as data type, size,
flow, periodicity, time lag, reliability,
coverage, accessibility, concepts etc.
• To recommend developing suitable
information system to support
planning functionS.

Govt. of India
Outcome: A GIS Based Information System for Regional Planning :

Case Study of Bharatpur District. (Year : 1990)
• Variables required for plan preparation were identified.
• Format designed for collection of data for each variables. Objectives:
• Data collected, standardised, analysed and reports generated.
• to build a GIS data base involving
integration and organisation of both
attribute and graphic data bases
from various sources,
• to take village as the basic spatial unit
• The Pilot Study was (BSU) for the purpose of developing
submitted to the information system.
Ministry of Urban • to restrict to three sectors of planning
Development and Govt. viz., land use, agriculture and
of Gujarat. settlement pattern, and thereby
suggest a development perspective for
the district based on this limited
analysis.
5
Lutyens Bungalow Digital Map ( Year:1992)
Outcomes:
Objectives:
As part of generating plan inputs, different aspects have been
addressed, they are: (a) Land use change scenario; (b) Land Preparation of a digital base map for
capability; (c) Agriculture development Assessment on village-wise Lutyen’s Bungalow area with a view
basis; (d) Integrated assessment for agriculture development (E) to generate a graphic data on
Settlement hierarchy and services planning; (f) Village development Lutyen’s Bungalow Zone, New Delhi
assessment and (g) Intra –district disparities. with application of GIS.
Outcomes:
Status and Follow Up:
The data sets are organized in layers with each layer containing one
The study was sent to the agencies
geographic element. The six major classes of land use i.e. Residential,
concerned. A computer and software
Commercial, Recreational, Government, Public and Semi-Public and
along with the district database
Transportation were further divided into 31 classes at level two.
generated under the study was given
to District Collector, Bharatpur.
The graphic data sets serve the

purpose of creating a base map and to URBAN MAPPING SCHEME (UMS)
some extent conditional retrieval of
land use along with area
measurements. The graphic data • In 1991 there were 4615 towns and cities housing 217
provides vast scope into conversion of million population (25%) of which only about 1200 towns
a GIS database for applications in had Master Plans.
zonal planning, monitoring and area
calculations. • As base map to an appropriate scale is a pre-requisite for
Status and Follow Up: any planning exercise, the inadequacy of these was grossly
felt.
Digitization of Lutyen’s Bungalow Zone
area, New Delhi was one of the first
• To speed up preparation of large scale base maps through
attempts by Town & Country Planning
latest technology, the Urban Mapping Scheme was taken
Organisation in creation of a large scale
digital base at 1:10,000 Scale. The report up by the Ministry of Urban Development during the VIIIth
was submitted to Ministry of Urban Plan on pilot basis to cover 52 towns in two phases.
Development and Poverty Alleviation
and DDA.
Data Source & Deliverables of Urban Mapping Scheme

OBJECTIVES
(Aerial Photograph)
1) To obtain aerial photographs and photo mosaics for

selected towns to a scale of 1:10,000.
2) To prepare large scale base maps of 1:2500 scale with

necessary specifications and details.
3) To develop technical capabilities of the Town & Country

Planning Deptts. and State level and center.
4) To generate digital inputs for geographic information systems

for updating base maps in a revision cycle.
6
Data Source & Deliverable of Urban Mapping Scheme Data Source & Deliverable of Urban Mapping Scheme
Line Map Derived from Aerial Photograph
DIGITAL MAP – KHAMMAM 1:2500
Data Source & Deliverable of Urban Mapping Scheme

Data Source of Urban Mapping Scheme
Line Map Derived from Aerial Photograph
(Aerial Photograph of Khammam)
Data Source & Deliverable of Urban Mapping Scheme
FIRST PHASE
• In the first phase, 25 towns were selected from 6
States in consultation with respective State
Governments.
• Work of aerial photography and mapping was
assigned to NRSA.
• All the maps generated were completed by 1998 and
sent to the respective State Town Planning
Departments for their use.
• From feedback received, these maps are not only
being used for updating Master Plans but also by
Jal Nigams, Telecom Board sand other agencies.
DIGITAL MAP – KHAMMAM 1:2500
7
LIST OF TOWNS COVERED UNDER PHASE-I OF THE URBAN MAPPING SCHEME
Sl. States Sl. No. Towns Area
No (Sq Km)
SECOND PHASE 1 Andhra Pradesh 1 Nandyal 21
2 Khammam 32
3 Gudiwada 23
4 Bhimavaram 30
2 Gujarat 5 Valsad 33
• Remaining 27 towns from 18 States were 6 Bharuch 58
assigned to NRSA. 7
8
Surender Nagar
Porbandar
57
43
9 Veraval 42
• Currently, Aerial Photography for 23 towns has been 3 Maharashtra 10
11
Kalyan & Ulhas Ngr.
Sholapur
225
222
completed. 12 Nanded 31
13 Nagpur 171
14 Ratnagiri 21
• Mapping for 13 towns is completed and in QC stage. 4 Orissa
15
16
Akola
Bhubaneswar
41
320
17 Puri 65
• Maps for remaining towns are to be delivered 5 Tamil Nadu 18
19
Tindivanam
Nagapattinam
41
27
during 2003 (as reported by NRSA). 20 Karaikkudi 42
21 Tiruchendur 18
22 Rajapalyam 36
6 Uttar Pradesh 23 Agra 310
24 Faizabad 70
25 Nainital 42
Total 2021
LIST OF TOWNS COVERED UNDER PHASE II OF THE URBAN MAPPING SCHEME
Sl. No States Sl. No. Towns Area

(Sq Km) COST
1 Arunachal Pradesh 1 Itanagar-Naharlagun 132
2 Bihar 2 Gaya 200
3 Chapra 119
3 Chandigarh 4 Chandigarh 325 • The cost of the project is Rs. 20.14 crores due to
4
5
Goa
Haryana
5
6
Panaji
Ambala
150
150
increase in cost of mapping and aerial
7 Gurgaon 215 photography, area and number of towns and the
6 Himachal 8
9
Hamirpur
Mandi
26
10
amount released to NCRPB.
7 Karnataka 10 Mangalore 210
8 Kerala
11
12
Mysore
Kochi
157
275
• The Ministry has already released Rs. 19.14 crores, out
13 Thiruvananthapuram 164 of which an expenditure of Rs. 17.95 crores has
9 Madhya Pradesh 14
15
Bhopal
Indore
240
195
been incurred leaving a balance of Rs.1.19 crores.
10 Meghalaya 16 Shillong 175
11 Mizoram 17 Aizwal 125 • Final sum of Rs.1.00 Crores (Rs. 20.14 Cr. – Rs.
12 Nagaland 18 Kohima 50
13 Pondicherry 19 Pondicherry 60
19.14Cr.) is to be released to complete the
14 Punjab 20 Muktsar 48 Scheme.
21 Moga 56
15 Rajasthan 22 Ajmer 80
23 Bikaner 110
16 Sikkim 24 Gangtok 56
17 Tripura 25 Agartala 91
18 West Bengal 26 Asansol 168
27 Siliguri 270
Total 3857
NATIONAL URBAN INFORMATION SYSTEM

OBSERVATIONS (NUIS) SCHEME
• The progress of the Scheme has been delayed due to problems
in securing clearance from the Ministry of Defense for aerial
photography.
Phase No. of Cost
• Accessibility to maps and photos is limited. Towns and Rs. (Crores)
Cities
• The Scheme as a pilot project has paved way for the use of Phase –I 137# 66.28
accurate maps as well as introduction of modern mapping
methods for effective urban planning.
# As on date the total no. of towns
in NUIS Scheme is 152.
• Necessary methodologies for developing user friendly
techniques need to be introduced to meet the multipurpose
requirements of planning and management of urban areas.
8
OBJECTIVES COMPONENTS
· Develop attribute & spatial information base for various urban

planning levels.
NUIS Scheme comprises of two components :
· Use modern data sources e.g.. satellite and aerial platforms. • Urban Spatial Information System (USIS): Seamless
integration of databases in two scales :: 1:10 000 &
· Develop standards - database, methodology, equipment 1:2000 and Utility mapping at 1:1000 Scale.
software, data exchange format etc. • National Urban Databank and Indicators (NUDBI):
Attribute Data on periodic basis
· Develop urban indices to measure and monitor the health of
the towns and cities. The USIS components includes.
• Systems (HW/SW)
· Build capacity in the use of RS/GIS among town planners and • Base Map and GIS Data Base 1:10,000 Scale & 1:2000 Scale
town planning professionals. • Utility Mapping 1:1000 Scale
• Capacity Building
· Provide decision support system for various levels of planning. • Application Development
Mapping Scale : 1: 10,000

NUIS- HW/SW NUIS- BASE MAP Source : Satellite
State Nodal Agency (SNA) = 35 • Rs. 1,385.00 Proposed Budget : 1,673.00 Lakhs
Sl. No. Configuration Qty. Total Lakhs Area to Mapped : 55,755.45 Sq. km
Budget
Hardware Rates : Rs. 3000/sq. km
1 Medium End Workstation (PIV) with 1 GB RAM (2x512) upto 12 GB, 2.4 1
TB SCSI HDD, with cache memory of 2 MB or higher
No. of Towns : 152
• Rs. 20.00 Lakhs Contribution : Central-75 %
2 High End PC (PIV) with 1 GB RAM, 120 GB HDD, 530 processor 3 GHz 1
with 1 MB L2 Cache Memory or Higher SNA State - 25 %
3 42" Plotter (Color) 16 MB Memory, Bin, Stand, Roll feeder, USB port 1
4 AO Scanner 42” monogram 1

5 5 KVA online UPS Luminous 2 • Rs. 5.00 Lakhs
Software ULB
6 Arc Info 1
7 ERDAS 1
8 MSOffice 2
Urban Local Bodies (ULB) = 137

