SOCIOLINGUISTICT

“LANGUAGES, DIALECTS, AND VARIETIES”

ARRANGED BY:

Nuning Yuningsih A1M219015

Nurahma Alvira Hamzah A1M219017
Safina A1M219021
Agnia Sri Widiastuti A1M219023
Firdayana A1M219037
Genoveva Kristiana Nija A1M219039

ENGLISH EDUCATION DEPARTMENT

FACULTY OF TEACHER TRAINING AND EDUCATION

HALUOLEO UNIVERSITY

KENDARI

2021
 FOREWORD

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Praise Allah SWT for giving Us convenience so that We can complete this paper on time.
Without His help, surely We would not be able to finish this paper well. Our blessings and
greetings may be abundant for our beloved majesty is the Prophet Muhammad SAW.

This paper is created from several sources which assist us in compiling and completing this
paper. And we hope that this paper can provide knowledge for readers. We realize that there
are still many basic flaws in this paper. Therefore, we invite readers to provide suggestions
and criticism that can build us up. We expect criticism as well as suggestions from readers for
this paper, asking that this paper ask can make a better paper. More about many errors in this
paper, sorry for the value.

Finally, I hope this paper can be of benefit to all of us. We also thanks to all the special
parties for our lecturer who have guided in making this paper. Thus, hopefully, this paper can
be useful. Thank you.

Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Kendari, 14 September 2021

 Contents
FOREWORD.......................................................................................................................................2
CHAPTER I.........................................................................................................................................3
INTRODUCTION.................................................................................................................................3
CHAPTER II.......................................................................................................................................4
DISCUSSION.......................................................................................................................................4
A. Languages.................................................................................................................................4
1. Definition...............................................................................................................................5
2. Characteristics of Language...................................................................................................5
B. Dialects.....................................................................................................................................6
Types of Dialects..............................................................................................................................7
a. Regional Dialect....................................................................................................................7
b. Social dialect..........................................................................................................................7
C. Varieties....................................................................................................................................7
CHAPTER III....................................................................................................................................10
CLOSING............................................................................................................................................10
CONCLUTION..............................................................................................................................10
REFERENCES..........................................................................................................................11
 CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

In this paper present several materials: dialect variation, register variation, genre
identification, and verbal interaction. In having communication, speakers have various ways
of saying the same thing. Speakers in Aberdeen, north-east Scotland may choose between the
terms boy, loon, loonie, lad or laddie when referring to a young male person, or between
quine, quinie, lass, lassie, or girl in reference to a young female. Different words refer to the
same things; therefore we can conclude that each language has a number of varieties
(Wardhaugh, 2006).

Hudson (1996, p. 22) defines a variety of language as ‘a set of linguistic items with
similar distribution’, a definition that allows us to say that all of the following are varieties:
Canadian English, London English, the English of football commentaries, and so on. A
variety can therefore be something greater than a single language as well as something less,
less even than something traditionally referred to as a dialect. Ferguson (1972, p. 30) offers
another definition of variety as ‘anybody of human speech patterns which is sufficiently
homogeneous to be analyzed by available techniques of synchronic description and which has
a sufficiently large repertory of elements and their arrangements or processes with broad
enough semantic scope to function in all formal contexts of communication’.

Hudson and Ferguson agree in defining variety in terms of a specific set of ‘linguistic
items’ or ‘human speech patterns’ (presumably, sounds, words, grammatical features, etc.)
which we can uniquely associate with some external factor (presumably, a geographical area
or a social group).
 CHAPTER II

DISCUSSION
A. Languages
1. Definition
Language is a way of communication. It is a tool for uniting people or dividing
people. Language allows people to share. Language changes, dies and it is not passive.
Keraf, Smarapradhipa (2005) provides two meanings of language: The first definition
states language as a means of communication between members of society in the form
of sound symbols produced by human speech tools. Second, language is a
communication system that uses arbitrary vowel symbols/Speech sounds (Keraf,
Smarapradhipa, 2005:1). Language also is the institution whereby humans
communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral--auditory
arbitrary symbols.  In addition, a language is a system of conventional vocal signs by
means of which human beings communicate. This definition has several important
terms, each of which is examined in some detail... Those terms are system, signs, vocal,
conventional, human, communicate. (Algeo, 2005: 2).

