UNIT I: SWITCHING

1. Introduction to Types of
Switching

Switching, Planning and Network Management (2021)

Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Opto-Electronic Switching
3. All-Optical Switching

2 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Opto-Electronic Switching
3. All-Optical Switching

3 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 1. Introduction

Network Scenario

Other
networks Switching and transport

User
Access network
terminals

4 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 1. Introduction

Hierarchy

5 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 1. Introduction

Internet Topology

6 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 1. Introduction

Reference Transport Networks

Abilene Network

7 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 1. Introduction

Reference Transport Networks

NSFNET Network

8 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 1. Introduction

Reference Transport Networks

Tiscali Network

9 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 1. Introduction

Taxonomy of Communication Networks

Based on the way the nodes exchange information:

Communication
Networks

Switched Broadcast
Networks Networks

Circuit-Switched Packet-Switched
Networks Networks

Datagram Virtual Circuit

Networks Networks

10 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Opto-Electronic Switching
3. All-Optical Switching

11 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Types of opto-electronic switching

1. Circuit Switching
2. Packet Switching
3. Virtual Circuits and Cell Switching / Tag Switching
4. Burst Switching

12 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Circuit Switching
 A direct path established and dedicated between the source node and the destination.
 3 phases for the communication
 Connection
 Transmission
 Circuit free

13 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Circuit Switching

14 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Packet Switching

15 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Packet Switching

16 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Virtual Circuits

Examples:
ATM (Asynchronous Transfer mode)
MPLS (Multi-Protocol Label Switching)

17 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Virtual Circuits

Propagation delay
between Host 1
and Node 1

18 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Event-Timing Comparison

19 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Virtual Circuits
Calculating
path…

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

20 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Virtual Circuits

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

21 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Virtual Circuits

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

22 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Cell Switching / Tag Switching

23 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

ATM

UNI: User-Network Interface NNI: Network-Network Interface

24 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

ATM Fields
 GFC:
Generic Flow Control (4 bits)
 VPI:
Virtual Path Identifier (8-12 bits)
 VCI:
Virtual Channel Identifier (16 bits)
 PTI:
Payload Type Indicator(3 bits)
 CLP:
Cell Loss Priority (1 bit)
 HEC:
Header Error Control (8 bits)
 Payload (48 Bytes)

25 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

VCC: Virtual Channel Connection

28 = 256 Virtual Paths

216 = 4096 Virtual Paths

216 = 65,536 Virtual Channels

Valores VCI:
[0 - 15] : Reserved for ITU-T
[16 - 31] : Reserved for the ATM forum
[32 - 65,535]: VCC values

26 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

VCC: Virtual Channel Connection

Virtual Channels (VC)

Virtual Path (VP)

Transmission channel

27 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

VCC: Virtual Channel Connection

28 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Label Swapping

29 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Multiprotocol Label Switching (MPLS)

 Legacy:
 Frame Relay
 ATM
 Tag switching (Cisco, 1996)
 Used for tthe transportation of IP packets, ATM cells, SONET/SDH frames, Ethernet frames.

30 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Why MPLS?

Idea: Combining the forwarding algorithm used in ATM with IP

31 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

MPLS Labels

20bits 3bits 1bits 8bits

MPLS Label EXP BS TTL

A label is a short, fixed-length value carried in the
packet's header to identify a forwarding
equivalence class (FEC)

MPLS Header IP Header IP Data

EXP: Experimental bits, used for for Class of Service

BS: Indicates if this cell is the Bottom of Stack
TTL: Time To Live (the same like in IP)

32 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Stablishing the Connection

Path
calculation
… LER
LSR LER
Ingress switch Egress switch
B

LSR

ATM switches can be used as LSRs, label

switching is equivalent to VP/VC switching LSR

LER: Label Edge Router

LSR: Label Switching Router

33 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Stablishing the Connection

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

34 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Stablishing the Connection

Ingress switch Egress switch

B

A
Label Switched Path (LSP)

35 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

MPLS Hiearchical Operation

BGP C BGP
D

1 6
2 3 4 5
A B E F

OSPF

36 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 2. Opto-electronic switching

Burst Switching

37 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 Contents
1. Introduction
2. Opto-Electronic Switching
3. All-Optical Switching

38 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 3. All-optical switching

Types of All-Optical Switching

 Wavelength Switching
 Optical Burst Switching (OBS)
 Optical Packet Switching (OPS)

39 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 3. All-optical switching

All-Optical Switches

40 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 3. All-optical switching

All-Optical Switches

1  1 (λ1)

1  2 (λ2)

2  P (λ3)

P  1 (λ2)

Split-and-Delivery switch (SaD) [Hu et al, 1998] [Ali et al., 2000]

41 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 3. All-optical switching

All-Optical Switches

1 ...

...
...

...
2

...

...

...

...
...

P ...

...
Configurable Optical ...
splitter amplifier 1 2 P

42 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 3. All-optical switching

Wavelength Switching: RWA Problem

43 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 3. All-optical switching

All-Optical Burst/Packet Switching

44 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 3. All-optical switching

Optical Burst Switching

45 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio
 Bibliography
 Soung C. Liew, Tony T. Lee, Soung Liew, Tony Lee, Principles of Broadband Switching &
Networking, Wiley-Interscience, 2010, ISBN-10: 0471139017.
Chapter 1.
 Elhanany, M. Hamdi, High-performance Packet Switching Architectures, Springer, 2006,
ISBN-10: 184628273X.
 Tarek S. El-Bawab, Optical Switching, Springer, 2010, ISBN-10: 1441938699.

46 de 46 23/03/2021 Switching, Planning and Networks Management - Prof. Gonzalo Fernández Del Carpio