Sl. No. Configuration Qty.
Hardware
1 High End PC (PIV) with 1 GB RAM, 120 GB HDD, 530 processor 3 2
GHz with 1 MB L2 Cache Memory or higher
Status
3 A4 B/W Laser Printer 28 ppm, 1200x1200dp, 1
Status
4 1 KVA online UPS Luminous 1 Central Share Released
Software
6 MicroStation (Bentley)/Arc View (ESRI) 1 1st Installment : 31 States GIS Database of 143 towns has
7 AutoDesk Map 3D 1 2nd Installment : 22 States been supplied to SNAs for
8 MS Office 2
vetting. Source: NRSA
Mapping Scale : 1: 2,000 Mapping Scale : 1: 1,000

NUIS- BASE MAP Source : Aerial Photo, Total Station
UTILITY MAPPING Source : Ground Penetrating
Proposed Budget : 2,007.20 Lakhs Radar (GPR)
Area to be Mapped : 13,381.31 Sq. km. Proposed Budget : 606.00 Lakhs
Rates : Rs. 15000/sq. km. Area to be Mapped : 10,100.00 Linear Km.
No. of Towns : 152 Status Rate : Rs. 6000/Linear km
Contribution : Central-75 % GPR :Procured No. of Towns : 22
State - 25 % Tender : 12 Towns Contribution : Central-75 %
State - 25 %
SPATIAL ATTRIBUTE
A) FROM AERIAL PHOTOS: Attributes as applicable – but containing all details of

each utility.
1. Urban layer of point features (This has to be worked out as attribute tables in
2. Urban network layer of line consultation with ULB and any other Government
Agency). These agreed-to attribute datasets for the
features
utilities has to be provided by ULB/T&CPD
3. Urban land cover layer of
polygon features
(B) MAPS FROM GPR SURVEYS/CITY RECORDS:

Status
4. Water network
GIS Database of 133 towns has 5. Sewerage network
been supplied to SNAs for 6. Power network
vetting. Source: NRSA Telecommunication network
9
NUIS - CAPACITY BUILDING APPLICATION DEVELOPMENT
Status Proposed Budget : 350 lakhs
Proposed Budget : 118.00 Lakh
Contribution : Central Share -100 %
Proposed Training Programme : 30 Trg. Prg. Organised : 38
Proposed No. of Trainee : 600 Participants Trained:679
Contribution : Central-100 % National Workshop :1 • Master/Development/Zonal Plan
Regional Workshop : 4
State Workshop Proposed : 6
• Land and Natural Resources
• Settlement Pattern
Course Title Technical Orientation to Planning Appraisal of Orientation Course on • Study of Slums and Blighted Areas
NUIS NUIS NUIS
• Improvement of Urban Environment
Target Group
Junior/Assistant.
Planners/Assistant.
Senior/Associate Town
Planners, Dy. Directors,
Decision Makers
Chief Planners/ • Redevelopment/Re-densification of Towns/Cities
Working level Directors/ Planning
Assistant Officers and
Sr. Planning Officers
and Analogous Posts
Vice Chairmen/
Dy. Secretaries/ • Land Monitoring
Analogous Posts Administrators and
Analogous Posts • Monitoring of Land Regulation and Urban Fringe
Duration 4 Weeks 2 Weeks
Municipal Councilors
3 Days
• Transport Planning and Environmental Assessment and
A minimum of 2 people A minimum of 1person A minimum of 1person
Safety.
Personnel required required from towns and required from town and required from towns and
1 from State 1 from State 1 from State
• Rs. 339.00 Lakhs NUDB&I INDICATORS

National Urban Databank & Total
Budget
Indicators (NUD&BI) NUDBI

• Rs. 168.00 Lakhs
• 23 UNCHS Indicators (clustered under 6 heads) as given below have been
identified as universal priorities from the commitments and strategies of Habitat-II.
NUO
• Rs. 153.00 Lakhs
• Rs. 18.00 Lakhs (i) Shelter (iii) Environmental Management

Seminar
1. Tenure Types 12. Urban Population Growth
• Central Share : 75% 2. Evictions 13. Water Consumption
Share • State Share : 25 % 3. Housing Price to Income 14. Price of Water
Ratio 15. Air-Pollution
4. Land Price to Income Ratio 16. Waste Water Treated
5. Mortgage to Non-Mortgage 17. Solid Waste Disposal
6. Access to Water 18. Travel Time
Provide necessary inputs/ report on the health of urban settlements 7. Household Connections 19. Transport Modes
to MOUD, Planning Commission, States, public domain etc. (ii) Social Development and (iv) Economic Development
Eradication of Poverty 20. Informal Employment
8. Under Five Mortality 21. City Product
9. Crime Rates 22. Unemployment
Status
NUDB&I Data Collected: 115 towns 10. Poor Households (v) Governance
11. Female – Male Gaps 23. Local Government Revenue
and Expenditure
(vi) International Cooperation
SCHEME IMPLEMENTATION PHYSICAL PROGRESS OF NUIS SCHEME

NATIONAL NATURAL RESOURCES MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (as on date)
STANDING COMMITTEE – URBAN (SC-U) S NO. NUIS COMPONENT NO. OF TOWNS/ STATES
1. Release/Sanction of State Share to 32 States (including 5 UTs) have released the State
NUIS SCHEME
SOI for mapping Share, Tamil Nadu, NCT Delhi & Uttarakhand
NUIS SCHEME TECHNICAL
ADVISORY have been dropped from the scheme.
(NUIS Secretariat : TCPO/MoUD)
COMMITTEE 2. GIS data base at 1:10000 ready 140 Towns
(TAC) and forwarded to SOI for QC
(STANDARDS, QA, 3. Data at 1:10000 Scale delivered 140 towns
NUIS-STATE/UT NUIS Scheme Coordinator SYSTEMS DESIGN SNAs for vetting
COORDINATION at State level (State Nodal Agencies) ETC) 4. Vetting completed of 1:10000 33 towns
COMMITTEE Scale
(S/UTCC)
5. Data at 1:2000 Scale delivered 101 towns
SNAs for vetting
TOWN COORDINATOR (EACH MAPPING & GIS TEAM 6. Vetting completed of 1:10000 24 towns
NUIS ‘s TOWNS IN STATE) (NRSA/DOS, SOI) Scale
7. NUDB&I data collection 114 towns
completed
PRIVATE SECTOR AGENCIES 8. Training Programmes 38
Supported by (SERVICES, PARTNERSHIPS) 9. National Workshop 1
Flow of guidelines, standards, advice and technical assistance

10. Regional Workshop 4
11. National Interactive Session 2
Interaction with the private sector for technical assistance and guidance
10
Land Use
(Draft)
Area: 276 sq.km

Classification Source:
upto Level - III

Development
Plan
1998 2006 Source:
Satellite Data
KORBA TOWN (Report) with
Limited GT
In 2008
Base & Urban Land use Road
KORBA TOWN KORBA TOWN
Railway Line Canal
11
Drainage Surface Water Bodies
Geomorphology & Structures

Lithology
SOILS
Physiography
• SOIL OBSERVATION POINTS
12
SOIL TEXTUREL CLASS MAP
SOIL TYPE MAP
SOIL DEPTH MAP
Sub-
Sub-Scheme on
Formulation of GIS based
Master Plans
for 500 AMRUT cities
MoHUA, GoI Town & Country Planning Organisation
Formulation of GIS based Master Plans Formulation of GIS based Master Plans
Introduction Components
The objective is to develop common digital geo-referenced base
maps and land use maps using Geographical Information System
(GIS) in each AMRUT city to enable them to make more informed
As a follow up of the National Meet on promoting use of strategic decisions. The major components are:
Space Technology in Governance & Development under the Generation of Base Map & Thematic Maps and Urban Database Creation at
Chairmanship of Hon’ble Prime Minister Shri Narendra Modi the scale of 1:4000 as per Design & Standards
on 07.09.2015 at New Delhi and as per the directions of the Formulation of Master Plan: Formulation of Master Plan of city as per State
Town & Country Planning Act on the GIS base map and sector-wise data
Cabinet Secretary and Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs
analysis. The implementing agency is State Mission Director/ULBs.
(MoHUA) a Sub-scheme on formulation of GIS based Master
Capacity Building: The training is at 3 levels, Implementing agency State
Plans under AMRUT Mission was launched in October, 2015.
Mission Directors
o Administrators level –three days duration.
o Planning level –two weeks duration.
o Operators and Technicians level –four weeks duration
13
Methodology Budget
Demarcation of mapping area Primary and Secondary Surveys
No. Component Cost ( Crores)
Satellite Data acquisition
Attribute mapping 1. Geospatial data creation at 1:4000 scale for 500 115.90
GPS Survey AMRUT towns
Thematic Map generation
2. Plan Formulation using Geospatial database 388.25
Geo-referencing
3. Capacity Building 10.85
Identification of issues and potentials
Topology Building Grand Total 515.00
Ground Truthing Projected Requirements Component/town wise fund allocation

Type of Area Geospatial data Plan Capacity
Policy formulation
Value addition from line departments city creation Formulation Building
Draft proposals
Metro 500 Sq. 44,44,000 1,00,00,000 5,00,000
Quality check and vetting
City KM
GIS Base Map Draft Master Plan Class-I 200 Sq. 17,77,600 75,00,000 2,00,000
City KM
Coverage Financial Progress
Approved State Action Plans (SAP) received:

33 States (457 towns)
No. of Symb
Class SAP yet to be received from Daman & Diu
Towns ol
Metro 33 2 UTs have been dropped from the Sub-
Scheme (Dadra & Nagar Haveli and
Class-I 422
Lakshadweep) Daman & Diu
Others 3 Dadra & Nagar Haveli
Funds released to 30 States (407 Towns),

Total 458
Yet to be released – Gujarat & Haryana
The UTs of Dadra & Nagar Haveli and Lakshadweep were dropped Lakshadweep
Formulation of GIS based Master Plans

