Example Consider a gas mixture that consists of 3 kg of O,, 5 kg of N,, and 12 kg of CH,, as shown in Figure. Determine (a) the mass fraction of each component, (b) the mole fraction of each component, and (c) the average molar mass and gas constant of the mixture. SOLUTION (a) The total mass of the mixture is Mp = Mo, + my, + Mey, = 3 +5 + 12 = 20kg. ton mg 20s (b) To find the mole fractions, we need to determine the mole numbers of each component first: 0.179 knot = 0.750 kmot and — 0.750 kao 1.023 kmot — 7% (c) The average molar mass and gas constant of the mixture are determined from their definitions, my 20h, Ma ~ Tq ~ 1.028 kmot ~ 17-6 Re/Aewel DM, = YoMo, + Yule, + YouMen, (0.092)32) + (0.175)28) + (0.733K16) = 19.6 ghkmot Also, A, _ S311 ki/AmotK pa 0424 KIN K My 196 kg/kmoExample 2.1 Ideal Gas Mixture Properties The volume composition of a gas mixture is given as H, : 78 % , CO, : 20% and H,O : 2%. Determine: (a) mass fraction of the component gasses in the mixture, (b) gas constant of the mixture, (c) constant pressure specific heat of the mixture, and (d) heat transfer to cool the mixture from 500 to 100 °C. Solution Molar composition is given as dun, = O78. 90, = 0.2.and y44,6 — 0.02 The molecular weight of the mixture or the mass of the mixture per kmol of mixture is Mu, Meo, * Yet = 2.016 x 0.78 + 44.0 x 0.2 + 18.016 x 0.02 + Muo ¥11,0 24 + 8.8 + 0.3603 Myyix = 10.7327 kg/kmol of mixture 0.1465 Xco, = Topaa7 = 08199 0.3603 Xu,0 = = 0.0335 10.7327 (b) Mixture gas constant The gas constant of the mixture is 8.3144 To7307 70-7746 kI/ke K(c) Mixture specific heat The constant pressure specific heat of the mixture is Crue = Du Cr, = Xu, X Cp, +Xc0, X Creo, + XH,0 X CP,,0 = 0.1465 x 14.209 + 0.8199 x 0.842 + 0.0335 x 1.872 = 2.0816 + 0.69035 + 0.0627 = 2.835 kI/kgK (Table C.6 page 638) (d) Heat transfer to cool the mixture 199 = hz — hy = Cp, (Tz — T,) = 2.835 x (500 — 100) 19y = 1134 KI /kg Example In an ideal gas mixture, the partial pressures of the component gases are as follows: CO,, 20 kPa; O,, 30 kPa; and N, 50 kPa. Determine the mole fractions and mass fractions of each component. Calculate the apparent molar mass, the apparent gas constant, the constant-volume specific heat, and the specific heat ratio at 300 K for the mixture. Solution Properties The molar masses of CO,, 0, and N, are 44.0, 32.0, and 28.0 kg/kmol, respectively ‘The constant volume specific heats of these gases at 300 K are 0.657, 0.658, and 0.743 ki/kg.k, respectivelyAnalysis The total pressure is Porat = Peon + Pos + Pao =20 +30-+50=100 kPa The volume fractions are equal to the pressure fractions. Then, = teor _ 29 9 29 Pert 100 ¥eor = Yor =p = To9 ver = We consider 100 kmol of this mixture, Then the mass of each component are mee = NeorM coo = 20 kmol)(44 kg/kmol)= 880 kg, ‘oo Moo = (30 kmol)(32 ke/kmol) = 960 ke Ny2M xq = (50 kmol)(28 kg/kmol) = 1400 kg, Mos m, The total mass is Py =PIne + Mos + Pia, = BBO + 960 + 1400 = 3240 ke Then the mass fractions are mfcos — eo? — SS°KS _9 2716 2 mn, 3240 kes mo: _ 260k® _ 9 963 My 3240 ee mf,. — se — 1900K8 _9 4324 S2 in, S240 ke The apparent molecular weight of the mixture is yy 3240 ke N,, 100 kmol AL =32.40kg/kmol The constant-volume specific heat of the mixture is determined from ey = mfegreycor + More yor + ME ewe 0.2716 x 0.657 + 0.2963 0.658 + 0.4321= 0.743 = 0.6945kKs/kg-K ‘The apparent gas constant of the mixture is Ra Pn _S3l4kV/imol-K _9 a5 66ksikg-K M,, 32.40kg/kmol ‘The constant-pressure specific heat of the mixture and the specific heat ratio are 951 1kJ/kg:K Cp =, +R=0.6945 + 0.2566 = ¢, : fp _O.9511kIkg-K _4 379 » 0.6945kTkg-KExample 2.2 Heating of Moist Air Let us consider the heating of moist air for steady-state-steady-flow over a heating coil in an air flow duct. Moist air enters the heating section of the duct at 10°C and with 80% relative humidity. Air is heated and exits at a temperature of 40°C. Determine (a) relative humidity of the air at the exit and (b) rate of heat transfer to the moist-air stream from the heating coil. Solution From conservation mass equations: Dry-air ma: thay = thay ‘a Water mass: Since no water is added or removed, Finyy = My, or wl = @2 Compute partial pressure of water vapor and humidity ratio at inlet and exit: 10°C, = 80%, Pg, = Past at rat02¢ = 1.2276 kPa 0.80 x 1.2276 kPa = 0.98208 kPa Paat at T=10°C 0.98208 0.98208 0622755 — 0.98208 kPa ~ °°?? 