REVIEW JURNAL

Nama: Diana Novita Ketaren

Nim: 201911020

Prodi: Teknik Pengolahan Sawit (2B)

1. Journal title = biodiesel synthesis from waste cooking oil using CaO.SrO catalyst by
transesterification reaction in batch reactor

2. Author and original institution = Nuni Widiarti, Ismi Arinal Haq, F. Widhi Mahatmanti,
Harjito, Cepi Kurniawan, Suprapto, Didik Prasetyoko. Chemistry Department, Faculty of
Mathematics and Science, Semarang State University, Semarang, 50229 Indonesia .

3. Journal source = https://journal.unnes.ac.id/nju/index.php/jbat/article/view/14925

4. Abstract Summary = CaO is an excellent catalyst for the transesterification reaction of oil
into biodiesel, but it requires a reaction time of 2 hours to get equilibrium. The reaction
time of CaO catalysis can be accelerated by modifying the CaO catalyst with SrO. The
synthesis of used cooking oil biodiesel has been successfully carried out through a
transesterification reaction using a batch reactor with the help of a CaO.SrO catalyst. This
study aims to determine the characteristics and catalytic activity of the catalyst in the
transesterification reaction. The catalyst was successfully synthesized by coprecipitation
method with a molar ratio of oil and methanol 1:1, and calcined at 800oC for 3 hours.
The catalyst was characterized by XRD to determine its crystallinity. The smaller the
crystallinity of the catalyst was obtained along with the decrease in intensity and the shift
in the diffraction angle of the CaO modified SrO catalyst. The surface area of the catalyst
is characterized by SAA, which allows the intermediate surface area of CaO-modified
SrO to be 10.217 m2/g. The transesterification reaction was carried out at various times
(30, 60, 90, 120, 150 minutes), and the amount of catalyst (1, 2, 4, 6, 8% w/v). The
 optimum condition of the catalytic activity in the reaction for 2 hours and the amount of
catalyst 1% w/v reactants that produce biodiesel yield is 96.4%.

5. The concept of thought = the concept of thought in this journal is to modify the CaO
catalyst with SrO with the coprecipitation method. So it is hoped that this CaO.SrO
catalyst can form biodiesel with high yields of more than 90% and a short reaction time.

6. The methodology used = This research was carried out in 5 stages, the first stage was
pretreatment of used cooking oil to be used in transesterification, the second stage was
catalyst synthesis with a molar ratio of CaO.SrO (1:1) using Ca acetate and Sr nitrate
precursors in a hydrothermal reactor and the result was calcined at 800oC for 3 hours.
The third step is the characterization of the CaO.SrO (1:1) catalyst using XRay
Diffractometer (XRD) to determine the crystallinity of the catalyst, and using a Surface
Area Analyzer to determine the surface area of the catalyst using the Brunauer-Emmet-
Teller (BET) method. The fourth step is to synthesize biodiesel with variations in time
(30, 60, 90, 120, and 150 minutes) and the amount of CaO.SrO catalyst 1:1 (1, 2, 4, 6,
and 8% w/v to the reactants). The reaction was carried out at a temperature of 65oC,
stirring speed of 300 rpm, and volume of oil:methanol (1:3). The fifth stage is to identify
the results of biodiesel synthesis and the physical characterization of biodiesel.
Identification of biodiesel synthesis results using Gas Chromatography-Mass
Spectroscopy (GC-MS) instrumentation to determine the concentration of methyl ester
content in biodiesel, and physical characterization results of biodiesel adjusted to SNI 04-
7182-2006 which were tested on density, viscosity, and refractive index.