Formulation of GIS based Master Plans
Financial Progress Physical Progress
1. Geo-database Creation
AoI Satellite Data Thematic Geo
Draft Final Maps
Steps Demarcate data Processe Map database
Maps Delivered
d Acquired d Created vetted
Funds approved: Rs.348.22 cr. No. of States 28 23 15 12 11 4 1
No. of Towns 335 231 166 113 111 69 13
Funds released: Rs. 69.62 cr. 2. Master Plan Formulation

(first installment 20% as advance) Advt./ Socio- Socio
Contract
Steps E.O.I. RFP Floated Economic Economic Data
awarded
Issued Data Collected Analyzed
Funds released to NRSC: Rs. 7.35 cr. No. of States 12 14 10 5 4
No. of Towns 153 132 70 29 27
UCs Received: Rs. 0.75 cr. 3. Capacity Building

NESAC, Shillong
Institute NESAC BISAG IISM TOTAL IISM, Hyderabad
States 14 21 12 IIRS, Dehradun

Officials 73 114 103 290 BISAG, Gujarat
14
Formulation of GIS based Master Plans WAY FORWARD
Accomplishments As per census 2011, there are 7933 towns/cites in the country, out of which 4041
are Statutory towns/cities. The sub scheme of AMRUT covers 500 towns. The
Template for State Action Plan (SAP) prepared and circulated amongst states way forward for other than AMRUT/Statutory towns/cities is as under
Design & Standards, Model Request for Proposal has been finalized.
National Urban Information System (Phase II) for Small & Medium Towns
Memorandum of Understanding (MoU) for creation of geo-database (Rs. in lakh)
between MoUD and NRSC has been signed for states agreeing to create geo- No. of
spatial database through NRSC. Statutory Avg. Area Plan Cost of Geo Cost of
towns (Census of Town Formulation Database Mater Plan
3 National Meets of the SMDs/State Nodal Officers was held on Class 2011) (Sq. Km.) Unit Cost Creation Formulation Total Cost
13.05.2016, 20.10.2016 & 22.09.2017 with a total participation of 218
II 548 80 45 4384 24660 29044
officers
III 1315 60 30 7890 39450 47340
A National Monitoring & Review Committee meetings were held on
IV 1087 40 25 4348 27175 31523
06th November 2017 and 12th January 2018
VI 474 20 20 948 9480 10428
26 States/UTs has constituted the Consultancy Evaluation and
V 132 20 20 264 2640 2904
Review Committee (CERC)/ Monitoring & Review Committee
(MRC); 17 meetings of the committees have already held Total 3556 --- --- 17840 103412 121247
Total in Cr. 178.4 1034.12 1212.52

Government of India
Telefax:011-23370309, 23370620
Mobile:09868249396, 09818158485
Email: ssompalle@yahoo.co.in khanmonis@yahoo.com
15
14-Aug-18
Earthquake Resistant Construction

Practices and Recent Building Codes
The earthquake that hit Nepal on 25 April
2015, accounting for thousands of deaths,
Techno Legal Issues
reinforced the link between the
for Earthquake Safety of Buildings
mountains and earthquakes, but the other
National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi
linkage – between earthquakes and rivers
July 16-20th 2018
– is less well understood. This linkage,
Dr. Nirmita Mehrotra
though, is most prominent in the city of
Head of Department,
Department of Architecture & Planning
New Delhi, the capital of India.
Gautam Buddha University,
Greater Noida
www.gbu.ac.in
www.gbu.ac.in
Building a New Techno-Legal

Introduction
Regime for Safer India
Earthquake resisting measures were developed as early as 1962 in the form of
Recent past earthquakes (Uttarkashi 1991, Latur 1993 and Bhuj 2001) standard design criteria and in 1967 as an earthquake resisting building
series of Earthquakes in Andaman & Nicobar Island on December 26, construction code of practice. Since, these are not mandatory by law, the
2004,have clearly exposed the vulnerability of our building stock, which construction in the informal sector proceeds without considering the safety
caused widespread damage resulting in loss of lives and property. provisions.
An Expert Group set up by the Ministry of Urban Development, Government
India has a large stock of seismically unsafe buildings coming down from of India looked into the issues of disaster prevention, mitigation and
many generations. Even at the present time, many buildings are added preparedness and worked out a Vulnerability Atlas of India giving the hazard
every year without earthquake resisting measures. maps, as well as seismic risk tables for buildings in every district of the country
To create an appropriate Techno-legal regime in the country and effective
This is mainly due to faulty design and construction practices which do enforcement mechanism, the Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India
not follow earthquake resistant features specified in Indian Standards constituted an Expert Committee to develop - Model Building Bye-laws and
and Building Codes. Review the existing Town and Country Planning Acts and develop Control
Zoning Regulations/Building Bye-laws They also proposed a Techno-legal
The other main reason is the absence of regulatory mechanisms, either
Regime for planning of settlements and seismically safe building construction in
for planning of settlements or in the building bye-laws.
the formal as well as informal sectors
www.gbu.ac.in www.gbu.ac.in
Building a New Techno-Legal

Regime for Safer India
According to 2001 census, India has a population of 1,027million (27.8% in
Recent Tsunami waves on East Coast have further
urban and 72.2% in rural area) with 249.1 million housing units. 177.5 million in
strengthened the need to have proper land use zoning rural and 71.6 million in urban area.
regulations and safer construction in coastal region. The main land of India comprises of four regions, namely,
The first step in this road map is modification in the the Great Mountain Zone,
existing laws, development control rules, byelaws Plains of the Indus,
preparation of Model Town and Country Planning Ganges and the Brahmaputra;
Legislation, Zoning Regulations, Development Control, the Desert Region, and
Building Regulations/Bye-laws. the Southern Peninsula.
1
14-Aug-18
The Himalayan range comprises three almost parallel

ranges interspersed with large plateaus and valleys. The
mountain wall extends over a distance of 2,400 km with
a varying width of 240 to 320 km.
The plains about 2,400 km long, are formed by basins of
three distinct river systems, viz., the Indus, the Ganges
and the Brahmaputra.
The desert region is clearly delineated in two parts
◦ the Great Desert running beyond Rann of Kutch to Rajasthan
◦ Sindh Frontier while the little desert extends between Jaisalmer
and Jodhpur upto Punjab
Evolving Techno Legal Regime

Require-
Earthquake Hazard Mapping and Seismic Zoning of the country.
Vulnerability assessment of the various building types.
Risk assessment of the built environment
Building Codes and Technical Guidelines for earthquake resistant
design and construction.
Legislation for planning of habitat from seismic safety view point, land
use zoning, and enforcement thereof.
Improvement of building bye-laws of municipalities and other local-
body areas for mandatory implementation.
Human Resource Development through education and training of
architects and engineers and hands-on training of artisans.
Transfer of technology to local rural and urban levels through
demonstrative constructions.
Multi Hazard Zoning Map

Seismic zoning Maps:
The Vulnerability Atlas
of India 1997 shows the
areas prone to
earthquake, wind and
flood hazards through
Statewise maps
including Union
Territories. The
intensities of the
hazards are also clearly
marked along with the
boundaries of the
districts which are the
administrative units for
hazard management
2
14-Aug-18
Seismic Risk to Buildings Earthquake Hazard Maps

The Vulnerability Atlas also presents District wise tables for
various States and Union Territories of India for which building
Based on Seismic Zoning map of India
type data-base was taken from the Census of India 1991, analysed given in IS 1893:2002.
and regrouped suitably for assessing their vulnerabilities to Seismo-tectonic features are marked as
different intensities of the hazards and specifying the damage risk.
Each Table shows the percent area of the district likely to be
per Seismo-Tectonic Atlas of GSI.
subjected to a particular Intensity of earthquake, the number of Epicentres and years of occurrence of
housing units of various types classified by wall material and the earthquakes (>5.0 intensity), as per IMD
roof type, and the number of buildings of each type. The damage
risk to the buildings has been indicated as very high (VH), high catalogue of earthquakes.
(H), medium (M), low(L) and very low (VL) which have been
clearly explained in the Atlas for each hazard type.
Types of Damage Risk Seismic Code

Very High Damage Risk (VH) - Total collapse of buildings 4 0309
High Damage Risk (H) – Gaps in walls; parts of buildings may
Help to improve behaviour of structures
collapse; separate parts of the building lose their cohesion; and against the forces of vibration &
inner walls collapse. defrmations
Moderate Damage Risk (M) – Large and deep cracks in walls, fall ◦ Good Structural Configurations
of chimneys on roofs.
◦ Lateral Strength
Low Damage Risk (L) – Small cracks in walls; fall of fairly large
pieces of plaster, pantiles slip off; cracks in chimneys, part may fall ◦ Adequate Stiffness
down. ◦ Good Ductility
Very Low Damage Risk (VL) – Fine cracks in plaster; fall of small
pieces of plaster.
Indian Standards Codes
3
14-Aug-18
IS 13828:1993 Improving Earthquake Resistance of Low Strength

Masonry Buildings – Guidelines
This standard covers the special features of design and

construction for improving earthquake resistance of buildings of
low-strength masonry.
The provisions of this standard are applicable in all seismic
zones. No special provisions are considered necessary for
buildings in seismic zone II if cement-sand mortar not leaner than
1:6 is used in masonry and through stones or bonding elements
are used in stone walls.
The various provisions of IS 4326:1993 regarding general
principles, special construction features, types of construction,
categories of buildings and masonry construction with
rectangular masonry buildings of low strength dealt with in this
standard. There are however certain restrictions, exceptions and
additional details which are specifically included herein.
seismic codes by Bureau of Indian

Quality Control
Standards (BIS)
Seismic codes are unique to a particular region or country. They take into
account the local seismology, accepted level of seismic risk, building typologies,
and materials and methods used in construction. The first formal seismic code
in India, namely IS 1893, was published in 1962.
IS 1893 (Part I), 2002, Indian Standard Criteria for Earthquake Resistant Design
of Structures (5th Revision)
IS 4326, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Earthquake Resistant
Design and Construction of Buildings (2nd Revision)
IS 13827, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake
Resistance of Earthen Buildings
IS 13828, 1993, Indian Standard Guidelines for Improving Earthquake
Resistance of Low Strength Masonry Buildings
IS 13920, 1993, Indian Standard Code of Practice for Ductile Detailing of RCC
IS 1893:1984 Criteria for