99.1703 © = 0.00616 kg H,O/kg dry air 40°C. Pgs = Pra at 40% = 7-384 KPa Inga = Mg ae raa0ee = 2574.26 kI/kg from steam Table C.1 Since the water content remains same in the heating process, the mole fraction and partial pressure of the water vapor remain same. So, we can set Pos = Py, = 0.98208 kPa and compute the relative humidity of the air at the exit as 0.98208 9.98208 _ 9 133 Taag ~ 01330 P, 2 = 5 Pyz a 40°C of Relative humidity at the exit state, 2 = 13.3%From first law or energy balance equation , the heating rate is given as Be Igy + eat = Maa + eal + (0) ~ 02) Ia or “ Be = (gg) +0 gH) = Cy (12-71) +0 (Agasec — Mg,owrc) = 1.004 (40 — 10) + 0.00616 (2574.26 ~ 2519.74) = 30.12 40.3358 Se = 20.46 kI/kg ow & at ot sop trent. Ia Raley “weaker ag hehe billy ed a hee EOE tes Leg.Example 2.3 Cooling and Dehumiditying Coil For moist-air flow over a cooling and dehumidifying coil, the moist-air state at inlet state 1 is given as P, = 110 kPa, T, = 35°C, and @, = 85%. The exit state 2 is P, = 106 kPa, T, = 10°C, and 0, =90%. Determine the heat-transfer rate for the cooling of the moist air and the amount of liquid condensate removed. Solution Compute partial pressure of water vapor and humidity ratio at inlet and exit: State 1: Pp. @, = 0.6225—"-— = 0.622. Poy =O, Pg, =O, Paar at psec = O85 X 5.628 kPa = 4.7838 kPa 4.7838 4.7838 PL Py Tio 4.7838KPa ~ °°? 705.2162 @, = 0.02828 kg H,O/kg dry air Igy = Ig at raasee = 2565.3 kI/kg HO from steam table State 2: Pya = O2P ga = OaPont at 710°C = 0.90 = 1.228 kPa Po 1.228 1.228 0; = 0.6225 = 0.62252 = 0.622 5 © = 0.0655 kg H,0/kg dry Fagg = Ing op Pa 2 = 2519.8 kJ/kg and hy = ar rare = 42.01 kI/kg HO We can compute the mass of liquid water removed as the condensate as = @ — @, = 0.02828 — 0.00 655 kg H,O/kg dry air = 0.02173 kg H,O/kg dry airThe cooling coil heat-transfer rate is given as a Bm 6 (=) + (ona =o) +h ge Q = 1.004 (35 — 10) + (0.00655 x 2519.8 — 0.02828 x 2565.3) + 0.02173 x 42.01 ih, & = -25.1 — 56.0419 + 0.91287 80.229 kI/kg dry air Example 2.4 Mixing of Moist-Air Streams A stream consisting of 35 m?/min of moist air 14 °C, 1-atm, 80% relative humidity mixes adiabatically with a stream consisting of 80 m3/min of moist air at 40 °C, 1- atm, 40% relative humidity, giving a mixed stream at 1-atm (see figure below). (a) Determine the specific volume and mass flow rates of the two streams at inlet sections (1 and 2), (b) determine humidity ratios and enthalpy values of the incoming streams, and (c) use mass and energy balance to determine the relative humidity, temperature, and enthalpy of the exiting stream. Solution 1 |Compute partial pressure of water vapor and humidity ratio at inlet and exit states: State 1: LC 872K). 