Bell (1976) says that a language has the following criteria:

1) Standardization (codified/put into a system) which functions to unify individuals and

groups, symbolize identity (regional, social, ethnic, or religious), give prestige to
speakers, reduce or eliminate diversity and variety, assert independence

2) Vitality (the existence of a living community of speakers)

3) Historicity (sense of identity)

4) Autonomy (people feel their language is different)

5) Reduction (not necessarily to be the representative speakers of a language)

6) Mixture (speaker’s feeling of the purity of the language they speak)

7) De facto norms (speakers realize there are good and bad speakers)
 2. Characteristics of Language

Language has characteristics that you need to know, including:

a. Arbitrary

Language is arbitrary, that is, the relationship between the symbol and what is
symbolized is not obligatory, can change and cannot be explained about the symbol
describing a meaning.

b. Dynamic

Language is dynamic, that is, language cannot be separated from the possibility of
changes at any time. For example, the emergence of new vocabulary and old
vocabulary no longer works.

c. Productive

Language is productive, namely the language with a large number with limited
elements.

d. Diverse

Language is diverse, that is, even though language has the same rules, different
social backgrounds and different habits create different languages.

e. Humane

Human language is language as a verbal communication tool only owned by

humans. Living things other than humans have no language. As a means of
communication, language must be understood by humans.

B. Dialects

According to Kridalaksana (2009) dialect is a variety of languages that vary

according to the user, the variety of languages used by language groups in certain
places, or by certain groups of language groups or by groups of speakers who live in a
 certain time. Moeliono (Peny, 2007) states that dialect is a variety of languages which
varies according to the user. According to Sumarsono (2010) dialect is the language of
a group of people living in a certain area. Dialect differences in a language are
determined by the geographical location or region of the group of the speakers,
therefore dialects are called geographic dialects or regional dialects. Natural boundaries
such as rivers, mountains, seas, forests and the like limit one dialect to another.

Based on some of these dialect definitions, researchers can conclude that dialect
is a variety of languages used by groups of people in a certain place or area (geographic
dialect). Dialect is also a linguistic system used by a society to distinguish it from
neighboring communities that use different systems even though they are closely
related or in other words, it is a difference in unity and unity in differences.

Types of Dialects
Haugen (1966) has pointed out that language and dialect are ambiguous terms.
Although ordinary people use these terms quite freely in speech, for them a dialect is
almost certainly no more than a local non-prestigious (therefore powerless) variety of a
‘real’ language. In contrast, scholars may experience considerable difficulty in deciding
whether one term should be used rather than the other in certain situations.

a. Regional Dialect
Regional dialects, which are dialects whose characteristics are limited by place. Often
also called the Area Dialect. This dialect usually develops in a certain area, meaning that
people outside that region will not understand the dialect in question.
b. Social dialect.
Social dialects, namely dialects used by certain social groups. For example,
people among Carton must have dialects that were different from those outside the
Kraton. Or the people in the office community must have a different dialect from the
people in the market community.
             

C. Varieties

The term linguistic variation (or simply variation) refers to regional, social, or
contextual differences in the ways that a particular language is used. Variation between
languages, dialects, and speakers is known as interspeaker variation. Variation within
the language of a single speaker is called intraspeaker variation. All aspects of
language (including phonemes, morphemes, syntactic structures, and meanings) are
subject to variation. Variation in language use among speakers or groups of speakers is
a notable criterion or change that may occur in pronunciation (accent), word choice
(lexicon), or even preferences for particular grammatical patterns. Variation is a
principal concern in sociolinguistics. It has been discovered that variation is typically
the vehicle of language change."

Based on some of definiton we can conclude that language variety is must

contain three elements, including honesty, politeness and attractiveness. Language style
is determined by the accuracy and appropriateness of word choice (diction). Sentences,
paragraphs, or discourse will be effective if they are expressed in the right language
style. Language style influences the formation of atmosphere, honesty, politeness,
attractiveness, level of affection, or reality. Formal style, for example, can bring the
reader or listener into a serious, caring atmosphere. An informal atmosphere leads the
reader / listener into a relaxed but effective situation. The conversational style brings
the atmosphere into realistic situations.