Earthquake Resistant Design of
Seismic micro zonation

Structures
This standard deals with earthquake resistant design of structures and is
applicable to buildings; elevated structures; bridges; dams etc. It also gives a Assessment of Ground Motion
map which divides the country into five seismic zones based on the seismic
intensity. Assessment of Liquefaction Potential
IS 1893 was initially published in 1962 as `Recommendations for Earthquake

Resistant Design of Structures’ and then revised in 1966. As a result of
Assessment of Geotechnical Hazard
additional seismic data collected in India and further knowledge and
experience gained the standard was revised in 1970, 1975 and then in 1984.
Revision of the standard into five parts & different types of structures:
Part 1 : General provisions and Buildings
Part 2 : Liquid Retaining Tanks – Elevated and Ground Supported
Part 3 : Bridges and Retaining Walls
Part 4 : Industrial Structures Including Stack Like Structures
Part 5 : Dams and Embankments
4
14-Aug-18
BIS CODES Identification of Earthquake Prone Areas:

(a). Areas under seismic zone III, IV and V as specified in IS:1893
based on intensities VII,VIII, IX or more;
(b) In these zones, the areas which have soil conditions including the
level of water table favourable to liquefaction;
(c) Under these zones, those hilly areas which are identified to have
poor stability conditions, or mud flow or avalanches could be
triggered by earthquake.
LAND USE PLANNING Approach for Land use zoning

Land-use planning (LUP) is currently considered to be (a) Leaving the area unprotected and specifying Land Use
one of the best practices at the core of natural Disaster Zoning for various development purposes,
Risk Management (DRM) that can improve the security
and resilience of the people affected. (b) Using protection methods for the areas as a whole or
in the construction of buildings, structures and
It focuses on pre-disaster prevention, mitigation, and
preparedness for possible disasters, organization of infrastructure facilities;
emergency measures, coordination of recovery (c) Prioritising buildings, structures and infrastructures in
operations, displacement of populations and terms of their importance from the point of view of
reconstruction. impact of damage on the socio-economic structure of
The act of planning may result in identification of risk the society.
areas and the determination of normative rules, which
can prohibit land use or alter property and tenure
rights.
Land Use Zoning for Hazardous Protection of areas from

Areas earthquakes
Objectives – In those areas where there are no dangers of soil liquefaction or
(a) to regulate land use in hazard prone areas with a view landslides, designing all building structures and infrastructures
to minimise damage caused to the habitat using relevant Indian Standards;
(b) to determine the locations and extent of areas likely to (b) Improving Soils with liquefaction potential by compaction to
be adversely affected by the hazard; desired relative densities;
(c) to evolve development pattern of such areas to (c) Founding buildings and structures on deep bearing piles going to
minimise losses; non-liquefiable dense layers;
(d) to restrict indiscriminate development of unprotected (d) Stabilizing slopes by terracing using retaining walls and breast
areas to specify conditions for safer development. walls, and ensuring good drainage of water behind hill-slopes; and
(e) Any other appropriate engineering intervention.
5
14-Aug-18
The disaster Management Act 2005 The DRM practitioner works

enacted for establishing the requisite institutional mechanisms at National,
State and District levels.
The National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) under the
Chairmanship of the Prime Minister was set up in terms of the Act formulated
National Policy on Disaster Management.
The State Governments have set up State and District Disaster Management
Authorities.
The National Institute of Disaster Management (NIDM) has been set up for
training & capacity buildings
the model building bye-laws for town and country planning legislation, land use,
zonation, development and control legislation.
The Bureau of Indian Standards (BIS) has issued building codes for construction
of different types of building in different seismic zones in the country. The
National building code has also been revised on these lines.
A web enabled centralized inventory of resources (IDRN) has been developed
to provide a platform for District Disaster Management Authorities to map
resources and to access them in times of need. The knowledge sharing portal
on disaster management and corporate disaster resources net work portals
viz., IDKN and CDRN have been established. These need improvements in
terms of its operational capability and reach
ISO 31000 Risk Management: Principles

Seismic Code implementation and guidelines
IS 4326 requires certain
seismic strengthening
provisions in masonry
buildings depending on
seismic zone and
building type. This
includes reinforced
concrete bands at lintel,
roof and plinth levels,
corner vertical
reinforcement
Confined Masonry : Utlises Both

BRICKWORK & rcc
Building codes implementation
In cities and towns, the municipal authorities regulate building
construction while there is no regulation for buildings in the rural
areas. As urbanization proceeds and rural areas on the outskirts
of cities are incorporated within the cities, the rural buildings
constructed without regulation become part of the city.
building to be designed by one set of architects and engineers,
and to have another set of architects and engineers sign the
drawings/certificates for the purpose of the municipal approvals
Nepal to incorporate the building code into the building permit
process to check seismic codes compliance.
6
14-Aug-18
Licensing of Engineers ???? Earthquake Resistant Provision

Buildings with Strip Foundation on Rock hard soil
Association of Consulting Civil Engineers (India)
Consulting Engineers Association of India
Indian Society of Structural Engineers
Indian Association of Structural Engineers
Indian Institution of Bridge Engineers
Indian National Group of IABSE (International Association for Bridge and
Structural Engineering)
Indian Roads Congress
Indian Buildings Congress
Indian Concrete Institute
Indian Geotechnical Society
Indian Society of Earthquake Technology
Institution of Engineers (India)
BUILDING REGULATION
Retrofitting
To upgrade lateral strength & ductility of
existing structures.
Categorized –
Local Retrofit – when limited structural members are
deficient
Global Retrofit- when entire load resisting system is
deficient.
Maximum Plot Coverage
Floor Area Ratio Dampers
Isolation of Buildings
Maximum Height
Distance Between Blocks
6m-16.0 Metres
Earthquake Resistant Provision

Buildings with Strip Foundation on Rock hard soil
We Have Jeoparadized Implementation
Of all techno legal Regime
But who’s at Risk
Plz ……………Think……. You
7
14-Aug-18
New Delhi: The

national capital may
not fall in the most
sei ..
Read more at:
http://timesofindia.indi
atimes.com/articlesho
w/51098003.cms?utm_
source=contentofinter
est&utm_medium=tex
t&utm_campaign=cpps
t
www.gbu.ac.in
8
20-Jul-18
Earthquakes – basic concepts & its

Structure of Presentation
risk mitigation and management
• Earthquake Occurrence and Terminology
• Earthquake Hazards
• African and Indian Scenario
• Risk Mitigation Strategy
Dr. Amir Ali Khan

National Institute of Disaster Management, New Delhi
What is an Earthquake? Earthquake Occurrence

Earthquake is a set of vibrations on the Earth’s surface,
ranging from faint tremor to wild motion. These are caused by Mythological Stories –
Big Fish in Japan, named “Namazu”
sudden release of energy stored beneath the Earth. Dog in Alaska, named “Kozei”
Earthquake is a form of energy, which originates in a limited Bull in India, named “Nandi”
Snake in India, named “Sheshnag”
region and then spreads in the form of waves in all
Frog in Mongolia,
directions from the source of disturbance. Turtle ,
….
..
.
Scientific Reasons
Elastic Rebound Theory

Plate Tectonic theory
The Earth’s surface is made up of about 20 Plates, which are either

oceanic, continental or combination of the two.
1
20-Jul-18
PLATE BOUNDARIES
Divergent Boundaries:
Where two plates move away

from each other.
Convergent Boundaries:
Terminology Associated with Earthquakes
Where two plates move towards
each other causing one plate to
submerge beneath the other.
Transform Boundaries:
Where two plates slide past

each other without much
disturbance.
Seismic waves Surface waves

Two Types of Waves
•Body waves & Surface waves • Surface waves are restricted to near the Earth’s surface
•Body waves and consist of
•Primary Waves (P-waves) – Love waves and Rayleigh waves

P-waves, material particles undergo – Love waves cause surface motions similar to that by S-
extensional and compression along waves, but with no vertical component.
direction of energy transmission
– Rayleigh wave makes a material particle oscillate in an
•Secondary Waves (S- waves) elliptic path in the vertical plane
S-waves, material particles oscillate at
right angles to it
Characteristics of the Seismic Waves Seismograph

An instrument that records the
motion of the earths surface caused
by earthquake
P waves are fastest
Seismogram
Followed by S waves,
The record by seismograph is
Love waves and Rayleigh
known as seismogram
waves
S waves do not travel
through water and are
most destructive in terms
of damage to structures
2
20-Jul-18
FEW DEFINITIONS RELATED TO EARTHQUAKES EARTHQUAKE SWARMS
MAIN SHOCKS, FORE SHOCKS AND AFTER SHOCKS

EARTHQUAKE SWARMS
• A large earthquake is generally proceeded and
followed by many smaller shocks A series of minor earthquake, none of which may be defined
as the main shock, occurring in a limited area and time.
• The largest earthquake is called the main shock
• The smaller ones that preceded the min shock are

fore shocks and subsequent shocks are after shocks
Locating an earthquake
FOCUS
That point within the earth

Approximate Location
from which
of epicenter
originates the first motion of
an earthquake and its elastic
waves
EPICENTER
The point on the earth’s

surface directly
Above the focus
MAGNITUDE
A measure of the size of the earthquake or the energy Various Types of Magnitude
released
It is measured on Richter scale
Local magnitude Scale (ML) – Richter Scale

Body-wave Magnitude Scale (Mb)–
M5 to deal with deep focus earthquake
Surface-wave Magnitude Scale (Ms)-

M6
Better suited for more distant and larger earthquakes
Moment Magnitude Scale (Mw)-