0% OF, Dy Proc ucrorare = 0-80 LSON KPa = 12784 KPA P, 0.6227, = 0.62255, 1274 i= Pa ‘TOO 1278 KPa ~ ‘n, = 0.00805 ke H,O/ke dry air h, = 2527.1 ki/kg from steam table, 1,005 x 14 = 14.07 kJ/kg H,O at 14°C from (h, (T) = Ca T (C) Jig + 4M, = 14.07 + 0.00805 x 2527.1 MAB Ki /kgedey air BT _ 0.2860 x28 Specie volume of dry aint = Bt = S28 27 oa Ag Ma 35 Mass flow rate of dry airy, = T8h = 35 = = 41.92 k¢/ min = 0.6986 ke/s 40°C (313.2 K).dy = 40% Py OP PsPoat ot Tae = 0-40 X 7.384 = 2.9536 kPa = 0.622 Pa. 0.622. = O02 P = Pa «o, = 0.0189 kg H,0/kg dry air Ing = Me ae resare = 2574.3 kI/kB Ih 005 x 40 = 40.2 kI/kg at T Ig eran Specific volume of dry air. yo Mass flow rate of dry stir igs From dry-air mass balance: ty a3 = lay + Hyg = 06986 + 1.44 = 2.1386 ke/s From water vapor mass balance: Out + Oyfity = 0. Solving sox Mitta + than _ (00805 x 0.6986 +0.0189 x 144 _ 0.005623 + 0.0272 . mys 2.1386 2.1386 oy = 0.01534 kg water/ kg airFrom energy b: ince equation Fitgy (May + @alty) + Hag (Mga + @alya Substituti = tgs (Mas + @shys) 1d 2, we get known values at sections 1a 0.6986 (14.07 + 0.0.00805 x 2527.1) + 1.44 (40.2 + 0.0189 x 2574.3) = 2.1386 (Ing + shy) = 0.6986 (34.41) + 1.44 (88.854) = 2.1386 (hy + @shys) 24.03 + 127.94 Cat este 2.1386 = 71.065 kI/kg air Since RHS, ie. the enthalpy of the moist-air state at 3 is known, we can solve for the exit-state temperature using an iteration process by trial and error. Let us Guess T3 and compute (h,3, h,;) and check if LHS. Iterate until RHS = LHS. Trial 1: Guess T, = 30°C Iiys = hig ar rasoee = 2556.3 kI/kg hys = 1.005 x 30 = 30.15 kI/kg at T = 30°C LHS = (fs + @shys) (30.15 + 0.01534 x 2556.3) LHS = hy, = 69.363 kI/ke Trial 2 Guess Ts c Igy = Meg ae ros28c = 2559.9 kk Inys = 1.005 x 32 16 kI/kg at T orc LHS = (ys + rshys) = (32.16 + 0.01534 2559.9) LHS = hygs = 71-428 kI/kes Since LHS ~ RHS, we can define the mixed state Ty = 32°C. es = 0.01534 kg water/kg air Since LHS = RHS, we can define the mixed state 3 as T, = 32°C, ey = 0.01534 kg water/kg air Relative humidity at this mixed state can be computed as follows: Prys cs = 0.01534 = 0.622. 0.622555 P. Solving for Py 4068 kPa Pus Ps = 0.5057 Pes Prva ase 0 Relative humidity, 6, = 50.57%Example: Analyzing a Steam-Spray Humidifier Moist air with a temperature of 22°C and a wet-bulb temperature of 98°C enters a steam-spray humidifier. The mass flow rate of the dry air is 90 kg/min. Saturated water vapor at 110°C is injected into the mixture at a rate of 52 kg/h. There is no heat transfer with the surroundings, and the pressure is constant throughout at 1 bar. Using the psychrometric chart, determine at the exit (a) the humidity ratio and (b) the temperature, in °C. Solution 1 Siturmed water por atl" 52 ka he eds = 59 Nhe 0) idity ratio at the exit 2 can be found from mass rate balances ir and water individually. Thus, figs = tings (Ary air) fit © tig = tit (water) ‘he 0.002 kg (vapor)/ kg(dry air). (52 ka/h)|1 1760 mia) 4, Ke(vapor) wo = 0.002 + O16 Por 90 kg/min Ke(dry air)(b) The temperature at the exit can be determined using an energy rate balance. With assumptions 1 and 2, the steady-state form of the energy rate balance 0 = Nigy — Man + Oiigy + (Wa = W1)Mtga — alta Cte + coftg)2 — (Uta + coftg)s + (err — 01 tas The first term on the right of Eq. can be obtained from the Psychometric chart at the inlet state; the value is 27.2 kl/kg(dry air). The second term on the right can be evaluated using the known humidity ratios w, and w2 and h,, = 2691.5 ki/kg(vapor) from steam table The value of the right term of Eq. hy=is 25.8 ki/kg (dry air). Finally, the temperature at the exit can be read directly from the chart. The result is T= 23.5°C. Example 2.5 Combustion Reaction Model Consider combustion of octane (C;H,;) with 200% theoretical air. Determine (a) The air-fuel ratio, both on a molar basis and on a mass basis, (b) The equivalence ratio, (c) The molar and mass composition of the product for the combustion, and (d) The dew-point temperature of the product gas mixture at an operating pressure of 0.1MPa. Solution The balanced reaction with stoichiometric or theoretical air is given as CyHj, + 12.5 (0, +3.76N,) > 8CO, +9H,0 +47N, The balanced reaction with 200% theoretical air is given as CyHyy + (12.5 x 2.0) O, + (12.5 x 2.0 x 3.76) Ny = 8CO, + 9H,O + (12.5) x O, + (94.0) NyThe total number of moles in the product is x (a) Air-fuel ratio for 200% theoretical air is computed as follows: Mae _ Moye! _ 25. + 3.76) kmol air Rea oT TEMOLOFC,Fiys 119 kmol of air/kmol of Css nico, + Ny,o + No, +My, = 8494125 +940 = 1235 ‘Molar air — fuel ratio, AF = 28.97 i ap ae Mass air — fuel ratio, AF = AF ~~ Mou, 30.18 kg air/kg fuel Air-fuel ratio for the stoichiometric air ATR x Max _ 12.54.76 kimol air 28.97 AP wai = AP soi ™ Te Tkmol Hy, 11423 AP gg: = 15.09 kg ait/kg CyHyg (b) The equivalence ratio is given as AF soi _ 15.09 ?