The variation in language usage depends on several reasons:

1) Difference in speakers

Each individual has their own style of language. Differences in language between
individuals are called idiolects, while differences in the areas of origin of the
speakers also lead to variations in language called dialects.

2) Differences in media

The differences in the media used in language also determine the variety of
language used, so that spoken language is different from written language.

3) The difference in situation

The situation when the conversation is carried out will greatly affect the variety of
language used, so that the variety of language in casual situations will be different
from the official situation.

4) Field differences
 The variety of languages used in different fields has different characteristics, for
example, journalistic language is different from the variety of literary languages.
here is also a variation of language called registers and styles

In the variation of language we study the following topics of language:

a. Standard language Standard language is a variety of language that is used by

government, in the media, in schools and for international communications.

b. National language National or official language: The official language of a country,

recognized and adopted by its government and spoken and written by majority of people
in a country.

c. Dialect, Dialect is a complex concept, for linguists a dialect is the collection of attributes
(phonetics, phonological, syntactic, morphological and semantic) that make one group of
speakers noticeably different from another group of speakers of the same language.

d. Register, a regional dialect is not a distinct language but a variety of a language spoken
in a particular area of a country. Dialect varies at four levels: Regional level , Minority
level, Social level, and Individual level.

e. Pidgin, Pidgin: David crystal defines pidgin as: “A language with a markedly reduced
grammatical structure, lexicon, and stylistic range, formed by two mutually unintelligible
speech communities”. A pidgin is a new language which develops in situations where
speakers of different languages need to communicate but don't share a common
language.

f. Creole, Creole: When two pidgin language speakers marry and their children start
learning pidgin as their first language and it becomes the mother tongue of a community,
it is called a creole.
g. Classical language, Classical language: According to U.C Berkeley linguist George
L.Hart, it should be ancient, it should be an independent tradition that arose mostly on its
own, not as an offshoot of another tradition, and it must have a large and extremely rich
body of ancient literature.

h. Lingua Franca, Lingua Franca: It is defined as "a language which is used habitually by
people whose mother tongues are different in order to facilitate communication between”

i. Diglossia, Diglossia: Furgoson has defined diglossia as, "It is relatively a stable language
situation in which, in addition to the primary dialect of the language there is a very
divergent highly codified super posed variety”.
j. Style, Style: The term style refers to a language variety that is divided based on speech
or speak situation into formal or informal styles.

CHAPTER III

CLOSING
CONCLUTION

Language is a way of communication. It is a tool for uniting people or dividing people.

Language allows people to share. Language changes, dies and it is not passive. language as a
means of communication between members of society in the form of sound symbols
produced by human speech tools. Second, language is a communication system that uses
arbitrary vowel symbols/Speech sounds. Language also is the institution whereby humans
communicate and interact with each other by means of habitually used oral--auditory
arbitrary symbols.  In addition, a language is a system of conventional vocal signs by means
of which human beings communicate.

Variety is a language that has same sounds, words, grammatical features. A general
term for any distinctive form of a language or linguistic expression is Language varieties.
Linguists commonly use language variety, as a cover term for any of the overlapping
subcategories of a language, including dialect, idiolect, register, and social dialect.

Dialect refers to a variety of a language that can signal the speaker’s regional or social
background, dialects are subdivisions of language; the term of dialect refers to grammar and
vocabulary (or lexis). Dialect is divided into two, social dialect and regional dialect. Regional
dialect refers to a place, and social dialect refers to social groups and classes.

Style relates to the typical ways in which one or more people do a particular thing, and
Registers can simply be described as variations of the language according to its use, while the
dialect as a language variation based on users registers on this concept is not limited to the
choice of words (such as the notion registers in the traditional theory) but also includes the
choice of the use of text structure, and texture.
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Wardhaugh, Ronald and Janet M. Fuller.2015. An Introduction to Sociolinguistics.UK:Black
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Hudson, R.A. (2001). Sociolinguistics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press

Holmet, Janet. (1992). an Introduction to Sociolinguistic. London : Longman

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