M7 to measure strongest earthquake
3
20-Jul-18
INTENSITY ISOSEISMAL LINES
It is a measure of the effects of an

earthquake at a particular place A line connecting points on the earths' surface at which
on human, structures etc. earthquake intensity is same. It is usually a closed curve
around the epicenter
The intensity at a point depends
upon the magnitude, distance
from the epicenter and local
conditions etc.
Intensity Scales
Force Behavioral effects Structural effects Geologic
Degr
effects
MSK Intensity Scale ee
(Medvedev-Sponheuer-Karnik) I Impercepti Not felt — —
Starting in 1964 ble
Other Scales II Very light Felt sporadically — —
European Intensity Scale

III Light Felt only by people — —
at rest
Japanese Intensity Scale
Mercalli, Rossi-Forel, Omori, Modified Mercalli Felt indoors, many
IV Moderate Windows vibrate —
awakened
Fairly Interior plaster cracks,

V Widely felt outdoors —
strong hanging objects swing,
tables shift
Degr Behavioral
Force Structural effects Geologic effects
ee effects Degr Behavioral
Force Structural effects Geologic effects
ee effects
Damage to chimneys and Isolated cracks in
VI Strong Fright
masonry soft ground
Rails twisted, landslides

Devastatin General Brick buildings
Serious damage to X on riverbanks, formation
Many people g panic destroyed
Very buildings in poor Isolated landslides of new lakes
VII flee their
strong condition, chimneys on steep slopes
dwellings
collapse
Few buildings remain

Catastrop Widespread ground
Many old houses Changes in wells, XI — standing, water thrown
VIII Damaging General fright hic disturbances, tsunamis
undergo partial collapse, rock falls onto roads from canals
breaks in canals
Large breaks in Surface and

Cracks in ground, Very
substandard structures, underground Upheaval of the
Destructiv sand eruptions, XII catastroph —
IX Panic damage to well- structures completely landscape, tsunamis
e widespread ic
constructed houses, destroyed
landslides
underground pipe
breakages
4
20-Jul-18
Can you predict earthquakes?

Earthquake Prediction
• No Only one earthquake had been predicted
• Approach is on the long-term mitigation of accurately in China in 1975
earthquake hazards by helping to improve
but what about other events….
the safety of structures, rather than by
trying to accomplish short-term predictions Tanshang Earthquake 1976 caused over
250,000 deaths
One of the most catastrophic

event of recent times
Are there more earthquakes in the morning/in the

evening/at a certain time of the month/year?
• Earthquakes are equally as likely to occur at

any time of the day or month or year
Hazards Associated with an Earthquake
• The factors that vary between the time of
the day, month, or year do not affect the
forces in the earth that cause earthquakes.
Seismic Zoning Map Of India

Earthquake Hazards
Seismic Zoning Map Plot of past Earthquakes M>=5.0 for
• Primary Hazards the period 1800-1998
– Ground Motion
– Surface Faulting
• Secondary Hazards
– Landslides
– Liquefaction
– Fire
– Tsunami
Zone Intensity Area

V MM IX or more 12%
IV MM VIII 18%
III MM VII ~29%
II MM VI or less
5
20-Jul-18
8 Recent Earthquakes in
Great Indian Earthquakes
52 the Country
9 10
1
6
4
7
1. 1988 August 21 Darbhanga M6.6
2. 1991 OC 20 Uttarkashi M6.6
3. 1993 Sept 30 Latur M6.3
4. 1997 May 22 Jabalpur M6.0
5. 1999 March 29 Chamoli M6.8
6. 2001 Jan 26 Bhuj M6.9
7. 2004 Jan 26, Sumatra , M9.3
8. 2005 October 8, Kashmir M7.6
9. Sikkim September 18, 2011 M6.9
10. Manipur January 4, 2016 M6.7
Earthquake Destruction: Ground Shaking

Primary Hazard
Ground Motion: Shakes structures causing Collapse of Buildings
them to collapse
Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking Earthquake Effects -

Ground Shaking
Northridge, CA 1994
6
20-Jul-18
Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking Earthquake Effects - Ground Shaking
Loma Prieta, CA 1989 Kobe, Japan 1995

KGO-TV News ABC-7
Earthquake Effects - Surface Faulting

Earthquake
Earthquake Effects
Effects - Ground
- Ground Shaking
Shaking • Surface faulting can be either vertical, horizontal , or both
• Surface faulting can be devastating to both structures and infrastructure
(pipelines, utilities and roads) when they are located in the path of faulting
Kobe, Japan 1995
Devastating Induced Hazards

• Extensive loss can be caused by the induced or
secondary hazards such as
– Landslides
• 2001 San Salvador earthquake induced 16000 landslides
Secondary Hazards causing damage to 200,000 houses.
– Liquefaction
• 1964Niigata earthquake hundreds of buildings & bridges
suffered severe damage due to liquefaction.
– Fire
• 1923 Tokyo earthquake - about 1,00,000 persons were burnt
alive.
– Tsunami
• Huge devastation due to SE Asian Tsunami in December 2004
7
20-Jul-18
Earthquake Effects - Liquefaction Earthquake Effects - Landslides
Source: National Geophysical Data Center Source: National Geophysical Data Center
Niigata, Japan 1964
Earthquake Effects - Fires Earthquake Effects - Tsunamis

1957 Aleutian Tsunami
KGO-TV News ABC-7
Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction Earthquake Destruction: Liquefaction
8
20-Jul-18
Earthquake Destruction: Landslides Earthquake Destruction: Fire

Earthquakes sometimes
cause fire due to broken gas
lines, contributing to the loss
of life and economy.
In 1923 Tokyo earthquake
about 1,00,000 persons were
burnt alive.
In the 1970 Chimbote earthquake (Peru), a

gigantic landslide triggered by the
earthquake caused 25,000 fatalities The destruction of lifelines
and utilities make
The 2001 San Salvador earthquake induced impossible for firefighters to
16000 landslides causing damage to reach fires started and
200,000 houses make the situation worse
eg. 1989 Loma Prieta
1906 San Francisco
Tsunami
large waves created by the instantaneous
displacement of the sea floor during submarine
faulting
• Huge devastation due to SE Asian Tsunami in December
2004
Indian Scenario
EARTHQUAKE PHENOMENON
Recent History of Earthquake Occurrence Usually no warning.

However, areas of high risk
have to be identified
• January 26, 2001 Bhuj Speed of onset usually
• March 30, 1999 Chamoli sudden
• May 21, 1997 Jabalpur Damage to buildings and
• September 30, 1993 Latur other structures causing large
• October 20, 1991 Uttarkashi scale loss of life & injury
• …..
Collapse of certain lifeline
• .. infrastructures
• December 26, 2004 Andaman
• October 8, 2005 Kashmir Secondary effects like fire/s,
• 18 September, 2011 Sikkim landslides,tsunami etc.
•January 4, 2016 Manipur
9
20-Jul-18
Earthquake is an event of natural process
Different plates
around the world
Our Himalayas is a result of the

process
Seismicity of India
Seismic Hazard of the Himalayas
Zone 0 MM V and Below
Zone 1 MM VI
Zone 2 MM VII
Zone 3 MM VIII
Zone 4 MM IX and above
Probable maximum intensity

(MM: modified Mercalli scale)
With an exceedance probability
Of 10% in 50 years (equivalent to
Return period of 475 years)
For medium subsoil conditions
EARTHQUAKE OCCURRENCE IN INDIA Seismic Zoning Map Of India

TABLE: EARTHQUAKE OCCURENCE IN INDIA, M>5.0 (RICHTER SCALE)
Plot of past Earthquakes M>=5.0 for
S.No Seismic Region No. of Earthquakes having M- Max Average the period 1800-1998
MM Return
5 - 5.9* 6 - 6.9 7-7.9 1.0 or Inten - Period
more sit, Observed
For M>5.0
1 Kashmir and Western Himalayas 25 7 2 1 X 2.5-3 Yrs.

(J&K, Himachal Pradesh, Sub-
mountain parts of Punjab)
2 Central-Himalayas (Uttranchal, 68 28 4 1 XI L Yr.
Nepal Himalayas, North Bihar)
3 North East India 200 130 15 4 >X <4 months
4 Indo-Gangetic basin St. H 6 - - VIII 5 Yrs.
Rajasthan (Rajasthan, Punjab,
Haryana, Delhi, Plains of HP.
Bihar & Bengal)
5 Cambay and Rann of Cutch 6 5 2 1 IX-X 7 Yrs.
6 Peninsular India 32 10 - - VIII 2.5-3 Yrs.
Seismic Zoning Map
7 Andaman & Nicobar 80 68 1 1 >IX <8 months
Whole in India 425 254 24 8 <2 months
* Numbers approximate (Table Complied by A.S. Arya)
10
20-Jul-18
EARTHQUAKE HAZARD ZONES 2002

ZoneVV MM IXMM
Zone or more
IX or more
“ IV
Zone IV MM VIII
MM VIII
“
Zone III
III MM VIIMM VII
ZoneIIII MM VIMM VIor less

Zone
Earthquake Risk Mitigation and
“ I MM V or less
together
Area nowthe
under make
zones
Management
ZoneVII 12%MM VI or less
Area
IVunder
18% the zones
III V~27%
12%
IV 18%
III ~27%
Table damageable
~ 57%
SPECIAL PROBLEM AREAS After an Earthquake CHALLENGE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IN

INDIA
• Loss of 100,000 lives due to earthquakes in 100
Urgent need for search & rescue and medical years.
assistance • Loss of 20,000 lives in Kangra earthquake of 1905
Difficulty of access and movement • In Algeria, Alasnam 1,600 killed in 1954
Widespread loss of or damage to earthquake, again 2500 killed in October 1980 in
the Rebuilt city.
infrastructure, essential services and life
• 13,000 were killed in 1934 in Bihar- Nepal in M 8.4
support system
earthquake, again 900 killed in Aug. 1988 in M 6.6
Restoration and re-building may be very Quake (M6.6 is 1/500 of 1934 Quake of M8.4)
extensive and costly. • Anjar in Kachchh was destroyed in 1956 and again
Lack of adequate specialized equipment now in January 2001.
• Why?
11
National Institute of
Brief Introduction of NIDM Disaster Management
• NIDM is a Statutory Organization by an Act of Parliament
(DM Act -2005)
• Core mandate of the NIDM under the Act:
– Provide assistance in national level policy formulation on disaster
management.
– Formulate and implement comprehensive human resource
development plan on disaster management
– Develop training modules and undertake research and
documentation work on disaster management
– Mainstream disaster management in education
– Network with research and training institutions at national and
international level
Structure of the Institute What we do at NIDM?