= KF > 30.18 ’=0.5 (©) Molar composition is given as Noo, __8 OS Fem 23S 125 1235 ‘Total mass of the product per kmol of the mixture is Yim, = Meo, + M0 + Mo, + My, = Mco, X Yeo, + Mu,0 X ¥u,0 + Mo, * Yo, + Mn, * Yn, 44 x 0.0647 + 18.016 x 0.0728 + 32 x 0.1012 + 28.01 x 0.7612 = 2.8468 + 1.3115 + 3.2384 + 21.3184 Simm, = 28.7151 kg/kmol of mixture & Mass fraction is given as Xo, 0.0991: 41,0 =0.1127:xy, =Partial pressure of water in the mixture product Puyo = Yayo XP = 0.0728 x 0.1 = 7.28 kPa ‘The dew-point temperature of the mixture product is the saturation temperature of water at the partial pressure of water in the mixture and given as Tay = Tou (Puyo) = 32.7 °C based on saturation thermodynamic properties of water given in Table C.1 Thisindicates that ifthe mixture temperature is cooled below the dew-point temperature of Ty, = 39.7 °C, water vapor in the mixture will condense to liguid water. Example: Propane fuel (C,H,) is burned in the presence of air. Assuming that the combustion is theoretical—that is, only nitrogen (N,), water vapor (H,0), and carbon dioxide (CO,) are present in the products—determine (a) the mass fraction of carbon dioxide and (b) the ‘mole and mass fractions of the water vapor in the products. Solution The molar masses of C;Hs, 03, Nz, CO,, and HO ik, (fi are 44, 32, 28, 44, and 18 kg/kmol, respectively re i (Table A-1). —— (a) The reaction in terms of undetermined coefficients is CHy + (0, +3.76N,) + CO, + 2H04 PN CH + x(0, + 3.76N, ) ——> CO, + 2H,0+ NyBalancing the carbon in this reaction gives y=3 and the hydrogen balance gives 22=8 ——> 4 The oxygen balance produces 2x =2p +2 —>) y=y42/2=34+4/2=5 A balance of the nitrogen in this reaction gives 2x3.76x = 2p ——> — p=3.76x = 3.76x5 =18.8 In balanced form, the reaction is C,H +50, + 18.8N, ——> 3CO, + 41,0 + 18.8N, The mass fraction of carbon dioxide is determined from Neo:Meor cor + NinoM mp + Nao Mw (kmoh(44 ke/kanol) (a4 kg/anol) + (4 Kano kg anol) + (8 8 ano2s kganol) 132ke ~7304ke (6) The mole and mass fractions of water vapor are lpwauce Noor =0.181 ——__thnol__4tanol__9 455, Femol+ a mol 18S kamal ~ 25.8 kmol NwoM mo nileoa *NinoMino *Nweiiee (CkmoD0Sky/kaol) ~ GkmohC4s kelkmol + G4 kmoh(1s ke/kmol) + (08.8 kmolx2s ke/kmol) __72ke 730.4 KE =0.0986Example 2.6 Temperature of Product of Combustion ‘Methane gas (CH4) at 25 C, 1 atm, enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and burns completely 200% theoretical air entering at 25 oC, 1 atm. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature (Show at least two iterations) Solution ‘The balanced equation for combustion of methane with 100% theoretical air reaction can be written as CH, + (a( 0, + 3.76N) = (b) CO, + (©) H,O +d) Ny Where the constant coefficients 3, b, ¢, and d are moles of O,, CO,, H;0, and N, per mole of CH, in a complete reaction, and these are determined by making balance of mass for each element on both sides of the equation as demonstrated below: 2eorce=2 76a = dor d= 7.52 ing coefficient values, we get the balanced reaction 100% theoretical air CH, +20, + 7.52N, + CO, + 2H,0 +7.52N, For combustion reaction with 200% theoretical air, the balanced reaction equation CH, +40, +15.04N, — CO, +2H,0 +20, 415.04, ‘The Adiabatic Flame Temperature is the estimated maximum temperature of the product of combustion while