7. Summary of research results = Testing of catalytic activity on samples of CaO.SrO (1:1)

in the transesterification reaction of used cooking oil into biodiesel using the batch
reactor method with variations in time and number of catalysts, to determine the optimum
conditions of catalytic activity testing and the results were analyzed by gas
chromatography. The results of the optimum transesterification reaction at time variations
were shown at 120 minutes and the percentage of product area was 0.479%. The
optimum reaction time is achieved because the percentage of product area increases with
the length of the reaction and will decrease after reaching reaction equilibrium, so that
with increasing reaction time it is not profitable because it does not increase yield (Azmi,
2009). The optimum reaction time will carry out further reactions with variations in the
amount of catalyst and the percentage of product area produced is 2.484% at the use of
1% w/v catalyst for the optimum reactants. The percentage of product area continues to
decrease as the amount of catalyst increases. The transesterification reaction which was
treated with increasing the amount of catalyst showed a problem in the contact (collision)
between molecules, because the catalyst given would precipitate and agglomerate at the
bottom of the reaction flask. This statement is proven by Wendi et al. (2015) which states
that the effect of increasing the amount of catalyst, the combination of catalyst and
reactants becomes too viscous, causing difficulties in mixing and demanding higher
power consumption for mixing. This problem will also affect the catalytic activity of the
catalyst used to decrease along with the decrease in the function of the active site of the
catalyst, and the adsorption process of reactant molecules on the active surface of the
catalyst will be disrupted by the problem of precipitation of the given catalyst (Arita et
al., 2008). The optimal results of the transesterification reaction time Variance and the
amount of catalyst showed that the maximum time for the transesterification reaction and
the amount of CaO.SrO (1:1) catalyst was 120 minutes (2 hours) and 1%. At the optimal
results, the transesterification reaction was carried out again, to produce sufficient
biodiesel for physical characteristics of the biodiesel. Under optimum conditions, 24.1
mL of pure biodiesel was produced from the used cooking oil volume of about 25 mL.
The calculation results obtained that the percentage yield of biodiesel produced was
96.4% and the results of the optimum conditions were analyzed by GCMS to determine
the fatty acid components of metal esters. Biodiesel chromatogram as an optimized
product Optimal results of transesterification reaction time Variance and amount of
catalyst showed that the maximum time of transesterification reaction and the amount of
CaO.SrO (1:1) catalyst were 120 minutes (2 hours) and 1%. At the optimal results, the
transesterification reaction was carried out again, to produce sufficient biodiesel for
physical characteristics of the biodiesel. Under optimum conditions, 24.1 mL of pure
biodiesel was produced from the used cooking oil volume of about 25 mL. The
calculation results obtained that the percentage yield of biodiesel produced was 96.4%
 and the results of the optimum conditions were analyzed by GCMS to determine the fatty
acid components of metal esters.

8. Summary of discussion of research results = Error in making CaO.SrO (1:1) catalyst

which produces Ca(OH)2 does not affect theproduct methyl ester. Kouzu et al. (2008)
have reported that Ca(OH)2still canbe used as a catalyst in the transesterification reaction
of soybean oil with the resulting biodiesel yield reaching 93% for 3.5 hours. Physical
characterization testing of biodiesel to determine the physical quality of biodiesel in
accordance with the requirements of the Indonesian National Standar (SNI). Physical
characterization data carried out include density, kinematic viscosity, refractive index of
biodiesel. Table 1 shows the biodiesel density value of 0.851 g/mL, this value has
decreased because the triglycerides in the oil have been converted to methyl esters which
have a lower density than triglycerides (Kartika & Widyaningsih, 2012). The viscosity
value of synthesizedaccordance with the requirements of SNI for biodiesel is 2.427 cSt
inbiodiesel, which is 2.3-6.0 cSt. If the fuel is too viscous, it can complicate flow,
pumping, and ignition. If the fuel is too light, it can make it difficult to distribute the fuel
so it is difficult to burn and will cause leakage in the injection pipe (Setiawati & Edwar,
2012). The smallest refractive index is biodiesel, because its speed decreases as a heating
effect, so the speed of light in biodiesel is larger which affects the value of the refractive
index to be smaller (Sutiah et al., 2008). This shows the success of the transesterification
reaction carried out because the transesterification reaction converts triglycerides into
methyl esters which have density, kinematic viscosity, and refractive index according to
SNI 04-7128-2006.

9. Summary of conclusions = Based on the findings and discussion, it can be concluded that
the CaO.SrO (1:1) catalyst is a crystalline catalyst, with a small crystal content. The
surface area of the catalyst is 10.217 m2/g, which indicates that the modified CaO and
SrO are being synthesized. The optimum condition occurs at a reaction time of 120
minutes and the amount of catalyst 1% which produces a biodiesel yield percentage of
96.4%. the products of thereaction transesterificationwhich were analyzed with the GC-
MS instrument were methyl meristate, methyl palmitate, methyl oleate, and methyl
stearate.
10. Comment = It is necessary to carry out further experiments with different metal oxide
catalysts, longer variation of time, higher calcination temperature, further physical
characterization of biodiesel to determine the catalytic activity of the catalyst.