• Training & Training of Trainers
General Body (The Institute)
– Face to face
Home Minister, GoI – On line
is the President of the Governing Body – Satellite Based
Institute • Research
Academic Council Executive Director – Policy Research (Human Resource Development Plan for DRR at national level, CETNA at national level)
Vice Chairman -
NDMA is the President • Publications (Journal and Newsletter, Reports, Books)
of Governing Council Academic Wing Logistic s & Support Wing Administration Wing
• International, Regional and National Level Workshops ( on emerging issues)
of the Institute • Conferences (Organizes IDMC/NPDRR every 2nd Year)
Directors of all leading • Consultancy (Assistance to various organizations in activities related to DRR)
Geo Hazards Division ComputerCentre Administration
academic, research • Documentation (disaster events, best practices etc.)
and development Training Section • Programme implementation
organizations (IITS, Hydro -Meteorological
– National Programme for Capacity Building of Engineers in Earthquake Risk Management (NPCBEERM)
IIMS etc.) are the Hazards Division
Accounts
members of various Library – National Programme for Capacity Building of Architects in Earthquake Risk Management (NPCBAERM)
committees of the – IDRN
Division of Policy
Institute Planning & Cross Maintenance, Purchase – IDKN
Cutting Issues & Store Section
• Regional Cooperation
– Hosts EAS – ERR Centre representing eighteen countries of the Region
Response Division
– Till recently was hosting SAARC Centre for Disaster Management representing eight countries of the Region
Basic Concepts and Process of DRM Structure of Presentation

• Causes of increasing number of disasters
• Hazard and vulnerability of India
• Disaster definition and types
• Principles of DM
• DM Practices
Amir Ali Khan, Ph.D.

National Institute of Disaster Management
(Ministry of Home Affairs, Government of India)
1
What could happen in a disaster?
To Buildings To Bridges
Spitak
Mexico
Only skeleton remains
Total collapse
Bottom soft
storey crushed Gujarat
To Pipe works To Electricity system
2
To Human Settlements
To Housing
Imagine
Imagine that your city has been hit by a massive earth
I would like all of you to imagine
quake and there is chaos all around.
a very bad moment This is an aerial view of the what the executive arm shall see from
ground, standing in one part and try to assess the situation.
The aerial view will be available only the next day.
DISASTERS AND DAMAGES DURING THE

DECADE OF 1990S
Total Number Human Lives Lost
Estimated Damages
Comparison of Great Natural Disaster Events Comparison of Economic Losses
Decade Events Decade Loss

Factor
1950-59 20 Factor 1950-59 39.6
90s:50s 15.3
1960-69 27 90s:50s 4.3 1960-69 71.1
90s:60s 8.5
1970-79 47 90s:60s 3.2 1970-79 127.8
90s:70s 4.7
1980-89 63 90s:70s 1.8 1980-89 198.6
90s:80s 3.0
1990-99 86 90s:80s 1.3 1990-99 607.0
in US$bn
3
Reasons for Large Number of Disasters
Year Live Lost Cattle Lost Houses damaged Cropped

areas affected
(in million • Population Growth
hectares)
2001-02 834 21,269 3,46,878 1.872
• Unplanned /ill - planned Urban Development
2002-03 898 3,729 4,62,700 2.1
2003-04 1,992 25,393 6,82,209 3.198 • Higher rate of urbanization and urban density
2004-05 1,995 12,389 16,03,300 3.253
2005-06 2,698 1,10,997 21,20,012 3.552 • Development of exposed areas
2006-07 2,402 4,55,619 19,34,680 7.087
2007-08 3,764 1,19,218 35,27,041 8.513 • Deteriorating Environmental conditions
2008-09 3,405 53,833 16,46,905 3.556
2009-10 1,677 1,28,452 13,59,726 4.713
2010-11 2,310 48,778 13,38,619 4.625
TOTAL 21975 9,79,677 1,50,22,070 42.469
Climate Change Impacts of Climate Change
• There is now agreement • Glacial melts shall increase intensity of floods and
among scientists that global flash floods in the short run
surface mean temperature of
• In the long run surface and sub-surface run off shall
the earth has increased by 1
degree centigrade during last deplete affecting food and water security
100 years • Sea level rise shall inundate coastal areas
• There are varying projections
that temperature would • Cyclones shall be more frequent and intense
increase between 2.4 to 4.8 • Extreme and erratic weather events shall increase,
degrees in next 100 years
creating more disasters
Impact on public health

Heat Strokes, Skin Diseases
Eye Diseases
Weather related mortality Psychological distress
Loss of PH infrastructure
Hazard and Vulnerability Profile of
Geographic range and incidence
Infectious diseases of Vector Borne diseases, India
Changed incidence of Diarrhoeal
Diseases
Altered food productivity & Malnutrition , Hunger , Impaired

child growth and development
associated pest and diseases
Asthma & Respiratory diseases

Air quality respiratory illnesses
4
Major Natural
Vulnerability Disasters in
the country :
• 59% of land mass prone to earthquakes Recent Years
Major Cyclones - Many
• 40 million hectares of landmass prone to floods
Earthquakes (M 6+) - Many
• 8000 Km long coastline with two cyclone seasons Earthquake, Gujarat
Jan 2001, 13805 lives lost
1991 OCT 20 Uttarkashi M6.6
1993 Sept 30 Latur M6.3
• Drought – low and medium rainfall region which 1997 May 22 Jabalpur M6.0
1999 March 29 Chamoli M6.8
constitute 68% of the total area vulnerable to 2001 Jan 26 Bhuj M6.9
Sikkim 2011
drought
Tsunami – 26 Dec 2004
• Hilly regions vulnerable to avalanches/
Avalanche - Feb 2005
landslides/Hailstorms/ cloudbursts Severe Floods - Every
Year
• Tsunami Threat
Tsunami Dec 26 2004, Severe Droughts - Every
more than 10000 lives lost
2-3 year
Average Annual Loss System exposed….

• Loss of human life: 4350 • No scientific hazard- risk-vulnerability mapping
• Crop area affected: 1.42 million hec. • Inadequate early warning system
• Houses damaged: 2.36 million • Absence of techno-legal regime for safe building
• Direct loss: 2.25% of GDP* (US$ 20 billion) • Poor community awareness and preparedness
• Indirect psycho-social loss that can not be • Environmental degradation precipitating disasters
quantified • Development projects creating new disasters
• Revenue loss due to less industrial production: • Primitive search and rescue system for disasters
12%* • Poor disaster communication system
• Expenses on relief & rehab: Rs. 6000 crores • Inadequate relief management
• In short, entire disaster management system was
• Expenses on reconstruction: Rs. 3200 crores unprofessional and amateurish
* World Bank, Financing Rapid Onset Natural Disaster Losses in India: A Risk Management
Approach, August 2003.
Seismic Hazard Map of the

Country
5
Landslides
Multi-hazard Map
What is DISASTER?
Disruption to normal patterns of life
Human Effects loss of life, injury, hardship

Disaster Definitions!!!! and adverse effect on health
destruction of or damage to
Effects on Social
Structure structures, buildings,
communications & essential
services
Community needs emergency shelter, food,

clothing, medical, social
care,. …
6
IMPACT: A LARGER PICTURE Definition
Direct losses
An event, natural or man -
Human lives
Livestock, other made, sudden or
animals
Private property Indirect losses progressive, which impacts
Municipal infrastructure Export/ import
Tertiary losses
with such severity that the
Power/ Agricultural output
telecommunications affected community has to
infrastructure Industry/ services Long-term development
output
Health/ education Overall investment respond by taking
assets Remittance income climate
Fall in earning potential Funds reallocation exceptional measures!
due to disability, trauma
Community migration/
Unemployment relocation
Health hazards
Types of Disaster Types of Disaster

Contd…
1. Water and Climate Related Disasters 4. Chemical/ Industrial/ Nuclear Disasters
Floods, Droughts, Cyclones, Tornadoes, Hurricanes, Chemical & Industrial Disasters,Forest Fires, Oil Spill Fires,
Cloud burst, Snow Avalanches, Heat & Cold Waves Mine Fires & Mine Flooding, Nuclear Disasters
2. Geological Disasters 5. Accident Related Disasters.