neglecting any heat loss and workout from the combustion reaction. This is given by the first law of energy balance equation and is calculated as Sn (iP+ ah), = Sonal (ie +4h), Expanding this equation for the combustion reaction of methane with 200: cheoretical alr, we get Ns (np +Bh)., +4(nP + BR), +15.04(n + Oh) =1(he +4h) + 2(he +Ah),, ot 2(he+ Bh) + 15.04(he +3h).. From Table C.6, we get enthalpy of formation data: (if) _yy, = -74850, (2), =0, (hf)y, = 0, (2) go, = 393520, (id), 4 = = 241820 hyo = At25°C, Latm: (3h) =0,(Ah) = 0 0, N,The difference in enthalpy, Ah, at any temperature with respect to reference temperature, 25°, is given as (BF)... = Feo, — 9364). (BF), (BR), = (Fo, cy ~ 082) (AF), = ( = (Fino (7) ~ 9904) ss, (T)— 8669) Substituting values 14850 = |-392 520 - (Figg, (7)— 9364) +2 [-241 820 (Fy,0(T)— 9904) 12 [(fo.7-s02] 1504 [fon or Tigo, (T) + 2hiy,o (T) + Ihig, (T) + 15.04 hy, (T) = 979 227.76 Ki/kmol— (E2.6.5) Equation (E2.6.5) can be iteratively solved for the exhaust temperature by starting with an initial guess and substituting on the LHS to match value on the RHS. The process can be repeated with newer guess value until converge solution is reached. One of the simplest approaches is to compute the LHS with two guess values, and ‘then use either interpolation or extrapolation formulas to compute the solution. Let us demonstrate this process in the following few steps. Iteration 1: Assume T = 1500K Substituting the temperature value on LHS of Eq. E2.6.5 and evaluating the corresponding enthalpy values from Table C.7, we get Figo, (1500 K) + 2Fiy,g (1500 K) + 2g, (1500 K) + 15.04 iy, (1500 K) LHS LHS (1500 Ky = 71.078 + 2 (57,999) + 2(49292) + 15.04 (47,073) LHS (1500 K) = 903,637.92 kJ /kmol > RHS Iteration # 2: Assume T = 1400K LHS = Tico, (1400 K) + 27,0 (1400 K) + 2g, — (1400 K) + 15.04 Fig, (1400 Ky LHS (1400 K) = 65271 + 2 (53.351) +2 (45 648) + 15.04 (43.605) LHS (1400 K) = 919 088.2 kJ/kmol < RHS Interpolating between T =1400 and 1500 K, we get the exhaust adiabatic flame temperature as T— 1400 979 227 — 919 088. T500— 1400 ~ 99363792 — 919 088.2 1480.67 KExample Find the stoichiometric air-fuel ratio for the combustion of ethyl alcohol (C,H,0), in 2 petrol engine, Calculate the air-fuel ratios for the extreme mixture strengths of 90% and 120%. Determine also the wet and dry analyses by volume of the exhaust gas for each mixture strength. Solution The combustion equation can be written as C,H,0 +30, ——* 20, +3H,0 CH,O+30, + (3* 79/21)N, ——* 2C0,+3H,0+(3* 79/21) N, Fuel has (2*12) +6#16 = 46 ke, and oxygen has 3*32= 96 kg 0, required perkg of fuel =96/46 = 2.087 2 Fegulred per kg / 8 [Orstocn A/F ration[o"4.76728.96//46-8.58/% Stoichiometric A/F ratio = 2.087/0,233 = 8.957/1 1) Considering a mixture strength of 90% icA/P ‘actual A/F ratio 09 actual A/F ratio = #257 = 9.952 a 229, 2193 )9 a Loge 2? CH.0+ 4 (30, +(3*2)N,) ——+ 200, + 3H,0+(2 "30,445 *3* 2) n, The products are: 2 kmole CO, + 3 kmole H,0 + 0.333 kmole O, + 12.54 kmole N, 2+3+0,333+12054 = 17,873 kmole Wet analysis — CO, (2/17.873)"100 11.19% O02 (0.333/17.873)"100 1.86% H20 (3 / 17.873) *100 16.76 % Ne (12.54 / 17.873) *100 70.16 % Dry analysis The total dry = 2+0.333+12.54 = 14.873 kmole (2/ 14.873) *100 (0.333 / 14.873) *100 (12.54 / 14.873) *1002) Considering a mixture strength of 120% Stoichiometric A/Pratio _ actual A/F ratio 12 actual A/F ratio =9257 = 7.47/1 127 1 17 Lege”? C,H.O+3{30, +(3°2)N,} ——+ 200, + bCO+3H,0+(473" 2) Nn, Carbon balance: 2= a+b Oxygen balance: 1 +(2°°3)=2a+b+3 Subtracting a= b=2-1=1 The Products are 1 kmole CO, + 1 kmole CO + 3 kmole H, + 9.405 No 1+1+43+9.405 = 14.405 kmole Wet analysis coz (11 14.408) 100 6.94 % co 714-405) “100 6.94 % Heo (B/ 14.405) “100 20.83 % Ne (9.405 / 14.405) *100 65.29 % Dry analysis The total dy = 1 +1 + 8.405 = 11.405 kmole CO2 (1/ 11.405) *100 8.77 % (1/11.405) *100 No (9.405 / 11.405) *100 82.46 %Example CO, exits the combustion chamber at 400 K, find h(7') Solution Tiel gas ppertics of carbon die, CO, W(P,P) = HE + W(T,P) — A(T Prep) T i i e k What kml bk 38 9368 6885 215.685 h(T) = -393520 + 13372 - 9364 * ee R(T) = -389494 kj /kmol Entel of formato, Git foncton of rman, an abc enrpy st Clam hg # subgaxe Farman! AaExample N, exts the combustion chamber at 420K, fin fT) Solution A(T.) = e+ HCP) — Tp, Pre) A(T) = 0+ 12225 - 8669 A(T) = 3556 kj/kmol Nitrogen, Hi 6391 | 4,562 | 182638 220 6,683) 4,770 | 183.938 230 6975 | 4,979 | 185.180 240 7,266) 5,188 | 186.370 250 7558 5,396 | 187516 260 7,849 5,604 | 188.614 270 8141 5,813 | 189.673 280 8432 6,021 | 190.695 290 8,669 6,190 | 191502 298 8723 6,229 | 191.682 300 9,014 | 6,437 | 192.638 | 310 9,306 | 6,645 | 193.562 | 320 9.597 | 6,853 | 194.459 | 330 9,888| 7,061 | 195.328 | 340 10,180 7,270 | 196.73 350 10,471 7,478 | 196.995 360 10,763 7,687 | 197.794 370 11,055 | 7,895 | 198.572 380 11307 | 8,104 | 199.331 390 11,640| 8,314 | 200.071 | 400 11932 | 8,523 | 200.794 | 410 12,225 | 8,733 | 201499 | 420Example Octane gas (CH) is burned with 80 percent excess air in a constant pressure burner, The air and fuel enter this burner steadily at standard conditions and the products of combustion leave at 217 *C. Calculate the heat transfer, in kl/ kg fuel, during this combustion, on Solution The molar masses of propane and air are 44 a kg/kmol and 29 ke/kmol, respectively (Table A-1).. ce ae ‘The combustion reaction for stoichiometric air is CaMig +12 5103 +3. 76N2]—8CO, +9110 (12.53. 76)N> The combustion equation with 80% excess air is CyHy, +1.8~12.5[0, + 3.76N,]_+8C0, + 9H, +0.8~12.50, +1.8=12.5 <3.76N, ‘The heat transfer for this combustion process is determined from the energy balance E,, + Eout AE. y.tem applied on the combustion chamber with W = 0. It reduces to Assuming the air and the combustion products to be ideal gases, we have h = h(T). From the tables, iy Fesome Fraoee Substance keremot kcr/kemot sremot Gi @ 208.450 oO ° 3682 14.460 Ne ° 8669 14.285 HO (@) -241,820, 9904 16.477 co: -393.520 9364 17.232 Substituting, Boa. =(@K- 393.520 «17,282 9864) + @L-241820 + 16477-8904) (LOYO + 14.460 - 8682) + (84.60 + 14.285 — 8665) (1 208.450)-0-0 = =1.239.860 EITkamol CIs Daye = 4461,095 KI/RavO! CoE ‘Then the heat transfer per kg of felis Doug 4.461.095 kyo fil _ Con ee 99,130kJ/kaCsHisExample A gaseous fuel mixture that is 40 percent propane (C,H) and 60 percent methane (CH,) by volume is mixed with the theoretical amount of dry air and bumed in a steady flow, constant pressure process at 100 kPa. Both the fitel and air enter the combustion chamber at 298 K and undergo a complete combustion process. The products leave the combustion chamber at 423 K. Determine (a) the balanced combustion equation, (6) the amount of water vapor condensed from the products, and (c) the required air flow rate. in kg/h, when the combustion process produces a heat transfer output of 140,000 kI/h Ty Kvkmnol_—M, kg/kimol__&,, Kllkmol-K CyHl@)— — 103,850 44 chi 7485016 i < co, = -393/520 ad A116 aa co 110,530 28 29.21 scores H.0@ 24182018 34.28 Ho) -285830 18 7524 0, 32 30.14 Ne 28 29.27 Solution The molar masses of C, Hy, Os, Ny and air ate 12 kg/kmol, 2 ke/kmol, 32 ke/kinol, 28 kg/kmol, and 29 keykmol, respectively (Table A-1). (a) The balanced reaction equation for stoichiomettie air is OAC Hy £06CH, +.ay[0, +3.76N,] 21.800, +28H,0 + 04, x3.76Nz The stoicihiometric coefficient a, is determined fiom an O, balance: 4,-1.8 +1.4=32 Substituting, 0.4C3He +0.6CH, + 3.210, +3.76N]—+1.8CO, + 2.8H20 + 12.032 Ny (b) The partial pressure of water vapor is p—Mwwo p,-__28 ___qoo xp) —_2.8kamol con Tasae+12082 16.632 kml 10OKP® ~1684KPa ‘The dew point temperature of the product gases is the saturation temperature of water at this pressure: Tap ~ Tomer are 562°C (Table A-5) Since the temperature of the product gases are at 423 K (150°C), there will be no condensation of water vapor.