Earthquakes, Landslides, Mudflows, Sea Erosion, Dam Bursts & Road, Rail and other Transportation accidents including
Dam Failures.
Waterways(Boat Capsizing), Major Building Collapse, Serial Bomb
3. Biological Disasters Blasts, Festival related Disasters
Biological Disasters, Epidemics, Cattle Epidemics
Disaster Management Cycle
Preparedness Disasters
Disaster Management Search & Rescue
Relief
Disaster Management
Mitigation Cycle Recovery
Prevention Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
7
CHALLENGE OF EARTHQUAKE DISASTER IN INDIA What about this?
• 13,000 were killed in 1934 in Bihar- Nepal in M

• Loss of 100,000 lives due to earthquakes in 100 8.4 earthquake, again 900 killed in Aug. 1988 in
years. M 6.6 Quake
• Loss of 20,000 lives in Kangra earthquake of 1905 • Anjar in Kutch was destroyed in 1956 and again
• Loss of 14,000 lives in Bhuj earthquake of 2001 in January 2001
• Many more earthquakes … list is endless!
• But why so much damage ? • In case of river flooding - this phenomenon is

more frequent
Developing linkages between Reconstruction

programmes and mitigation efforts
Preparedness Disasters
Search & Rescue
Relief
Disaster Management
Mitigation Cycle Recovery
Prevention
Rehabilitation
Reconstruction
LESSONS FROM RECENT DISASTERS Relationship Between Disasters and Development
• Need of comprehensive pre-disaster planning

• Lack of preparedness at community level
• Severe damage to habitat sector (due to non implementation of
building regulations) Development Development
can increase can reduce
• Lack of proper response mechanism vulnerability vulnerability
• Delayed response due to severely damaged infrastructure

facilities Disaster
Disaster can
can provide
• Not much effective communication facilities set back
development
development
opportunities
• Lack of proper coordination among stakeholders
• Emergency resources placement at vintage points for
effective relief.
8
Paradigm Shift in Disaster
Management
Disaster Preparedness : Recent Trends

Paradigm shift all sectors of DM
• Multi-hazard approach
• Focus in the past • Holistic approach in terms of

Relief – all hazards/disasters
Rehabilitation – covering all aspects of disaster management -
prevention, mitigation, preparedness, recovery,
• Current Focus rehabilitation and reconstruction - i.e. complete cycle
Prevention, of disaster management
Preparedness,
Response &
Recovery
Reduce Risk… Choice of Option
We have choice either to

1. invest in risk reduction actions now, before the disaster strikes or
2. wait and pay the high costs of recovery and reconstruction after
the disaster strikes
9
20-Jul-18
ARCHITECTS IN SEISMIC DESIGN
INTRODUCTION
EARTHQUAKES DON’T KILL PEOPLE, BUILDINGS DO
PRABHJOT SINGH SUGGA
ASSISTANT PROFESSOR
ARCHITECTURE DEPARTMENT
SCHOOL OF PLANNING AND ARCHITECTURE, NEW DELHI
ARCHITECTS IN SEISMIC DESIGN ARCHITECTS IN SEISMIC DESIGN

DISASTERS AT A GLANCE
THE HUMAN ASPECT

ARCHITECTS IN SEISMIC DESIGN Source: NDMA Website
S.No. Name of Event Year State & Area Fatalities
1 Uttarakhand Floods 2013 Uttarakhand, Himachal Pradesh, Nepal 57000 deaths,
2 Sikkim Earthquake 2011 North Eastern India with epicenter near Nepal Most recent disaster
Border and Sikkim
3 Cloudburst 2010 Leh, Ladakh in J&K 200 deaths

Of the 7,516 km long coastline, 58.6 per cent of the landmass is Over 40 million hectares (12 per
close to 5,700 km is prone to prone to earthquakes of cent of land) is prone to floods 4 Drought 2009 252 Districts in 10 States -----
cyclones and tsunamis. moderate to very high intensity. and river erosion. 5 Floods 2009 Andhra Pradesh, Karnataka, Orissa, Kerala, Delhi, 300 people died
Maharashtra
VULNERABILITY PROFILE - INDIA
VULNERABILITY PROFILE - INDIA
6 Kosi Floods 2008 North Bihar 527 deaths, 19,323 livestock perished, 2,23,000 houses damaged, 3.3
INDIA million persons affected
Seismic Hazard Map
7 Cyclone Nisha 2008 Tamil Nadu 204 deaths
8 Maharashtra Floods 2005 Maharashtra State 1094 deaths, 167 injured,54 missing
9 Kashmir 2005 Mostly Pakistan, Partially Kashmir 1400 deaths in Kashmir (86,000 deaths in total)
10 Tsunami 2004 Coastline of Tamil Nadu, Kerala, Andhra Pradesh, 10,749 deaths, 5,640 persons missing, 2.79 million people affected, 11,827
Pondicherry and Andaman and Nicobar Islands hectares of crops damaged, 300,000 fisher folk lost their livelihood
of India
11 Gujarat Earthquake 2001 Rapar, Bhuj, Bhachau, Anjar, Ahmedabad and 13,805 deaths, 6.3 million people affected
Surat in Gujarat State
12 Orissa Super Cyclone 1999 Orissa Over 10,000 deaths
13 Cyclone 1996 Andhra Pradesh 1,000 people died, 5,80,000 housed destroyed, Rs. 20.26 billion estimated
damage
14 Latur Earthquake 1993 Latur, Marathwada region of Maharashtra 7,928 people died, 30,000 injured
15 Cyclone 1990 Andhra Pradesh 967 people died, 435,000 acres of land affected
16 Drought 1987 15 States 300 million people affected
17 Cyclone 1977 Andhra Pradesh 10,000 deaths,hundreds of thousands homeless, 40,000 cattle deaths
Source: NDMA Website 18 Drought 1972 Large part of the country 200 million people affected
1
20-Jul-18
TRADITIONAL RESPONSE
TRADITIONAL RESPONSE
SITING ISSUES
SITING ISSUES
CAUSES OF EARTHQUAKES : PLATE TECTONICS SEISMIC SCIENCE
SITING ISSUES
2
20-Jul-18

SHOCKWAVES AND SOIL CONDITIONS SEISMIC FORCES
FORCE = MASS X ACCELERATION

P WAVES ARE THE FASTEST AND
BUILIDING BEHAVIOR IN EARTHQUAKES

FIRST TO ARRIVE FORCE is Inertia force generated by Seismic forces
MASS is that of building
S WAVES ARRIVE AFTER P WAVES ACCELERATION is provided by earthquake
SHAKING GROUND UP AND DOWN,
BACK AND FOURTH THEREFORE:
PERPENDICULAR TO DIRECTION OF
ITS TRAVEL LIGHTER THE BUILDING LESSER THE INERTIA LESSER THE DAMAGE
LOVE WAVE IS SIMILAR TO S WAVE EVEN THOUGH MOVEMENTS ARE HORIZONTAL IN BOTH WIND AND INERTIA FORCES, THEY
WITHOUT VERTICAL DISPLACEMENT ARE DIFFERENT SINCE
RAYLEIGH WAVE HAS VERTICAL 1. INERTIA FORCE ACTS ON ALL THE ELEMENTS OF THE BUILDING
DISPLACEMENT 2. WIND ACTS ONLY VERTICAL SURFACE
SEISMIC SCIENCE

FACTORS AFFECTING SEISMIC FORCES FACTORS AFFECTING SEISMIC FORCES
BUILDING MASS RESPONSE SPECTRUM
• The common building material used in most of • Natural period depends on Building weight,
the regions around the world is brick, stone and height and structural system

concrete, which are heavy adding to inertia. • Damping depends on material and detailing of
seismic resistant structure.
• Response spectrum is simple way of
NATURAL PERIOD AND RESONANCE understanding response of building due to
• Period is natural vibration of object once given natural period of vibration and damping during
push. seismic activity.
• It is the function of height and stiffness in a • Modeled through computer.
building.
• Ground also vibrates varying from 0.4 sec (hard)
to 1.5 sec (soft ). Therefore earthquake shaking is DUCTILITY
less on hard and more on soft ground. • Like natural period of vibration, it also
• Natural period per story of building is 0.10 sec influences the magnitude of accelerations and
(thumb rule) seismic forces a building is designed for by
• If the ground and building period match for 4-15 dissipating energy.
story structures, it will result in resonance and • It is a property of certain materials like steel to
damage fail only after a considerable inelastic
deformation.
• Degree of ductility of material in a structure can
DAMPING reduce the effect of seismic forces by 1/6th of
• Making the building vibrations inefficient so that an equivalent non-ductile structure.
it returns to its starting positions quickly • Structural elements in a building can be
• It depends on connections, structural elements Ductility in metals designed to have different ductility. For
Source: Seismic Conscious Architecture: An
and construction materials. evaluation tool for Architects instance, in, column vs beam, column needs to
be more ductile, since its failure has an overall
effect than beam.

FACTORS RESISTING SEISMIC FORCES FACTORS RESISTING SEISMIC FORCES
STRENGTH AND STIFFNESS FORCE PATH
• The superstructure of every building requires • A Force path describes how forces within a
sufficient strength to resist the bending structure are resisted by certain elements and
moments and shear forces caused by seismic transferred to others. It is route we visualize
forces, and foundation system capable of forces taking as they travel from the applied
preventing overturning and sliding. forces to foundation to ground beneath.
• Stiffness is material property also depending • It is metaphorical and conceptual way to
on shape and size of elements. More stiff explain architects the expected structural
materials have less deflection. behavior and role of various structure system.
• Taller buildings are flexible while shorter
buildings are stiff.
• Evaluation of relative rigidity is necessary part ARCHITECT’S ROLE
of seismic analysis.
TRADITIONAL BUILDINGS
TORSION • Traditional buildings have a much larger
• Twist or torsion makes different portion of structural footprint which is not possible in
same floor move horizontally by different Horizontal swinging in different storyed modern world.
buildings
amounts. Source: Seismic Conscious Architecture: An • Taj mahal has structural footprint of 50% while
• In a building, where geometric plan coincides evaluation tool for Architects modern buildings have it less than 2%
with center of mass, equilibrium is maintained
in earthquake. MODERN STUDIES AND ARCHITECT’S
• If center of mass and center of resistance are CONTRIBUTION
not coinciding, then earthquake will generate • Modern studies on seismic forces started post
eccentric forces on building 1906 San Francisco and 1908 in Italy.
• Unequal vertical members like columns or Building one side open on Ground Story • After 1971 San Francisco earthquake, role of
walls with smaller openings on one or two twists during and Earthquake Architect was highlighted.
sides or no wall on other, tend to twist. evaluation tool for Architects • Architect on many factors designs form and
• Large overhead tanks eccentrically placed can some of these form have seismically better
performance than others.
3
20-Jul-18