(©) The heat transfer for this combustion process is determined from the energy balance Ej, + out. AE yetem applied on the combustion chamber with 10, It reduces to = Pou = SN rej +h -I yg — DN elig +h I) The products are at 125 °C. and the enthalpy of produets ean be expressed as where AT =150~: ~0, 125°C =125K. Then, using the values given in the table, (1 8{-393,520-+41.162125) + (2.8(-241,820-+ 34.28 125) + (12.032(0 + 29.27 125) —(0.4(-103850) ~ (0.674.850) 3.700 kk el Of Qj = 1233.70 kT el For a heat transfer rate of 140,000 kI/h, the molar flow rate of fuel is 0.1135 knot Bel/b. ‘The molar mass of the fuel mixture is Mey =0-4% 44 +0.6%16 = 27.2 ke/kmol The mass flow rate of fel is sitiyet = NgxetM inet = (0.1135 kmnol/h)(27.2 kg/kmol) = 3.087 kg/h ‘The air-fuel ratio is Me __GB.2* 4.76% 29) ke AF: = Ma OAR 44+ 0.6% 16) KS 16.24kg air/kg fitel The mass flow rate of air is then Jitgg = Tbsya AF = (3.087 ke/hX 16.24) =50.1kg/hExample Calculate the enthalpy of combustion of gaseous methane, in ki per kg of fuel, (a) at 25 * 41 atm with liquid water in the products, and (b) at 25 °C, 1 atm with water vapor in the products. Solution ‘The combustion equation is obtained as CH, + 20) + 7.52N, —» CO, + 2H,O + 7.52N, fic =) nphip - Y" ng hig ? 7 = Rico, + 2 — henge) ~ Zo, = (8+ Alco, + 200% + Alo — (HF + Altona) ~ 2048 +20, For nitrogen, the enthalpy terms of the reactants and products cancel. Also, the enthalpy of formation of oxygen is zero by definition. On rearrangement, the enthalpy of combustion expression becomes Tic = Chico, + 2hin0 ~ (Hane) + (AMeo, + 2M). ~ (Abani) ~ 2080.) {a) at 25 °C, 1 atm with liquid water in the products, Re Yuwie - Ying tig 7 7 = Fi®)co, + 2AhMu0W — Acre) = =303,520 + 2(—285,830) ~ (—74,850) = —800,330 kikmol(fuel) Dividing by the molecular weight of methane places this result on a unit mass of fuel basis fd. = 2820330 ksrkmol (uel) 16.04 kg (fuch/kmot (fuely ~~ 55-507 kivkg (fuel) (b) at 25 °C, 1 atm with water vapor in the products. (c) Repeat part (b) at 1000 K, 1 atm. RE = Fico. + 2ADinow — Fen) ~393,520 + 2(-241.820) — (74,850) 802.310 kl/kmol (fuel) Dividing by the molecular weight of methane places this result on a unit mass of fuel basis 802,310, ne 50,019 tes/kg (fuel) 16.04Example 2.6 Temperature of Product of Combustion Viethane gas (CH4) at 25 °C, 1 atm, enters an insulated reactor operating at steady state and burns completely 200% theoretical air entering at 25 °C, 1 atm. Determine the adiabatic flame temperature (Show at least two iterations) Solution ‘The balanced equation for combustion of methane with 100% theoretical air reaction can be written as CH, + (@( 0, + 3.76 N,) = (b) CO, + (©) H,O +) Ny where the constant coefficients a, b, ¢, and d are moles of O,, CO,, H,0, and N, per mole of CH, in 2 complete reaction, and these are determined by making balance of mass for each element on both sides of the equation as demonstrated below: For C:1=b,b=1 For O: 24 = 2b +e or 2a = 2+e=24+20ra=2 For H:4=2core=2 Por N: 3.764 = d ord = 7.52 Substituting coefficient values, we get the balanced reaction 100% theoretical air CH, +20, +7.52N, > CO, + 2H,0 +7.52N, For combustion reaction with 200% theoretical air, the balanced reaction equation CH, +40, 41 04 Ny 04N, > CO, +2H,0 +20, + The Adiabatic Flame Temperature is the estimated maximum temperature of the product of combustion while neglecting any heat loss and workout from the ‘combustion reaction. This is given by the first law of energy balance equation and is calculated as Sro(i SH), = Fna(WP+ 5h), Expanding this equation for the combustion reaction of methane with 200% ‘theoretical air, we get (ng-+BR)_ +a(he +R), + 15.04(np + aR (mp4 BR), +2(hp+ Oh), + 2(hp+ OR), + 1s04(ne +R) From Table C.6, we get enthalpy of formation data: OH eo,The difference in enthalpy, 4h, at any temperature with respect to reference temperature, 25 °C, is given as (BP)... = ico, 9368) (AM), = (Fin,oM 9904) (Bh), = (Ro, cr) —s082) (BF), (Fix, 7) ~ 8069) Substituting values 74850 = [393520 — (Figo, (7)— 9364) ] +2 [241 820~ (i, « (7) 9904) ] +2[{ Fo, c7)- so82)] + 1504 [(i, (7) - 8669] or ico, (T) + hig,o (T) + 2g, (1) + 15.04 hy, (T) = 979 227.76 KI /kmol —_(E2.6.5) Equation (£2.6.5) can be iteratively solved for the exhaust temperature by starting with an initial guess and substituting on the LHS to match value on the RHS. The process can be repeated with newer guess value until converge solution is reached. One of the simplest approaches is to compute the LHS with two guess values, and ‘then use either interpolation or extrapolation formulas to compute the solution. Let us demonstrate this process in the following few steps. Iteration 1: Assume T= 1500K Substituting the temperature value on LHS of Eq. E2.6.5 and eveluating the corresponding enthalpy values from Table C.7, we get LHS = Tico, (1500 K) + 2 Tigo (1500 K) + 2g, (1500 K) + 15.04 hiy, (1500 K) LHS (1500 K) = 71.078 + 2 (57,999) + 2(49292) + 15.04 (47,073) LHS (1500 K) = 993,637.92 kI/kmol > RHS Iteration # 2: Assume T= 1400K LHS = Tigo, (1400 K) + 2 Figo (1400 K) + Fig, — (1400 K) + 15.04 Fi, (1400 Ky LHS (1400 Ky = 65271 + 2 (53.351) + 2(45 648) + 15.04 (43.605) LHS (1400 K) = 919 088.2 ki/kmol < RHS. Interpolating between T =1400 and 1500 k, we get the exhaust adiabatic flame temperature as T1400 979 227 oss.2 T500— 1400 ~ 59363792 — 919 088.2 1480.67 K 1Example Liquid octane at 25 °C, 1 atm enters a well-insulated reactor and reacts with air entering at the same temperature and pressure, For steady-state operation and negligible effects of kinetic and potential energy, determine the temperature of the combustion products for complete combustion with (a) the theoretical amount of air, (b) 400% theoretical air. Solu GH 25,T am Insulation Tait + Mh). = DY nht + Ah), + x On rearrangement, this becomes ne Alt), = nl), +S nibs — HM Since the reactants enter at 25 °C, the (Af); terms on the right side vanish, and the ‘energy rate equation becomes nah). = yuki - nde(2) For combustion of liquid octane with the theoretical amount of air, the chemical equation is CyHys(I) + 12.503 + 47N2 > 8COz + 9H30(g) + 47Nz DAM. = STi, — Selec B(AR)co. + 9AM )i01) + 47CATON, (Rican + 12-56. + 47 S| — [8Giico, + 9A u0@ + 47 AIL The right side of the above equation can be evaluated with enthalpy of formation data from the thermodynamic Table, giving B(Ali)co, + 9 AM)n0(y) + 47(MA)N, 174,630 kJ/kmol (fuel) tach Ahterm on the left side of this equation depends on the temperature of the oducts, T, . This temperature can be determined by an iterative procedure. he following table gives 2 summary of the iterative procedure for three trial values of TP. ‘ince the summation of the enthalpies of the products equals 5,074,630 ki/kmol, the actual value of T, is in the interval from 2350 to 2400 K. Interpolation between these emperatures gives T, = 2395 K. Tr 2500 K 2400 K 2350 K 8(AA)co, 975.408 926,304 901,816 9(AA)H.018) 890.676 842.436 818.478 47(AR): Pre. 3,492,664 3,320,597 3,234,869 5,089,337 4.955.163 (b) For complete combustion of liquid octane equation is 400% theoretical air, the chemics CsHis(1) + 5002 + IS8Ny —> 8CO2 + 9HO(g) + 37.502 + I88N2 The energy rate balance reduces for this case to 8(Ah)co, + (Ah) + 37-5(Al)o, + 188( Ah), = 5,074,630 k/kmol (fuel) Proceeding iteratively as above, the temperature of the products is T, = 962 K."yweyo deWOIYyIAS_ (20) eanyeredusey qing Aq or or og oe ‘Humidity ratio, & watarikg dry