PERFORMANCE LEVEL AND SEISMIC CODES ROLE OF BUILDING CONFIGURATION IN SEISMIC
DESIGN
CODES
• National Building code of India specifies the • Building configuration implies architectural
bare minimum earthquake safety standards for form of the building

building that every building must meet. • Configuration is used to describe
• Meeting these standards in most cases makes • the building shape and size,
building life-safe. • the size and location of structural
• In many cases, building may not be usable elements
after calamity even if minimum codes are met. • the nature and size of non – structural
So the design should ensure its usability even elements that may affect structural
after calamity (really important) performance.
• This would increase the cost and may not be • Architectural form has major implications on
Fully operational Operational
feasible to make all the buildings quake building performance under seismic activity
resistant but the architect has to make a • As building is composed of different parts,
judgment call depending upon the importance each part receives forces, horizontally and
and building type. vertically from the adjoining parts via joints.
• Thus five performance level can be defined for
architect’s decision making:
• Fully operational
• Operational
• Life Safe
Life Safe Near Collapse
• Near Collapse
• Collapse
Performace levels
Source: Seismic Conscious Architecture: An General Definition of Configuration
evaluation tool for Architects Source: Seismic Conscious Architecture: An
evaluation tool for Architects
Collapse

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION
HORIZONTAL SIZE PROPORTION
• Refers to floor plan geometry of a building as • For building reactions during earthquake, the
well as structural layout in plan or simply put, it proportions of a building play a greater role

refers to the length of the building. than the absolute size of the building.
• A short height and a long building can be • For taller buildings, “slenderness ratio” (height
detrimental during earthquake as building to depth) is measure of its relative proportion.
simply refuses to behave like one unit during Greater the ratio, less safe is the building.
earthquake • Generally, slenderness ratio of 4 takes care of
• Increase in length increase stresses in a floor design.
working as horizontal distribution diaphragm in • For buildings in plan, “aspect ratio” is
transverse direction. important. Generally similar to height
• Additions are made in form of shear walls or consideration, longer forms are undesirable.
frames to reduce size of diaphragm
SIMPLE FORMS, COMPLEX FORMS SYMMETRY
• Historically, buildings had simple and • Symmetry refers to geometric property of
symmetric plans. Modern Buildings may not building configuration.
follow the same. • Center of mass and center of resistance are
• A simple form in the plan is one that if you take coincident in symmetrical plan.
any two points in plan and connect them with • Generally, symmetrical plans behave better
straight line, if line falls within building is called than non-symmetrical plans during earthquake
simple plan. If the line falls outside building it since asymmetrical plans since:
may be called complex plan. • Asymmetrical plans tend to produce
• Some authors have called simple forms as eccentricity and torsion
square, circle, rectangle, etc, where as complex • Lead to stress concentration
plans are alphabetical in shape T,L,C,X, etc

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION
VARIATION IN PERIMETER STRENGHT AND
STIFFNESS
• Even though a building may be regular and
symmetrical, it might be unfit for seismic

purposes due to its perimeter design.
• In case there is wide variation around in
strength and stiffness around perimeter, the
center of mass does not coincide with center of Asymmetric Core
resistance and torsion forces tend to rotate the Source: Seismic Conscious Architecture: An
building.
• Buildings like Fire Stations, store fronts, with
wide open fronts.
• Various strategies like using strong moment
frames or increasing the stiffness of weaker Shear Wall in both principle
length can be employed. directions
CORE LOCATION, FALSE SYMMETRY Source: Seismic Conscious
Architecture: An evaluation tool for
• Along with overall shape of the building, the Architects
location of all significant resisting elements
becomes important in assessing symmetry of
building configuration.
• The location of core is with respect to overall
symmetry is critical as asymmetric cores
greatly increase torsion.
• The term false symmetry is used to describe
buildings that ‘superficially appear to be
simple, regular and symmetric in configuration Shear Wall locations
but structurally asymmetric because of evaluation tool for Architects
location of their resisting elements.
4
20-Jul-18

HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION
RE-ENTRANT CORNER CONFIGURATION
• The corners of the buildings tend to develop
their own seismic problems

• Outside corners of a building get more corner
stress due to orthogonal effect during
earthquake.
• If wall deflects in certain plane during
earthquake, it is at corner that it interacts with
other wall which may be in another plane
increasing stress.
• It is common characteristic of buildings with
plans in a shape of L,T,U, H or combination of
shapes. Various shapes of Re-entrant Corner
Configuration
• Two approaches can used to counteract this: Source: Seismic Conscious Architecture: An
• Separate the building in a way that can evaluation tool for Architects
fully resist vertical and lateral forces on
their individual configuration without
POUNDING pounding. The joints should be properly
• In thedesigned.
event of two buildings being too close to
each Make the
• other, building
there stronger.
is a tendency to pound during
shaking of ground.
• Separation gaps between buildings is the
solution.
Pounding


HORIZONTAL CONFIGURATION VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
STRUCTURAL PLAN DENSITY HEIGHT
• Earthquake forces are generally greatest at the • During an earthquake, the period of the
ground floor. building increases with height of the building.
• External wall opening ratio of more than 40% • Tall buildings with large height to base size
can cause severe damage. ratio have more horizontal shaking of its floors
• Average nominal shear stress • Historically, 5-10 story buildings have suffered
• Building above ground is floor area times maximum damage as compared to 20 story or
weight factor, a base shear coefficient is above buildings. This is due to heavy
chosen and the plan area of first story investment in quake resistant design.
walls and columns is summated. • Wind forces in tall buildings can be more than
• Undamaged concrete buildings were found to quake forces.
have either a wall area index of more than 30
cm/m2 and shear stress of less than 12 kg/cm2
SOFT STORY
SHEAR WALL AND FRAME INTERSECTION • A Soft story is present in ‘Open ground story
• If opening are provided in shear walls, it must buildings’ or Building on Stilts. It is also known
be designed to resist lateral forces or it behave as weak story. Generally it is on ground floor
like a frame. but can on on any other floor
• It is allow for large horizontal movements
during causing damage to building as other
story move as block. This is called ‘Inverted
Pendulum Phenomenon’.
• It is adequate in strength but not in stiffness.
• During 2001 Gujarat Earthquake, in Ahmedabad
alone, more than 100 reinforced concrete
Soft story and building deviation
buildings collapsed due to presence of soft Source: Seismic Conscious Architecture: An
story. evaluation tool for Architects
5
20-Jul-18

VERTICAL CONFIGURATION
SHORT COLUMNS
• In Buildings with different column heights, for
instance on hills, shorter columns suffer more

damage during earthquake than longer
columns. The tall column vs short column
• This is due to lateral forces on stiffer short
columns that it may not counteract and thus
fail. This is called ‘Short Column effect’
MASS ECCENTRICTY
• For a good seismic performance, it must have
even load distribution system. Mass
eccentricities can case torsion and failure of
structure Mass Eccentricity Eccentric Load
Distribution
• Water tanks are like inverted pendulum where
all the lateral and vertical resistances come to
single member. Vertical Setback in buildings
VERTICAL SETBACK CONFIGURATION
• It refers to one or more abrupt reduction of
floor size within the building height. They are
complex elevations.
• The problem created by them lies in abrupt
change of strength and stiffness at the point of
setback, or the notch. As the forces develop in
different level, they need to be brought down
along the height to the ground by shortest
path. Any discontinuity or deviation results in
poor performance.
WHAT HAPPENS TO A DDA FLAT IN DELHI

UNAUTHORIZED DELHI- LAL DORA

6
20-Jul-18

ORIGINAL FLAT DESIGN
MODIFIED FLAT DESIGN

SECOND FLOOR FIRST FLOOR
DDA FLAT – DUPLEX TYPE

16-20 - Nidm-Retrofit and Basisolation

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Programme Report

Towards a disaster free India

National Institute of Disaster Management South Campus

A-wing, 4th Floor, NDCC-II Building, Jai Singh Road,

Report by Course Coordinator

1. Name of the Course Earthquake Resistant Construction Practices and

2. Dates July 16-20, 2018

S. No. State Participants

8. Methodology The broad methodology adopted was presentations based interactive

Hrs Monday Tuesday Wednesday Thursday Friday

11:45- Basic -Do- -Do- -Do- Techno-legal

14:00- Earthquake Architectural RVS of buildings Presentation Training

NIDM Faculty Involved with the Programme

External faculty involved with the Programme

10. List of Participants

State Sr. Name, Designation and address of Participants Contact Details

8. Shri Richard Anderson Wanniang Mb: 09774946256

16. Shri Sanjeev Rai Tel: 03592-205091

ADHAR CONSULTANCY & INFRASTRUCTURE (AC&I)

About Us Structural Distress:

AC&I comprises of experienced professionals that execute niche

Based on an accurate assessment a suitable rehabilitation

(i) Inadequate Design for Earthquake forces

Structural Distress: Supported By:

Beam Shear off Damage

ADHAR CONSULTANCY & INFRASTRUCTURE (AC&I)

Concrete Jacketing Concrete Jacketing

Concrete Jacketing Rust Removal

Reduction of Span Steel Plating

Reduction of Span Concrete jacketing

Concrete jacketing Carbon Fiber Laminates

Reduction of Span Carbon Fiber Laminates

Glass Fiberse wraps Repairs Through Shotcreting

Repairs Through Shotcreting

ADHAR CONSULTANCY & INFRASTRUCTURE (AC&I)

ADHAR CONSULTANCY & INFRASTRUCTURE (AC&I)

VULNERABILITY ASSESSMENT OF SCHOOL 26 December 2004, Indian Ocean Tsunami

What is missing? Earthquake prediction-early

Town hall, Lahore –180KM SW of epicenter

What has caused this train to

NOW it’s mansion

Poor constructions – Shimla, What are the

Q1. Does the building have an open storey

Portions where brick walls can

Ludlo castle School –Delhi

X-bracing takes care of shear

Soft storey at the ground

New constructions – as per Lachi dam – HP, water

Haity EQ. 2010 – before and after The DISASTER Paradigm

How to store surplus water? On

Weep holes – inclination!

Before 26 Jan 2001

X-bracing takes care of shear

Soft storey at the ground

Crushed cars Portions where brick walls can be

RVS of built infrastructure –

K-100, First floor, Kalkaji,

• Conventional Methods of Retrofitting

1) Site survey along with rehab observation—collect all information

Bare Frame Model

1) Check location & size of brick infill wall panels.

1) If failure then retrofit or try to salvage more hidden strength with

1) If pushover does not yield acceptable results run retrofit scheme